Contributors

Adams, Darius; ProfessorOregon State UniversityCollege of Forestry. Dept. of Forest ResourcesCo rvallis. OR 97331-5703USATel: + I 541 737 5504Fax: + I 541 737 3049darius.adams@orst.edu

Alavalapati, Janaki; ProfessorUniversity of FloridaSchool of Forest Resources and ConservationPO Box 110410Gainesville.FL32611USATel: + I 352 846 0899Fax: + I 352 846 1277janaki@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu

Alvarado Alegria, JoseUrb . Peiiarrota 316004 CuencaSpainLalvara@teleline.es

Angelsen,Arild; ProfessorAgricultural University of NorwayDep t. of Economics and Social SciencesPO Box 50331432 AsNorwayar ild.angelsen@ios.nlh.no

Antinori, CamilleUniversity of Californ ia. BerkeleyAgricultural and Resource Econom ics325 Giannini HallBerkeley. CA 94720USATel: + I 5 106435415Fax: +15 106438911ant inori@are.berkeley.edu

Antonova, Natalia; DrRussianAcademy of Sciences. Far Eastern Div.Economic Research Institute . Div.of Natural Resou rce and In­frastructure ProblemsTikhookeanskaya St.•Office-I 53Khabarovsk 680042RussiaTel: +7 4212 358 883.358 137Fax: +74212358 110admin@ecrin.khstu.ru

Barahona,TupacCI Jonqueras 8. 10 20 Escalera B08003 BarcelonaSpaintupacb@hotmail.com

Barkin, David; ProfessorUniversidad Aut6noma MetropolitanaUnidad XochimilkoApartado 23-181Xochim ilko. D.F. 1600MexicoTel: +52 483 7100Fax: +52 483 7235barkin@cueyatl.uam.mx

Boman, Mattias; DrSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesDept. of Forest EconomicsSE-90I 83 UmeaSwedenTel: +46 90 786 5800Fax: +46 90 786 6073mattias .boman@sekon.slu.se

Buongiorno, Joseph; ProfessorUniversity of W isconsinDept. of Forest Ecology and Management1630 Linden Dr iveMadison.Wl53706USATel: + I 608 262 0091Fax: + I 608 262 9922jbuongio@facstaff.wisc.edu

Bystriakova, NadiaEuropean Forest Institute (EFI)Torikatu 34FIN-80 100 JoensuuFinlandTel: +358 13 252 020Fax: +358 13 124393Nad ia.Bystriakova@efi.fi

Calder, Ian R.; ProfessorUniversity of NewcastleCentre for Land Use and Water Resources ResearchPorter BuildingNewcastle upon Tyne NE I 7RUUnited KingdomTel: +44 191 222 6563Fax: +44 191 222 6563i.r.calder@ ncl.ac.uk

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Cordell, Ken; DrUSDA Forest ServiceForestry Sciences Laboratory, Fores t Service Research320 Green StreetAthens, GA 30602-2044USATel: + 1 706 SS9 4263Fax. + I 706 S59 4266kcordell@fsJed.us

Cordova, RaulPursimiehenkatu 23 A 12FIN-OO I50 HelsinkiFinlandTel: +35896820382raul_cordova@hotmail.com

Della Senta,Tarcisio; DrUnited Nations University, Institute of Advanced Studies (UNIIlAS)53-70,Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-kuTokyoJapanTel:+81 3 5467 2323Fax: +81 3 5467 2324della.senta@ias.unu.edu

Diaz Barba,ArmandoUnivers idad Nacional Agrar ia La Molina (UNALM)Av. La Universidad sInLima La MolinaPeru

Dixon, Robert K.Deputy Assistant SecretaryU.S.Department of EnergyOffice of Power Technologies1000, Independence Avenue SWWash ington, D.C. 20585USATel: + 1202 586 9275Fax: + 1202 586 1640robert.dixon@ee.doe.gov

Finegan, Bryan;Associate ProfessorTropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Educa­tion (CATIE)Turrialba 7170Costa RicaTel:+506 556 04 0 IFax: +506 556 24 30bfinegan@catie.ac.cr

Finley, JamesPennsylvania State UniversitySchool of Forest Resources7 Ferguston Building, University ParkPark PA 16802USATel: + I 8148630401Fax: + 1 8148656275fj4@mail.psu.edu

Fletcher, Richard E.; ProfessorOregon State UniversityCollege of ForestryCorvall is, OR 97331-5703U5A

Goncalves Ferreira, Maria do SocorroEmbrapa Amazon ia OrientalTrav. Eneas Pinheiro , sIn.Caixa Posta l 48Belem, Para CEP:66.095-100BrazilTel: +91 276 6852Fax: +91 276 9845socorro@cpatu.embrapa.br

Gondo, P.Southern Alliance for Indigenous Resources (SAFIRE)PO Box BE 398, BelvedereHarareZimbabwe

Gonzalez Molina, Javier; ProfessorUniversity of ChileFaculty of Forest SciencesSanta Rosa I 1315La PintanaChileTel: +562 6785707Fax: +562 5414131jagonzal@uchile.c1

Gravitis, Janis; ProfessorLatvian State Institute ofWood Chem istry (LSIWC)27 Dzerbenes St.LV-I 006 RigaLatviaTel:+371 7553137Fax: +3717310 135jgravit@edi.lv

Green,GaryUSDA Forest Service320 Green StreetAthens, GA 30602-2044USATel:+ I 706 559 4269Fax: + I 706 559 4266ggreen@fsJed.us

Hakkila, Pentti; ProfessorVTT EnergiaPL 1606FIN-02044 VTTTel:+358 9 456 6672Fax; +396 9 456 5000penttLhakkila@vtt.fi

Haley, David; DrUniversity of British ColumbiaFaculty of Forestry, Dept. of Forest Resources ManagementVancouver,B.C.V6T IZ4CanadaTel: + I 604 822 3482Fax: + I 604 822 9106david.haley@ubc .ca

Hatton,Tom; DrCSIRO Land and WaterPrivate BagWembleyWA 6014Australiatom .hatton@per.c1w.csiro.au

WORLD FORESTS, MARKETS AND POLICIES

Hjerppe. Riitta; ProfessorUniversity of HelsinkiDept. of Social Science HistoryPO Box 54FIN-00014 University of HelsinkiFinlandTel:+3589 191 24951Fax: +358 9 19 1 24924riitta.hjerppe@helsinkLfi

Horst,AlexanderHauptstrasse 59D-22964 SteinburgGermanyahorst@talknet.de

Howell, ClaireBureau of Rural SciencesNational Forest InventoryPO Box EllKingston ACT 2604Australia

Humphreys, David: DrThe Open UniversityFaculty of Social SciencesMilton Keynes MK7 6AAUnited KingdomTel.+44 1908 654 488

Hunter, Ian ; DrIntern ational Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR)Anyuan Building,Anhu i Beili, Chaoyang Distr ictBeijing 100I0 1-80ChinaTel: +86 1064956974Fax: +86 10 6495 6983ihunter@inbar.int

Jumbe,C.University of MalawiBunda College, Agricultural Policy Research Unit (APRU)PO Box 219LilongweMalawi

Kaimowitz, David; DrCenter for International Forestry Research C1FORPO Box 6596 JKPWBJakarta 10065IndonesiaTel: +62 251 622 622Fax: +62 251 622 100d.kaimowitz@cgiar.org

Kanninen, Markku; DrTropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Educa­t ion (CATIE)Programa de lnvesngacion7170 TurrialbaCosta RicaTel;+506556 1754Fax: +506 556 6431Kanninen@catie.ac.cr

Kant, Shashi; DrUniversity of TorontoFaculty of Forestry33 Willcocks StreetToronto, Ontario M5S 3B3CanadaTel: +4169786 196Fax: +416 978 3834shashi.kant@utoronto.ca

Kaoneka,Abdallah; Dr.Sokoine University of AgricultureFaculty of ForestryMorogo roTanzania(died year 2000)

Keipi, Kari; DrInter-American Development Bank1300, New YorkAvenue NWWashington, D.C. 20577USATel: + I 202 623 1939Fax: + I 202 623 1786karik@ iadb.org

Kengen, Sebastlao: Dr(IBAMA)Caixa Postal 07-0037Brasilia D.F. 70359·970BrazilTel:+55613803145Fax: +55 61 226 4936skengen@sede.ibama.gov.br

Kiekens, Jean-PierreSustainable Forestry & Certification WatchPO Box 48122Montreal , Q.c.H2V 458CanadaTel: + 1 5142735777Fax: +1 514277 4448kiekens@sfcw.org

Konijnendijk, Cecil C.; DrDanish Forest and Landscape Research InstituteHoersholm Kongevej I IDK·2970 HoersholmDenmarkTel: +4545 763 200Fax: +4545 178310cck@fsl.dk

Korhonen, KaisaArkadiankatu 16 B 50FIN-OO I00 HelsinkiTel: +358 40 760 1153maija.korhonen@helsinkLfi

Korotkov,AlexanderUnited Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE)Timber SectionPalais des NationsCH-1211 GenevaSwitzerland .Tel: +41 229172879Fax: +41229170041alexander.korotkov@unece.org

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482

Kowero, Godwin; DrCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), RegionalOfficePO Box MP 167, Mount PleasantHarareZimbabweg.kowero@cgiar.org

Kristrom, Bengt; ProfessorSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)Dept. of Forest EconomicsS-90 183 UmeaSwedenTel: +46 90 786 6147Fax: +46 90 786 6073bengt.kristrom@sekon.slu.se

Laaksonen-Craig, Susanna; DrUniversity of CaliforniaForest Product Laboratory130I South 46th StreetRichmond. CA 94804USA

Lehto, ErkkiWFSE, do Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA)Unioninkatu 40 AFIN-OO 170 HelsinkiFinlandTel: +358 9 8570 7205Fax: +358985705717erkki.lehto@metla.fi

Lobovikov, Maxim; DrInternational Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR)Anyuan Building No. 10,Anhui Beili,Asian Games Village, Chaoyang DistictBranch Box ISS, PO Box 9799Bejing 100101ChinaTel:+86 1064956961 ext.414Fax: +86 10 6495 6962mlobovikov@inbar.org.cnmlobovikov@hotmail .com

Lujan Alvarez, Concepcion; DrUniversidad Aut6noma de ChihuahuaFacultad de Ciencias Agricolas y ForestalesProvada de Avenida Qu inta Sur 1102Cd DeliciasChihuahua c.a 33000MexicoTel: +52 14 729 767c1ujan@uach.mx

Mabel, MarianUniversity of California, BerkeleyDept. of Environmental Science, Policy and ManagementBerkeley,Californ ia 94720USATel: +1 5 105484185mmabe/@nature.berkeley.edu

Maclaren, PiersPiers Maclaren & Associates Ltd.I 15 East BeltRangioraNew ZealandTel./Fax:+64 3 313 3756piersmac@ihug.co.nz

Mendoza, ReneInstituto de lnvestigacion y Desarrollo de la Universidad Cen­troamericana (NITLAPAN)Frente a Radio YaManaguaNicaraguaTel: +505 278 0627,278 0628Fax: +505 2670436rene .mendoza@ufsia.ac.be

Mery, GerardoFinnish Forest Research Institute (METLA)Unioninkatu 40 AFIN-OO 170 HelsinkiFinlandTel: +358 9 8570 5296Fax: +358 9 8570 5717gerardo.mery@metla.fi

Michie, Bruce; DrEuropean Forest Institute (EFI)Torikatu 34FIN-80100JoensuuFinlandTel: +358 13+252020bruce.michie@efi.fi

Monela, Gerald C .; ProfessorSokoine University of AgricultureFaculty of ForestryPO Box 3011MorogoroTanzaniamonela@suanet.ac.tz

Montgomery, Claire;Associate ProfessorOregon State UniversityCollege of Forestry, Dept. of Forest ResourcesCorvallis, OR 97331-5703USATel: + I 541 737 5533Fax: + I 541 707 3049c1aire.montgomery@orst.edu

Nahantumbo, Isilda; DrEduardo Mondlane UniversityFaculty of Agronomy, Dept. of Forestryc.e 257MaputoMozambiqueisilda@engflo.uem.mz

Nair, P.K.R.; ProfessorUniversity of FloridaSchool of Forest Resources and ConservationPO Box 110410Gainesville,FL3261 1-0410USATel: + / 352 846 0880Fax: + I 352 846 1277pkn@GNY.IFAS.UFL.EDU

WORLD FORESTS,MARKETS AND POLICIES

Ndoye.OusseynouCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). RegionalOfficeBP2008YaoundeCameroonTel: +237237434.237522Fax: +237 237 437o.ndoye@cgiar.org

Nygren,Anja;DrUniversity of Missouri-ColumbiaThe Schoolof Natural Resources2030ABNR-BuildingColumbia. MO65211USAnygrena@missouri.edu

Ollonqvist, Pekka; DrFinnish Forest Research Institute (METLA)Unioninkatu 40 AFIN-OO 170HelsinkiTel:+358 9 8570 5739Fax: +358 9 8570 5717pekka.ollonqvist@metla.fi

Ottitsch,Andreas; DrEuropean Forest Institute (EFI)Torikatu 34FIN-80 I00 joensuuTel:+358 13 2520 2343Fax: +358 50 364 3036andreas.ottitsch@efi.fi

Pacheco,Pablo;DrCentro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral yAgraria (CED­LA)950 Main StreetWorcester. MA 01610-1477USATel:+1 591 241 2429Fax: + I 591 242 4625ppacheco@gis.net

Palahi, MarcEuropean Forest Institute (EFI)Torikatu 34FIN-80 I00 joensuuTel:+358 13 252 0229Marc.Palahi@efi.fi

Palo, Matti;ProfessorFinnish Forest Research Institute (METLA)Unioninkatu 40 AFIN-OO 170HelsinkiTel:+358 9 8570 5770Fax: +358 9 8570 5717matti.palo@metla.fi

Parolin, Pia; DrMax-Planck-Institute for LimnologyTropical EcologyPO Box 165D-24302 PionGermanyTel:+49 40 880 1007Fax: +49 40 881 29282piaparolin@gmx.de

Petrov,AnatolyEducation andTrainingCenter for Forest SpecialistsInstitutskaya Str. 17Pushkino. MoscowDistrict 141200RussiaTel:+70955843644Fax: +7095511 4520petrov@foreduc.msk.ru

Prins, CornelisTropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Educa­tion (CATIE)Sociologia de la Producci6ny la Conservaci6n7170TurrialbaCosta RicaTel: +506 556 6431Fax: +506 556 1533prins@catie.ac.cr

Rausser, GordonUniversityof California. BerkeleyAgricultural and Resource Economics325 Giannini Hall 3310Berkeley. CA 94720-3310USATel: + I 5106426591Fax: + I 5106430287rausser@are.berkeley.edu

Resosudarmo, IdaAju PradnjaCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Programon the UnderlyingCauses of DeforestationPO Box6596 jKPWBjakarta 10065IndonesiaTel:+62 251 622 622Fax: +62 251 622 100d.pradnja@cgiar.org

Sabogal, Cesar; DrCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)Embrapa Amazonia OrientalTrav. Eneas Pinheiro sInCaixa Postal48Belern, Para.CEP66.095-1 00BrazilTel:+55 91 2766852Fax: +55 912769845c.sabogal@cgiar.org

Schuck,AndreasEuropean Forest Institute (EFI)Torikatu34FIN-80 I00 joensuuFinlandTel:+358 13252 020Fax: +358 13 124393Andreas.Schuck@efi.fi

Sedjo, Roger; DrResources for the FutureEnergy and Natural Resources Div.1616. P Street NWWashington. D.C.20036USATel: +I 202 328 5065Fax: + I 202 939 3460sedjo@rff.org

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484

Selanniemi. MarjattaKalasarvagen 27FIN-66 140 Over-MalaxFinlandTel: +35863654164

Sheingauz,Alexander; DrRussian Academy of Sciences , Far Eastern Div.Econom ic Research Institute, Div. of Natural Resource and In­frastructure ProblemsTikhookeanskaya St.Khabarovsk 80042RussiaTel: +7 4212 358 422,358 137Fax: +74212358110sheingauz@mail.kht.ru

Siles Gonzalez, Gustavo; DrUnivers idad Nacional Aut6noma de Nicaragua663 ManaguaNicaraguaTel: +505 222 3489Fax: +505 222 2027

Smith, Joyotee; DrCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)PO Box 6596 jKPWBjakarta 10065Indones iae.smith@cg iar.org

Sohngen, Brent;Assistant ProfessorOh io State UniversityDept. of Agricultural Econom ics2120 FyffeRoadColumbus, OH 43220USATel:+1614 6884640Fax: + 16142920078sohngen.1 @osu.edu

Spiecker, Heinrich; ProfessorUnivers ity of FreiburgForestry Faculty, Institute for Forest GrowthBertoldstrasse 17D-79085 FreiburgGermanyTel: +49 7612033737Fax: +49 761 203 3740instww@uni-freiburg.de

Sunderlin,William; DrCenter for International Forestry Research (CIFO R)PO Box 6596 jKPWBjakarta 10065Indones iaTel:+62 251 622 622Fax: +62 251 622 100w.sunderlin@cgne t.com

Tomberlin, David; DrI 10 Shaffer Rd.Santa Cruz, CA 95060USADavid.Tomberlin@noaa.gov

Toppinen,Anne; DrFinnish Forest Research Institute (METLA)Unioninkatu 40 AFIN-OO 170 HelsinkiTel: +358 9 8570 5726Fax: +358 9 8570 5717anne .topp inen@metla.fi

Uitto, Juha; DrGlobal Environment Facility (GEF)1818, H Street NWWashington, D.C. 2043USATel: + I 202 473 7245Fax: + I 202 522 3240juino@worldbank.org

Uusivuori, Jussi; DrUniversity of Helsinki, Department of Forest EconomicsPO Box 27FIN-OOO 14 HelsinginYliopistoFinlandTel:+3589 19 15 7967Fax: +358 919158159jussi.uusivuori@helsinki.fi

van de Kop, PetraFood and Agriculture Organ isation of the United Nations (FAO)Forestry Department, Community Forestry UnitViale delle Terme di Caracalla00100 RomeItalyTel: +39 06 5705 5075Fax: +39 06 570 5514

Varjo, Jari; DrFinnish Forest Research Institute (METLA)Unioninkatu 40 AFIN-OO 170 HelsinkiFinlandTel: +358 9 8570 5760Fax: +358 9 8570 5717jar i.varjo@metla.fi

Wardle, Philip3 Charles HillElstead, SurreyGU8 6LEUnited KingdomTel: +44 01252702204Fax: +4401252702204PhilipWardle2@cs.com

Washburn, Michael; DrThe Pennsylvania State UniversitySchool of Forest Resources9th Street SW, 3rd floorWash ington, D.C. 20024USATel: + I 202401 1706sfp@ psu.edu

WORLD FORESTS,MARKETSAND POLICIES

Wood. MellissaBureau of Rural SciencesNational Forest InventoryPOBoxEl1Kingston ACT 2604Austral iaTel: +6 1 2 6272 4680Fax: +61 2 6272 5992melissa.wood@brs.gov.au

Yirdaw, EshetuUnivers ity of HelsinkiDept. of Forest EcologyPO Box 28FIN-OOO 14 University of HelsinkiFinlandTel:+3589 19158650Fax: +358 9 19158646eshetu.yirdaw@helsinki.fi

Young, Carlos Eduardo Frickmann; DrFederal University of Rio de Janeiro (IE-UFRJ)Institute of EconomicsAv. Pasteur 250Rio de Janeiro, CEP 22.290-240BrazilTel:+5521 295 1447Fax. +55 21 541 8148young@ie.ufrj.br

Yaoqi Zhang. DrUniversity of TorontoFaculty of Forestry33 Willcocks StreetToronto, Ontario M5S 3B3CanadaTel: + I 4169786196Fax: + I 4169783834yaoq izhang@yahoo.com

485

Index

AAcacia spp. 78. 86. 328agroforestry 8. 68--80. 110. 122-124. 127. 129. 130. 236. 285.

323.324.333Amazon49. 108. 123.177. 198.200.246--247.265.269-273.30 I.

304-307Argentina 54. 88. 187.213.216.217.252.299Australia 6. 16--17.44.49.90. 109. 115-118. 128. 155. 171 . 179­

183.212.214-217.337.365.368.371.372Austria 174. 182.214.215.417.418.426.433.440.452

BBaltic sea 169. 170Belgium 421. 452birch 154.376.432.458Bolivia41.68.69.126.128.187.194.214.215.233.273.279-287boreal 16. 17,62.86.87. 136. 152. 166. 183. 186.240.375.385.

425.431.460Brazil 7. 9. 18.24.26.40.41.85-92. 122. 123. 134. 160. 171. 177.

178.183.184,187.194.199 .200.212-217.220.233.243-253.257.259.263,265-272.275.299.301.304

Britain7. 166--172.174. 177. 181. 183.184. 189. 193.343.344

CCameroon 90.172.214.215.219-229.329-335Canada 16. 17.44.55.80,82.89-91 . 165. 166. 168. 170, 171 . 178,

180-184.186 .187.189.198-203,211-217.374.388.391.393.407-409.462

canopy I I I, I 12. I16.269.273.274.334.337.350capital flow 5.45. 124. 126carbon

credit 6. 122. 125. 128. 131. 133. 134.368.372.377dioxide. see also CO 2 27,35 .68.77. I 13. 121 . 135-138. 153.431flux. see also carbon sequestration and climate change 62­66.122.123 .271sequestration. see also carbon fluxand climate change 9. 36.61-69 .75.76.123.124.128.133.134.236.274.302.358,371.402.432.465.474

catchment. see also watershed management 56, 107-1 13. I 15.117.317.371

cattle. see also grazing 52.74.78.235.236.267,272.275.289-291.312.328.337.368.400

cedar315.403.458.463Central America 87.88. 177.20 Icertification. see also criteria and indicators 6.8.9.41 .92. 186.

189.201.247.253.259.292.295.296 .298.299.302.329.323.334.335.375-384.450.460.465.474.475

charcoal.see also firewood.fuelwood,wood energy 29. 138.245.266.270,273.294.320.328.331

Chile4-6,40. 41. 68. 69.85-90. 92, 180, 194.212.214.215.243­246.248-253.257-259.298.299.386,391

China 9. 14.24,34.40.52.53.66,89-91.93. 125. 172. 176. 178.179.187.212.214-217.341.342.345-350.353.354.360-363.368,371 .457,462,465

climate change.see also carbon flux.carbon sequestration 4. 18.37.40.56.62.68.69,75.76. 113. 121 . 122. 124. 125. 134. 136.

146.147.153.166.186.199.201 .301.302.320.405.431 .464CO 2, see also carbon dioxide 23.29.37.68,69. 121 . 127-130.

135.136.138.140.146--148.304.305.429coal 136--138, 140. 142-144. 173. 175. 180. 194.233.457coffee 26.68 .69.74. 150. 160. 177.219.220.222-228.233.270.

273,299 .332.333colonialism 165. 168. 169. 172. 175. 176. 178, 188. 193comparative advantage 4.85.98. 146.356concess ionaire. see also forest concession 10. 176. 189.298coniferous. see also softwood 17. 123. 179.256.403.428.430-

433.458.476contingent valuation 151 . 153-155. 390convention I I. 18. 19.31.40.41.55.56. 113. 121. 122. 136, 145.

166.174.184.186.190.194.196.201 .320.321 .323-325.335 .348.353 .360.362

Costa Rica14.68.69.126.127.129.177.193.232.237.265.272,289.290,299.300

Cote d'ivoire 90.214.215.233.329-335credit. see also financing. interest rate 77.79 .125. 177. 180.228,

232-235.248.272.289.290.322.346.359.382criteria and indicators (C&I) , see also certification 10. 18. 183.

186.188.195.198.199.259.302.335.377.380.470

odecentralisation 12.279,283.284.286.287.315.321 .327.363.

437.439.457.458deciduous, see also hardwoods 108. 155.304.403democratisation 259. 297. 30 1.320.321 .413Denmark 140. 170. 171.216.217.233.416.418.420-422.452desertification. see also land degradation 18.52.87,320devaluation 174.220.221.223.224,226.228.333.462distributional equity 71. 75. 80dynamic optimization 62. 66

Eeconom ic

crisis 5. 27. 219-222. 225. 228. 335. 459-464, 470. 471growth 5.7.36.44.45.53. 175. 179. 180. 189. 190.221.330.371.391.400.437.476incentives 10I. 472. 474. 475reform 221.319.320.353 .355.361.362.460.469.470theory 10. II. 150. 156.342.476

ecosystem management 52.384.386.432.434.469.474ecotourisrn, see also tourism 9. 75. 79. 82. 127. 129.297.299.

300.302.324Ecuador 126.127.129.150.160.214.215,233.299.300.306.307Egypt50.52.53.90. 181.213.216.217emissions trading 121 . 13Iemployment. see also unemployment 24.72.73.77.79.82. 151.

233,235.236 .248,249 .256.257.272,275.292.293.297.319.367.369.389.398,433.440.443-446.450

England 166--171. 181. 196.359environmental services 9.72.249.251.253.254.259.264.267.

268.270.295-297.299-301 .371 .414.416erosion. see also land degradation.soil loss 23.35.37,51 ,52.57 .

76.82.107.108-113.115.123.130.149.171 .259.306.337.338,367-369.371 .372.464

487

•,.•

488

Estonia 182.213-217.416Eucalyptus 31.41.85-88,92.98. 109-111. 116.245-247.251 .

256,337.338,366.371 ,372European forests 425-429,432,434European Union (EU) 15-17.99.102,135-140.175.183, 186.

198,200.2001 ,211 ,212.325.333-335.440.441 ,443,444,452

evaporat ion 29.108.109, 113, 155existence value 76. 151, 154, 155extraction 33. 80. 160.289.299 .333 .366 .367,369 ,375.40 I.459

Ffallow 72-74. 129,224.236,263,264,266-276,312farmer 27, 50.71-73.76-80. 129. 130.219-228,231-237.263­

268.270-276.280.281,283,285,289,291 ,296,314,322,327,332.333 ,337,344.346-349,356.359,361 ,368

financial system 471. 472, 474, 476financing. see also cred it. interest rate 125, 133, 188, 189. 196.

197.200.201 ,259,296,300-302.324 .335 .421,437,460,464 .469-471 .473-475

Finland 5. 8, 13, 16, 17.86.97.98, 138-140, 142-144. 152, 153,155,171-174,176.180,194.207 .208,211-217.368,417,418 ,420,421.432,437-440,452.475

fir255 ,346,366.386.403 .430,458firewood. see also charcoal,fuelwood,wood energy 34, 139,245.

266.267,270.273 .294,312.320foreign direct investment (FDI)8.44,97.99-10 I. 251forest

assessment, see also forest invento ry 179, 189,430certification 6.8,9, 189.335,375-380.383concession 129, 184,254.280,281.291 ,292,295.297-299.316.318.323 .332-334,345.359,476economics 182,433.469ecosystems ,see also forest types 9.68 .69, 121.131. 150, 152,159.195.196.239.240,255.257.258.331 ,337,375 ,396.405 ,433,441 .443 ,464,465.469,476exploitation 171 , 190,293, 323, 459growth 425-427,429-433,453industr ies 4-7. 9, 14.17,28,35.37,97-102, 135, 137,138.140.141.175,182,183.189 .196 .201,243.244-246,248,249 ,251,253.254-258.335 ,409,434.437,447inventory,see also forest assessment 188. 195. 198. 199,239,240.333 ,363 .371.388,425,429 .438.453investment 9,258,259.295.298.30 1,437law,see also legislation254.255 ,332,347.361,362,381.419.432,434,474legislation.see also legislation313.460,466.469management 17,36,69,85,110.128,130,161.189,195.219.258.259.268,269.280-285,291,293.296-298,301.302.313.317-319.322.327,329.333-335.342-345.348,353-357,360­365,376-379.382.386-389.395.403.405.420.421.425.430­434,437,438.453,459.465,471-476policy5. 6. 79, 166, 169, 174, 177, 178,220,239.243.248.249.253.254.255.259,279.285,295,296.301,311.312,315.317­320,322-324,328.335.343-345,348.356.385,393,407.418 .419,420.433,437-441,445.453.458,466.469.471 ,475residues 27, 137. 139. 142, 144services 3. 150,252,257,460types,see alsoforest ecosystem 9,10.68.111.196.200,246,377

forest-based development 175.243.244.257,259forestry development 161.244,257,311.315,331 ,361,362.471.

474France 16. 17. 140. 165. 166. 170. 171. 174. 179. 181-185, 187,

193.197,199.204,216,217,233.330.417,452free trade 176.249,360.362fuelwood, see also charcoal, firewood. wood energy 24,72-75.

79.87,123,135,138,140.233.285,293,294,306,313,323.331.333,337.346.358,407,415

GG8Action Programme 165.167.184.185.188.190,195,197.

198.201.202Gabon 90, 214, 215, 329-335gender 77. 289. 323Germany 14,16 .17 ,122 ,140,166.167.172-176.178,179.182­

184,187,193,194,197.198.199.212,214-217.317,343 .356,399.418,421 ,425-429.432.433,452.471

Ghana 79. 90, 333global

change 121 . 124. 125.432warming 27. 30. 86, 146. 147

globalisation 3-5 , 13.23,24.35-38.44,45.47.97-102,207.211 .213,243 ,259,302.457-458,469.470

grazing, see also cattle 52, 74, 77, 78. 110, 153,254,255.258.312.327.328.337.338,371 ,400.405,415

growing stock 16. 17, 179,412.425-430.433,437.463,476

Hhardwood . see also deciduous 36,40.41.86.88, 130, 139, 141 ,

180.248 ,256.333.366,371 ,372.391.402.403.408.427.430Honduras 126. 127. 129. 171household 40, 50, 72.75, 77, 79.137, 138.146. 147, 149,150. 152.

154.155 .222-225,226 ,228,234 ,265,289,290.314.315 .327.341,346-349,360.362.390,395.398

hunting152. 154, 156. 289, 306. 307, 316. 345. 358. 360. 396-4 02.415

Iillegal logging 7, 128. 196.20 I, 202, 204, 283. 285. 287India24, 26, 34,73, 75, 79, 90, 108. 109. II I. 125. 151 , 168. 171.

177,187.306,341-345.348-350,368indigenous people 18. 24. 86. 195.283, 287, 297, 306, 307. 315,

459Indonesia5,9, 14, 15,86 .89-93.100, 126, 127.177, 179, 180.187.

198,199 ,202.203,210.212,214,215.219-229,233.235,335industrial roundwood 24,85.87-91 . 138.207.208.209,210.248,

251,252.254-256.325,330.331 ,462inflation 45, 221, 228,475interception 109, 112, 153interest rate, see also credit and interest rate 9.44,62.66.75,

79,232Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) 10. 18. 19. 183. 185,

186.197.199.204,438Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF) 5. 10. 18, 19. 166,

183,186 ,196.197,201,204,439international trade 18, 36, 85, 97. 167, 178. 184, 196, 20 I. 208,

458,474Ireland 171 ,444,447.449 .452irrigat ion 50,52-55,232,236.402Israel52, 90. 212, 216, 217Italy 17,165.166,174,182-184.187.193,197, 199,203,204,214.

215,413.418.421 ,452.463

JJapan 16.17.26.35,41.45,57.88-90.122,128,165.166.168.

176-181.184 ,187.189. 190.197,198,199 ,207-217.361 .368.371.386.399,457,462.463,465

KKenya 14.90,312,319,324Korea. see also Republic of Korea 45. 156. 178-180, 368. 371.

457.462.463,465Kyoto Protocol 4,30 .61.62,65.76 , I 13,122, 123, 131 , 133, 140.

145,186.190.201.274,301 ,465

WORLD FORESTS,MARKETSAND POLICIES

Lland clearing 224--226. 272. 338land degradation. see also desertification. erosion. soil loss 47.

51.56 .57.78.337 .371land tenure. see also tenure system .property rights 8.9.78.246.

254.258.264 .289 .291.295-297.314.327.337.356.361land use planning 52. 264. 279. 285. 286. 333Latvia32. 170. 182.213 .216 .217leaching 32. 33. 40. 41. 107. 112. 117. 153legislation. see also forest law. forest legislation 8-10. 186.200.

245.279.286.289.311.313-318.320.324.325.327.367.408.460.465 .466.469.472

logging residues 36. 129. 135. 14().-144lumber 36. 92. 129. 135.293.294 .368.387 .388.408.409

MMalawi90.311 .312 .314--324Malaysia 14.26.34.86.90.91. 108. 177. 180.210.212.214.215 .

335.463marginal cost 61. 66. 67. 354. 357. 393.459market incentive 474.476market model 62.65.66.9 1.390Mexico 4.26.41.52.80 .82 .83. 126. 127. 129. 130.175. 177, 187.

193.194.198.199.214--217.220.243.244.248.250.252-259.291.293 .399

mining 11.51. 176. 178. 183.249 .283.284.357 .402Mongolia 52.89.90. 178.465monitoring 4. 10. I I. 18.47. 56. 57. 95. 121 . 128. 185. 188. 189.

195.198.199.202.239 .240.252.259.298.335.356.357.36\.379.421 .423 .475

Mozambique 90. 312-314. 316-320 . 322multinational enterprise (MNE). see also transnational corpo­

ration (TNC) 97. 100multiple use 85.265.269.270.275.276.297.298.359.365.367.

399

Nnaval stores 171.181.184naval t imber 169-171.18\Nazi Germany 166.167.172-175.194Netherlands 128.131.177, 181 .193 .216.217,418.4 19.421.452New Zealand 16. 17.40.44.78.85.86.88-90.92.93 . 109. 171 .

180.181.212.214 .215 .365-369.371 .391 .462Nicaragua 263. 265-268 . 272, 273. 279-286. 289Nigeria 42.90. 194.333non-market benefits 71.75 .76non-market value 73. 149.266non-timber forest products (NTFP). see also non-wood forest

products 228. 273. 29Q-294. 333non-wood forest products (NWFP) .see also non-timber forest

products 160.295.296.299Norway 68. 128. 154. 17 1. 452

ooak 169.256.293 .427.458open access 3.4 .7-9. 11 ,75 .77.78.297.317.358.359.361

pPanama 108. I 13. 130. 177peasant 82. 168.234.249.252.254.259.292.314.332 .346 .361.

363Peru 187.252.263.265-268.270.272-274Philippines34. 90. 108. 176. 177. 180.210.212.214.215.233.236Pinus spp.Bs, 111.245.246.366.372 .427 .428plywood 138. 180.209.247.333.459Poland 172, 173. 182. 189.418 .421pollutants 9. 51. 107. 112.429pollut ion 9.24.26. 28. 31. 40. 41. 44. 47--49, 51. 52. 55-57. 112.

125.146.239.306.416 .419.425.440.441 .464Portugal 17.86 .181 .214 .215 .452poverty 5. 11 .72, 146. 160.221 .254 ,257.290.321.323.389private

forests 345.358-360.375.376.378.380.382.383.392.396.406.437ownership II . 17. 101.289.30 I. 346. 358. 359.372, 376. 380.381.383.384

privatisation 9-11. 78. 79.189.257.293 .297 .298.301.302.320.327.328.350.369.372.461 .471

property rights. see also land tenure 3.7. 10.71 .73 .75.77.80.134.151 .236.254.258.289.290.295-298.301.343.353.354.357-363.385 .392.469 .471

protected areas 134. 185. 196.200.253.255.279-281 .283.285.287.291.292.295-298.300.302.316.317.399

publicforests 154.281 .285.359.375.378.380.383 .387.396.402.407.409 .428 .430 .431 .471.474lands 78. 299. 322. 380. 388. 399.40 I. 405ownership 17.78.358 .359 .372participation 125.419.420.422 .423

pulp industry 31.139 .144 .179pulpwood 34.88.92 ,101 .142.174.179.180.371 .372,408

Rrainfall49. 51. 107-112. 115-118, 136.282recreation 37.72, 75. 80. 83. 151-157.259.302.342.365-367.

369.379.395--406.407.415.416 .418--421 .446.450 .458.459reforestation 76.96 . 113. 127-130. 190.245.247.279.281.285-

287.301 .322 .376.379.385.402.407.409.437regional development 443. 444. 446. 450regional economy 385.386.389.391-393.460remote sensing 116.188.189.195 .199 .239 .240renewable energy. see also wood energy 26.27. 135. 137. 139.

142. 143. 146-148Republic of Korea. see also Korea 371.457.462.463.465roundwood 6-8 .24.85.87-91. 138. 140.179-182.207-217.247.

248.251-254.256-258.266.273.293.294.325.330.331.407.425.427.433.438 .459 .462.463.470.473

Royal Navy 167,169-171 .343rubber 26. 32. 34. 74. 88. 150. 160. 177, 180.221 .224--228.289 .

333Russia 4. 5. 14.16.17.41 .89. 100.123 . 126. 127.130.165-172,

178-180.182-185 .187.189.193.197.200.203.213-217.356.368.391.418.426.427.457--460.462--466.469--477

Ssalinisation 50. 52. 107. 112. 115-118. 155sawmill 40.41 .92. 128. 129. 138. 142. 190.246.247.249.256.

258.267.285.298.407sawnwood 7,24.86.99.150.174.179.180.184.208-210.212.

213.215.217.247. 248.25()'-253. 256.258 .273. 330. 331.368.386.440.459.461--463

scarcity 9.52.55. 167. 169-171. 177.237.272.318.328.333.354.358.362.363

secondary forests 68.69.86.92. 123. 129.263-266.276. 299.306

shifting cultivation. see also swidden agriculture 72.74.123.176.237.312

Siberia 86. 182.471softwood. see also coniferous 36.40,41 .86. 180.248.366.371.

372.387.388.391 .408 .409.427.430soil conservation 72.74 . I 10. I 12.299 .300.365so il loss. see also desertification. erosion. land degradation 107.

112South Africa 86.88-92. 108-112. 171 , 183. 198.213-217.324.

337.391South America 49. 66,76 . 86-88. 152. 193.213

489

•

•

490

Soviet Union S3,63,6S, 90,124 ,167,168,172,174,175,182,193 ,194,387,457,458

Spain 16,17,40,86,88,170,175,176,181 ,193 ,194,452spruce 99, 154, 179,403,427--432 ,458stumpage price 7, 8, 188,387,388,390,392,393,408,409,472,

473,475,476sustainable

deveiopment6,I3,I4,I8,I9,28 ,40 ,53 ,56,92,I22,I24,I25,131,133,134,183,195,197,203 ,244,247 ,253,255,259,296 ,287,295 ,306,377,464,474forest management (SFM) 3,5,10, II , 18, 19, 165, 183, 184,188-190,195,196,198-204,239,280,287,292,298,301,324 ,334,335,341 ,350,432,434,438,471forestry23,35,36 ,I28, 137-140, 147,296,297,301 ,329,333­335,376-379,381,382,384,425,434,437--439,469--471,474management 6, 53, 57, 127, 128, 195,243,258,274, 322, 329,331,332,383,395 ,425,433,434

Sweden 16,17,41,140,143,144,150,152,153,155,156,170,171 ,174,182,212,214,215,432,440,452

swidden agriculture, see also shiftingcultivation 225,263-266,268-271 ,275

Swiuerland 17,233 ,426,428,452

TTaiwan45, 178-180,371Tanzania 90, 172, 187,311-320,322-324,337taxes 9,100,144,153,180,245,281,282,285,287,297,300 ,314,

360,362 ,371 ,372,381 ,409 ,446,460,470,472,473,475--476taxation 80, 135, 143, 144,20 1,284,285 ,360,362,437,473 ,474technological progress ISO, 160,231 ,233 ,237Tectono grondis 1I I, 130temperate 16, 17,26,62,71 ,73-77,79,80,86,87,95,96, 152,

166,183,186 ,195 ,240 ,254,255 ,271 ,305 ,375,378,391 ,403 ,431

tenure system , see also land tenure, property rights 184, 243,337, 350, 356, 407, 409

Thailand34,45,53 ,90, 123,220,233timber supply 6,85--89,93,100,169-171 ,181 ,240,386-388,

390,391 , 393,430tou rism, see also ecotourism 9, 283, 299, 302, 324, 328, 369,

400--402, 405, 446t ransaction costs 3, 7, 8, 11 ,79,353- 359, 361,362transnational corporation (TNC), see also multinational ente r-

prise (MNE)97, 99transp iration 37, 107, 109, 110, 116, 117, 155,305travel cost method lS I, 154, 155Turkey 90, 170, 194

UUkraine 172, 173,213 ,216, 217unemployment, see also employment 5, 220,249,252, 258, 371,

389United Kingdom 13, 109, 128, 154, 165-167, 169, 182, 184, 187,

197,199,212,377UnitedNations5,45,48,49 ,54,55,I65,I85,I94,I95United States 6, 14, 17,24 ,27,30,33,35,36,41 ,44 ,52 ,77 ,82 ,90 ,

92,93,97,98 ,121 ,123-126,128,133,152,165 ,166-168,170,171 ,174,175-180,182-185,187,193,194,198,212,233,235,244,299,368,375-377,380,382,383 ,385-388,390-393,395­399,402--406,409,462,464,465,473

urban forestry 155,413--415,420,421--423,453urban woodland 413--423urbanisation 48, 51, 53, 178, 179,245 ,413,421 ,423 ,451use value 67, ISO, 302

VWvaluation method 155water resource 9,47-57, 107, 108, 113, liS, I 16, I 18,302,317,

397,399watershed management, see also catchment 47, 52West Africa 329,330,333-335wood energy, see also charcoal, firewood, fuelwood, renewable

energy 135,140,142-144,146wood products 36,62,64,76,80,92,127,130,139,247,270,

293-297 ,306,307,371 ,385 ,386,389,390-393,432,457,459,461,474

wood pulp 31,40, 180, 188,208,210,212,215,217,247,248,250-252,258,371 ,440

wood-based panel 7,40, 92, 190,207-210, 212-215, 217, 246,247,248,250-252,256,331,440

woodland ISS, 169,312,314,3 15,317,322,327,328,377,378,413--423

ZZambia 90, 237, 314, 318, 319Zimbabwe 77, 90, 311-322

WORLD FORESTS,MARKETSAND POLICIES