contrastive grammar 4
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Contrastive
grammar 4
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THE VERB. 1.General characteristics
Grammatically the verb is the mostcomplex part of speech.
It performs the central role in achieving
predication- connection between situationin the
utterance/reality.
That is why the verb is of primary
informative significance in an utterance.
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The verbpossesses a lot of
grammatical categories.within the class of verb various subclass
divisions based on different principles of
classification can be found. 1. Semanticfeaturesof the verb.
The verb possesses the grammatical
meaning of verbiality- the ability to
denote a process developing in time.
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This meaning is inherent not only in the
verbs denoting processes, but also in those denoting states, forms
of existence, evaluations, etc.
2. Morphologicalfeatures of the verb. The verb possesses the following
grammatical categories in En:
tense, aspect, voice, mood, person,
number, finitude.
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The formative elements expressingthese categories are
grammatical affixes, inner
inflexion(En) and function words.
Some categories have only
synthetical forms (person, number),others - only analytical (voice).
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There are also categories expressed by
both synthetical and analytical formsEn (mood, tense, aspect).
Ro (tense, mood)
3.Syntactic features.
their ability to be modified by adverbs.
is the ability of the verb to perform thesyntactic function of the predicate.
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This criterion is not absolute
because only finite formscanperform this function(personal
moods)
I go / eu merg
while non-finite formscan be used
in any function but predicate.En. Infinitive, gerund, participle I,
participle II
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Ro: infinitivul, participiul,
gerunziul, supinulBreaking, broken sprgnd,
spart
any verb in the form of the infinitive
can be combined with a modal
verb.
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2. Classifications of English/Ro
verbsAccording to different principles of
classification,
classifications can be
morphological
lexical-morphological
syntactical and functional.
A.Morphologicalclassifications.
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I.According to their stem-types all
verbs fall into:
simple (to go),
sound-replacive (food - to feed, blood
- to bleed), stress-replacive(import- to import,
transport - to transport,
expanded(with the help of suffixes and
prefixes):justify, overcome,
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composite (correspond tocomposite nouns): to blackmail),
phrasal:to have a smoke, to give asmile (they always have an
ordinary verb as an equivalent). Ro.4 conjugations/infinitive-
prez.indic.
I-a-ez, -eaza nva, nv,nva
a desena, desenez, deseneaz
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II-eaa vedea, vd, vede
III-ea merge, merg, merge IV-i --esc , -etea veni, vin, vine,
a citi, citesc, citete -sc, -tea cobor, cobor,
coboar, a hotr, hotrsc,
hotrte
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2.According to the way of
forming past tenses andParticiple II verbs can be
regular play-played
irregular -Do did- done
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Ro.regular verbs that in the
process of conjugation keep theirroot unchanged, although some
of them undergo some changes-
spun, spuiand irregular verbs that change
totally or partially the root in theprocess of conjugation- a bea, a
mnca, a fi, a sta
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B.Lexical-morphologicalclassification
is based on the implicit grammatical
meanings of the verb.
According to the implicit grammatical
meaning of transitivity/intransitivity verbsfall into transitive and intransitive.
Ro 1.-transitive-direct verbs- a duce
2.transitive reflexive- a se mbrca
3. transitive-reciprocal- a se ajuta, a
se respecta
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4.intransitive- a alerga, a merge,
5.impersonal a ploua, a tunaAccording to the implicit
grammatical meaning of
stativeness/non-stativeness verbs
fall into
stativeand dynamic. stative a fi, a sta,/ to be
Dynamic a scrie, a citi/to write
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According to the implicit
grammatical meaning of terminativeness/non-
terminativeness verbs fall into
terminative-to end, to finish
durative- to continue, to sleep
This classification is closelyconnected with the categories of
Aspect in English.
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C. Syntacticclassifications.
According to the nature of predication(primary and secondary) all verbs fallinto finite and non-finite.
D. Functional classification.According to their functional
significance verbs can be
notional (with the full lexical meaning), semi-notional (modal verbs, link-verbs),
Auxiliaries (to be, to have, to do).
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Ro.
1. Predicative- a lucra. A scrie. 2. Non-predicative
A. auxiliary verbsa fi, a avea
B. Copulative verbs- form the nominal
predicate- a fi, a deveni, a ajunge.
C. Semi-auxiliariesa part of theverbal predicatea putea, a continua,
a termina
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3. The category of voice
The form of the verb shows whether the
agent expressed by the subject is the
doerof the action or the recipientof
the action
(John broke the vase - the vase was
broken).
The objective relations between theaction and the subject/ object of the
action find their expression in Lg as the
category of voice.
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The category of voicereflects
the objective relations betweenthe action itself and the
subject/object of the action:
The category of voiceis
achieved through the opposition
Active voice-Passive voice.
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It is formed with
the aux verb to be +participle IIof thenotional verb
Is/are done
Was/were done
Is/are being done
Was/were being doneHas been done
Had been done
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Must be done
Must have been doneWill be done
Would be doneThe voice category is restricted
because of the implicit grammatical
meaning of transitivity/intransitivity.
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In accordance with this meaning, all
En/Ro verbs should fall into transitive
and intransitive.
The classification turns out to be more
complex and comprises 6 groups: 1. Verbs used only transitively: to mark,
to raise;
2.Verbs with the main transitivemeaning: to see, to make, to build;
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3. Verbs of intransitive meaning and
secondary transitive meaning.
A lot of intransitive verbs may develop
a secondary transitive meaning:
He danced the girl out of the room; 4.Verbs of a double nature, neither of
the meanings are the leading one,
the verbs can be used both transitivelyand intransitively: to drive home - to
drive a car;
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5.Verbs that are never used in the
Passive Voice: to seem, to become;6. Verbs that achieve their passive
meaning only in special contexts:
to live, to sleep, to sit, to walk, to
jump.
Some scholars admit the existenceof Middle, Reflexive and
Reciprocal voices in English.
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"Middle Voice"- the verbs primarily
transitive may develop an intransitive
middle meaning:
The door opened;
The book sells easily; The dress washes well.
"Reflexive Voice":
He dressed; He washed -the subject is
both the agent and the recipient of the
action at the same time.
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It is always possible to use a reflexive
pronoun in this case:
He washed himself."Reciprocal voice:
They met; They kissed -it is always
possible to use a reciprocal pronounhere:
They kissed each other.
We cannot speak of different voices,
because all these meanings are not
expressed morphologically.
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Romanian voice
Active voice
Passive voice
Aux verb a fi+ participle of the conj.verb
este ntrebat / ntrebat este construit /construit
Dynamic/Impersonal
pronoun se+the form of the verb in the
active voice :se citete, se citesc
se construiete, se construiesc
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