contents levchuk l. problem of artistic creativity in … · levchuk l. problem of artistic...

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CONTENTS

Levchuk L. PROBLEM OF ARTISTIC CREATIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY AESTHETIC THEORY: CONCEPTUALIZATION PROCESS .................................................................... 3

Zaluzhna A. Ye. PROBLEMS OF METAPHYSICS IN FUNDAMENTAL ONTOLOGY OF M. HEIDEGGER ............................................................................................... 5

Kopylov V. O. CHOISE OF UNIVERSITY AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM (LOCAL DIMENSION OF GLOBALMODALITY) ............................................. 7

Dneprovska E.V. AFFLICT AS AN EXISTENTIAL OF SENSIBILITY OF A HUMAN ............... 9

Yankovsky S.V. SOCIOCULTURAL UNIVERSALS, VALUES AND SOCIOCULTURAL WORLDS OF MODERN TIMES IN CONTEXT OF SYNTHESIS OF ARTS AS A PHENOMENON OF POSTMODERN CULTURE.................. 11

Kompaniets L.V. THE FLIGHT TRAJECTORY OF REINCORNATION IDEAS: HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY CONTEXT ...................................................... 13

Filyanina N.N. METAPHORIZATION AS METHODOLOGY FOR UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE .................................................................... 15

Yarovitskaya N.A. PHILOSOPHY AND ARCHITECTURE IN EASTERN SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS ..................................................................................... 17

Kovtun N. M. CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE IRRATIONAL COMPONENT OF INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY WILL ACTIVITY ............................................................................... 19

Bairachna L.K. AUTHORITY LEGITIMACY AS A KEY FACTOR TO SOVEREIGNTY.............................................................................................. 21

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Dudar O.P. SYNTHESIAAND ITS PHENOMENAL MANIFESTATION: PHYSICALLY-EPISTEMICAL, LITERATURE ARTCRITICISMANDAESTHENIC CUTOFFS................................................. 23

Radionova L.A. LOCAL GOVERNMENT IMPERATIVE SUBJECTIVE CITIES IN CIVIL SOCIETY .............................................................................................. 25

Gordin L. SOCIAL PROCEDURE AND MECHANISM OF ORDER AND INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF RELATIONS .................................................. 27

Kanischev G.Y. PERSONANDTHEGOVERNMENTIN SLOBOZHANSCHYNA AT THE END OF THE 18th CENTURY (KHARKIV CONSCIENTIOUS COURT)........................................................... 29

Bakanova O. F. VALUE CONCEPTS OF “NORM”, “STANDARD”, “TEST” IN THE STRUCTURE OF CONTROL SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT, PHYSICAL FITNESS AND PHYSICAL CONDITION............................................................................ 31

Shitov S. I. ART AND HEALTH: THE USE OF ART THERAPY IN MEDICAL PRACTICE.................................................................................... 33

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Humanitarian journal – 2014 – № 3 – P. 9-16.

Levchuk L.

PROBLEM OF ARTISTIC CREATIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY AESTHETIC THEORY:

CONCEPTUALIZATION PROCESS

Problem is not realized by most of the researchers in aggregate all its structural elements in the history of art aesthetic. It formed a rather paradoxical situation, because in identifying the subject of aesthetics is always a part of it, such as art and - at the same time - the issue is no science that reveals the essence of the person who creates the art.

Note that in some historical perspective ideas are present in achievements of representatives of almost all the human sciences.

Highlighting the presence ideas, we note that for several centuries’ priority in achievements such a plan had French aesthetics and art history. Among a number of critical aspects of art in certain historical periods most actively developed talent and genius problem that affected the delineation of specific features talent or genius. Anthony Ashley-Cooper Shaftesbury (1671-1713) - the famous English philosopher, esthetician and moralist - identifies the notion of "genius" and "virtuoso".

Marie Francois Voltaire (1694-1778) defined genius as the unity of the following components: 1) "taste"; 2) "rules"; 3) "new"; 4) "original." Johann Christoph Hotshed (1700-1766) - a famous writer and theorist of the early Enlightenment – forms the author's view of the nature of art. In "Experience critical poetics for the Germans" (1730) work on the one hand, pronounced peak mental activity of man, on the other - it is the top creative minds.

In the second half of the XVIII century fundamentally different understanding of creativity we can see in Swiss poet and art theorist Johann Jakob Bodmer, (1698-1783), who at first role makes sense man, especially its capacity for fantasy. The problem of creativity, creative imagination, the nature of genius is not bypassing the attention of an outstanding German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), assuming that genius is a unity of original, novelty, taste and rules.

In the context of the theme of this article is quite revealing position Larissa Il'chuk that analyzing the psychoanalytic model of art, focusing on the experience of theoretical modifications. Special scientific importance it gets recreated history entry psychoanalytic ideas in space Ukrainian humanities. It shows that there is a process of conceptualization interpretation and evaluation of psychoanalytic ideas is a powerful component of modern research process, especially in the territory of aesthetic, art and psychological theory. In our opinion, fairly consistently in modern Ukrainian humanities from the early 90-ies of XX century conceptualized understanding of the role and importance of the biographical method, which plays a powerful role in identifying motives and incentives of art.

It is recognized that some theoretical issues related to interdisciplinary feature of problem of problems of art, which is conceptualized by introducing biographical method in the context of modern Ukrainian humanities.

It can be argued that second generation of the French Enlightenment problem of creativity is bound with the potential ethics. Gradually, already within the last century, the work becomes the object of philosophical analysis, and after the publication of "Essays on the history of our culture" (1954), the famous Ukrainian culture expert Eugene Malanyuk

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(1897-1968), who identified the concept of "culture" and "creativity", a wide range of creative and interpreted in the context of cultural analysis capabilities.

Sequential research interest problem of art as an independent branch of modern humanities began to challenge the limits of 70-80 years of the twentieth century. We emphasize that the abovementioned problem rather slowly becomes independent nature, being mainly a problem in the plane of creativity itself. How 'creativity - artistic creativity "is especially noticeable when it concerns the definition of" arts ".

It should be noted that the problem of the definition of "work" in general and the concept of "arts" in particular and to this day remains open. Research traveling several dozen definitions, each of which is too easily criticized and reference books are usually imitating designs of past decades.

The complexities and contradictions that exist on the definitions of "creativity" and "arts, are reinforced by the fact, that there is a rather slow increment of new concepts and their ordering.

There is creative retrieval character with question today and specificity of the creative process, which showed interest in such well-known psychologists as Jung, R. Jacobson, J. Hadamard and others.

Study of the problem artistic creativity activates a series of concepts such as "self-affirmation", "introspection", "catharsis", "empathy", "motif", "stimulus", "imagination", "fantasy", "inspiration", "observation" and al.

Gradually conceptualizes outlined aspects of the modern approach to artistic creativity. Firstly, the research interdisciplinary potential approach, secondly, meticulous attention to the formation of conceptual-categorical software process research components of creativity, third, the systematization and evaluation of available scientific developments.

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Zaluzhna A. Ye.

PROBLEMS OF METAPHYSICS IN FUNDAMENTAL ONTOLOGY OF M. HEIDEGGER

The article describes the peculiarity of understanding the problems of metaphysics in

the light of the analysis of human existence in the philosophical search for early and late period of M. Heidegger.

The purpose of article investigates a phenomenon of human life in the context of motion from existential analytics of Dasein to conceptualization of existence of the person in truth of life.

Metaphysics as the study of transcendental, beyond the experiential reality, which is conceived only by reason, becomes critical reflection on philosophical search of Heidegger. This criticism was mostly different from trying to refute the metaphysics of the new times and overcoming empiricism, positivism and later, which proclaimed sensuality of basis knowledge of the world and the inability to substantiate theoretical and scientific explanation of metaphysical problems. As for the work of Heidegger, the problem of metaphysics is a history of neglect existence, such as loss of distinction between existent and life in general, which, in his opinion, became wrongly the identification in traditional metaphysics. And here the attempts to distinguish ancient as objective existence which characterizes the objective, material world of things, from ontology, which is the main question about sense of life and revealed through human existence in the world.

The transition philosophical discourse Heidegger ontological foundations reveals the phenomenon of existence closely related to human existence and it is characterized by such fundamental issues as the question of a person and his existence. Therefore a person is not a separate creature but is always in some respects to the people, nature and life. He has not only existence, but brings his attitude, that’s why ye is the unique and the only possible existent, which looks for existence and his rootedness in it. Hence, Heidegger, took a phenomenological method, created fundamental ontology as phenomenology of human existence – “existential analysis of Dasein” - and thus made a radical turn in contemporary philosophical thought. Using as a basis not classical ontology as a studying of existence, and existential ontology with reference to the problem existence that in its depths needs human existence, he founded a new phenomenological-existential direction in philosophy that heavily influenced on the formation of anthropological, existentialist, philosophical hermeneutic cit. Thus, there are good prospects for further development of a new ontological shift from legitimizing the problems of the inner world of a person in relation to the meaning of his experience of existence justification of personal existence in the world and the responsibility to face life.

At the early stage Heidegger studies the problem of meaning existence in the light of life existence in its own experiments on variants of its implementation. It makes dynamic Dasein, which is never that what it is because it is always a project outline, and therefore doesn’t appear time as existential isolation, and openness. Prerequisite of openness appears time, interpreted as historicity, as "self" I - existence, the essence of which is historicity. Thus, at the early Heidegger reveals in the light phenomenological analysts the deep structure of the essential existential existence due to which understands Dasein the meaning of care, and therefore there is the possibility existence a clarification of temporariness. Thus,

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Heidegger turns time as existential basis of existence into a significant concept post metaphysical philosophy. At the late stage Heidegger develops the concept of humanism human existence in the truth of being, listening, caring and stay close and open it. That philosophical reflection Descartes, thinker argues, unlike to the Socratic "listening" and "sounding" in the truth of existence, the Platonic-Aristotelian thematises technique and logic thinking that eventually leads to the establishment of humanism technically organized human subjectivity."Existence", according to Heidegger, is ecstatic stay near being. It is shepherd, guard, caring for life "- the German philosopher said. Heidegger says, new content humanism should be in questioning the truth being human and existence of a phenomenon not only in the sense of design itself in the world of new possibilities, but also standing in the lumen existence openly apparent existence.

Thus, in the works to "Povorot" focuses on transcendence, distancing beyond its limits, to Nothing. This is the identity of being with Nothing and Nothing efforts to find points at the heart of human existence. A person in this context is that the only things that seeks to understand the existence that makes analytics existential structures Dasein and understanding of fundamental ontology as a new type of metaphysics. While the discourse at the late stage Heidegger is observed transition from justification of metaphysics to its removal and overcoming. Existence is not transcendent – immanent to a person and initiative questioning the meaning of life and truth of existence is transferred to the very being. Existence in this context reveals a little, hailing man and needs thinkers and poets to provide words, in the light existence transmitted by the news of the world. Therefore it is important for Heidegger to hear the call of existence, which, according to the philosopher, resists absorption existent person, forms of existence as correctness, indicating a transition from metaphysics to a genuine existential thinking.

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Kopylov V. O.

CHOISE OF UNIVERSITY AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM (LOCAL DIMENSION OF GLOBALMODALITY)

The attempt of explication of the problem of the choice of the university as social,

rather than only personal problem, with its general modes of being and dynamics, mechanisms of social determination and features of modern organization, functioning and development is presented. The genesis of this problem, bound with track record of the technology in the first place, and its objective nature, bound with transformation of the knowledge first of all, are analyzed. The analysis is organized on the study materials of the aerospace university applicant choice.

The aim of the article is an attempt to understand the problem of choosing the university as a social problem and to understand its genesis and nature of its social objective. We made an attempt to do this on a local example of technical university, namely Aerospace University. This localization is caused not only by a place of our work and therefore some knowledge of problems, but by a particular acuteness of problematic choice of higher technical education.

On the subjective side, this acuteness is associated with decreasing of prestige of engineering work in modern youth. And on the objective side, the acuteness of problematic choice of higher technical education as an object of the research is associated with the existing regular dependence of modern information society development from engineering work.

The main driving force of modern progress, progress like «a lathe information society" is knowledge and knowledge-related institutions, especially universities. Since not only place and role of knowledge, but also the nature of knowledge is transformed, it becomes more theoretical and scientific. That is why universities become not only generators of ideas, but also the direct driving force and priority determiner of social development.

These changes lead to changes in personal future-oriented strategies for young people. They further develop in social trends of choosing life orientation. Higher education institutions are beginning to have in their life plans dominant position. In other words, there comes a time when all young people tend to enter the university. And society, realizing this global trend, contributes firstly to orientation of young people in higher education, and secondly, to the expansion of higher education system. Slogans of the total higher education appear in some countries. However, changing of the place, role and nature of knowledge in the new society in terms of even minimal liberality leads to the fact that personal orientation on higher education, as well as the expansion of higher education becomes mainly spontaneous process with minimal influence of a state, especially on choice of the individual.

The problem of choice of the University does not receive social modality at once and everywhere at the same time. But several industrial sectors are allocated quite quickly. Later they became known as knowledge-intensive industries. Aerospace industry was the first among them.

However, the highest level of technological development of means of production and the deepest integration of science into production were only on one side immanent

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attribution of aerospace industry. On the other hand, aerospace industry is characterized by the highest degree of social responsibility of a worker for the results of their personal and collective work.

The social nature of problem of choosing the University has, in our opinion, several planes of its ontology. Firstly, it is directly the problem of choosing by a person, family, specific university- social, socio-psychological mechanism of decision-making. Secondly, it is the problem of choosing its future students by the university. University is suspended from the selection process: it is not a subject, it does not choose, it is rather an object-it is selected. Thirdly, it is the policy of the society itself-state and civil society organizations, private businesses and the mass media. They are more than the personality and the universities are interested in forming correct-adequate to time and space -model of selection.

The choosing of the University is not only a personal matter of the parents and enrollee. This problem has not only personal but social component. The genesis of the social nature of choosing the University is determined by the development of technology and knowledge. The uneven development of technology and knowledge defines irregular exacerbation of the problem in the body of society.

According to the results of theoretical explications and conclusions of perennial and diverse sociological research, the article stigmatizes some trends that characterize the choice of Aerospace University as a modern strategy of contemporary enrollee. Firstly, the choice of aerospace education by modern youth can be considered as a problem. Secondly, not only personal experience of the author, his department and faculty, but also numerous special studies show a steady trend to decline in the quality of secondary education of contemporary enrollee.

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Dneprovska E.V.

AFFLICT AS AN EXISTENTIAL OF SENSIBILITY OF A HUMAN

In the article an author investigates the phenomenon of afflict as a universal measure of human indifference. The analysis of this category starts from basic forms represented in ancient Babylon epic texts, and is examined through understanding of afflict as an existential of objective reality in the context of genesis of sensibility theory.

The aim of our research is a philosophical analysis of afflict as an existential of a human objective reality in the context of genesis of sensibility theory.

At emotional level, from the point of view of animal psychology, afflict is a strong negative emotion, that signals about obstacles in realization of the that or other instinctive program of behavior, sent to satisfaction of natural biological necessities (in a meal, heat, muscular activity, safety, continuation of family, etc.).

Afflict has become not the last in a number of factors that defined the nature of human and society evolution.

The human afflict is a strong negative feeling where present situation is reflexively comprehended and experienced as threatening to realization of any updated instinctive or rationally constructed programs.

Especially clear and simple afflict basic forms are represented in the ancient texts which reached us. This evidence is particularly valuable due to the fact that the authors of the ancient world could afford to write just about the most important thing. Death fear occupies thoughts of authors of many ancient texts. Basic idea, mood and artistic images coincide together.

The founder of the existential tradition in philosophy is considered to be a prominent Danish philosopher Seren Kierkegaard. According to Kierkegaard, the individual afflict form are determined by the fact on which of the three alternative "ethical stages" of development he is.

First, aesthetic is characterized by orientation of an individual on sensory perception and enjoyment, which is manifested in the pursuit of pleasure, in possession of passion game. Typical for this stage afflict is associated, first, with the inability to grasp and retain moments of pleasure, and secondly, the "repetition of unique things", which inevitably leads to super saturation and frustration, depreciation, profanity and satisfaction degeneration that decompose from inside an aesthetic attitude. Inevitable conclusions of this stage are depression, hopelessness, loneliness and despair.

On the second, ethic stage, an individual aims to subordinate the perceptible life to the "rational canons". Afflict of personality on this stage is constrained, firstly, with excessive efforts to restrain from "aesthetic" temptations, secondly, with reduction of feelings and will in connection with monotony through the obligation of actions, thirdly, with person slave dependence on the requirements of imperative that in no way is in a sufficient degree compensated both by objective and subjective reality.

A variety, change, inconstancy, comes forward as a main value of the aesthetic stage, and constancy, habit, reiteration are characteristics of the ethic stage.

The higher, religious stage denies an orientation both on hedonistic values and on values moral. It is expressed by the reorientation on the irrational values of faith.

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Faith is a central category of Kierkegaard’s ethics. Main and indefatigable passion of thinking is a paradox - an idea that it is impossible to comprehend as a result of her obvious contradiction.

Thus, a paradox is absurdity. Absurdity is the only thing that you can believe in. Faith can be only irrational, it is death of mind, but paradoxically it is its new, found in the resurrection faith of life that passed through the death torment of doubts, weakness and risk.

Kierkegaard understands the religious stage as an apology for afflict. The main components of religious afflict are experience of freedom, sin, guilt and fear. Freedom frightens with the necessity of choice-a person feels on the edge from which she must jump. At the same time, afflict as an immanent property of human existence, is conditioned by contradictions between the concept-rational (sociogenic) and unconsciously-irrational (biogenic) reality reflection programs, became one of leading factors of anthropogenesis.

Thus, in history of the ancient world and middle ages a central place in the cultural projects of afflict overcoming was occupied by the religious practices based on experience of the numinous experiencing (mystic lighting ups, revelations, visions, prophetic dreams, etc.). An important place in these practices was occupied by asceticism as a mean of freedom reception from afflict through self-restraint. New time brought the rationalistic modernistic project of afflict overcoming which is based on supposition that developing of cognitive flairs and accumulation of scientific knowledge and technologies will solve problems of material arrangement of person and society. Criticism of logocentric strategies of modern European philosophy and its gnosiological interests results in restoration of existential status of the human sensibility.

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Yankovsky S.V.

SOCIOCULTURAL UNIVERSALS, VALUES AND SOCIOCULTURAL WORLDS OF MODERN TIMES IN CONTEXT OF SYNTHESIS OF ARTS

AS A PHENOMENON OF POSTMODERN CULTURE

The problem of sociocultural universals is contextual and categorical relationships between culture and society, as well as ways and forms of their differentiation. Sociocultural universals are personal systems of values in the post-industrial society. The art is the source of various codes, values and practices. They define a proper community without reference to the anthropometric, physical and biological characteristics of its members.

Transformation of aesthetic sphere of modern civilization which began at times of modernism and got developed in the postmodern period, influence substantially on the standards of generating and consuming cultural innovations.

The objective of the research is sociocultural universals, values, and sociocultural worlds of modern times. The subject of the research is postmodern culture and post-industrial society.

The aim of the article is to research the place and the role of creative activity of modern man in the context of specificity of art, as well as aesthetic sphere in the culture of post-industrial civilization. The author also aims to research the realignment of values of philosophical and culturological discourse at its analysis.

The hypothesis of the research is an idea that further development of the system of aesthetic views and concept-and-category apparatus in relation to modern aesthetic sphere (A.Prygornytska) or artistic space (I.Isniuk) of the present society is predefinedbytheproblemofculturaluniversalsasaestheticpresentationsareinvolvedi intothefieldofdifferentiationoftheoretical(scientific)andpractical(axiological)traditionsofphilosophizing.

General review of sociocultural universals one should begin from a return to the sources in philosophy of antiquity as this is something that determines the foundation of the today’s vision of universals as they are. it is known that this problem started with studying categories that Aristotle presented in his work.

Special contextual value in such a reproach was played by the idea of creation and its importance is explained by the status of Avrahamic religions as a global form of sociocultural dynamics prevailing in cultural, social, political, economical and legal spheres of the society of that times.

Intellectual discussion known as argument on universals had a crucial meaning in the evolution of the western-Christian tradition of the Middle Age. But theoretical plane of aestheticism in a problem of universals developed into a cosmological vision called by an Italian writer and humanist eternal humanism. Evaluation of analysis of universals in philosophical and culturological reflection gets more complicated because of the ambiguous status of the notions which at the same time involve planes of anthropology, aesthetics, psychology, art science, political and social sciences. However, if it is the symbolic plane that is the base of sociocultural forms of being of man and mankind, then its universal elements are not the last to provide the transgression from aesthetic into social-philosophical vision of the world. Democratization of art in the context

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of modern mass culture and exposure of its essence to the principals of consuming society is well-developed in modern society and depends more on education rather than on being good at music, dancing, singing, art, etc. The matters of sociology of art, quality and level of consumer’s habits remain open.

Conclusions. A major result of our research is alienation of a number of questions in relation to perceiving the role art plays in a modern society. In the post-industrial society the world does not appear as an ontological improved object. Therefore the problems of sociocultural universals are the following:

1.The search of a boundary between art and reality sets the task to reconsider symbolic space in terms of an individual’s autonomy, that is to comprehend the imaginary determining the measure of desires when satisfying one’s needs, including the need of self-determination. 2. Commercialization of art in modern society sets theproblem of correlation of use value and artistic value of pieces of art.

3. Virtual reality complements in a way the world through doubling the opposition of things and characters and forms the world of parallel reality where everybody appears the creator of their identity not inheriting it from reality but only up to a point representing it. Such position changes the expectation from art: it does not get to essence of things of the virtual world and the virtual world does not represent but creates symbolic space of human desires. 4. Technologies of mass art formed the industry of fashion that determine the tendencies of consumption of art in the modern world, however, the aesthetic value of things not always coincides with logic of their consumption-instrumental relation.

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Kompaniets L.V.

THE FLIGHT TRAJECTORY OF REINCORNATION IDEAS: HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY CONTEXT

The idea of reincarnation is one of the deepest, "eternal" themes of human existence.

Appeal to the understanding of Western European philosophical heritage is motivated not only by need to determine objectively the place, role, specialty of refractions idea of reincarnation in the historical and philosophical discourse, but also in general by insufficient interpretation of this problem in the domestic philosophical studios. Focused attention to the idea of reincarnation is caused by the need of objective and comprehensive analysis, in overcoming the imbalance in history by a slender majority of its negative adjusted assessments.

It was concluded in the previous excursus, that the mystical knowledge was the base, radix and trunk of spiritual knowledge tree traditions of all time. It caused the growth and development of the doctrine, which differ in religious or philosophical emphasis in them, e.g. the mystical philosophy, mystical theosophy, mystical theology, having common origins, hidden in the deep layers of cultures, where it is presented the theme of reincarnation. It is intertwined concepts and theories in the branches and the crown of the spiritual tradition tree, which in any cases discuss the theme of reincarnation. Representatives of classical and non-classical paradigm of knowledge, philosophical discourse of all time in one form or another actualized, discussed the idea of reincarnation and introduced it into the basis of their systems. From time to time certain branches (mystical, theological, religious, philosophical thought) were intertwined, "converged" and branched, actualizing a particular semantic facet of the analyzed topics. In this regard, we focus our attention on identifying the basic local "zones" of its "development" and expansion.

Our objective is idea flight trajectories tracking of reincarnation in the horizons and within a mystical-religious space of Western culture, with an emphasis on the philosophical explication.

Philosophical path of reincarnation theme come from the early stages of development of culture, the first religious beliefs and, in particular, from the ancient Egyptian civilization to the great Romans and Greeks. It can be found in the Egyptian petroglyphs, indicating the presence of the idea of reincarnation. Being invisible, the motives of reincarnation ideas were included into the religion of Zoroaster, in which it was in harmony with the idea of development. In reincarnation believed the Mysteries followers of all countries.

The idea of reincarnation has been expanding in the mythological consciousness, in the literature of the Roman poets Ennius, Horace, Persia, Ovid, Virgil.

Also, within the horizons of philosophical thought the idea of reincarnation was shimmered in the teachings of then prominent thinkers of the ancient world, such as Heraclitus, Democritus, Empedocles, Pythagoras, Plutarch, Plotinus, Proclus, Porphyry.

In other words, the views of the ancient thinkers establish "zones" of actualization of the reincarnation ideas, the contours of its semantic landscapes that will unfold later in the representations of the subsequent centuries of the soul, its spiritual bodies, supernatural beings, spirits migration on the metaphysical plane of existence, the idea of the evolution of the soul.

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Part of reincarnation theme picks up and transmits the other branch of the above-mentioned tree of the spiritual traditions, rooting in mystical foundations of cultures, namely the philosophical and religious, mystical painted medieval thought.

During the evolution of human thought, the idea of reincarnation, "growing" out of the mystical experience of initiative people, is added into the body of sacred texts, becomes a "bridge" that unites the world of the divine and the human. Its meanings permeate all the scriptures of the world: Egypt, Chaldea, China, Greece and Rome written into the fabric of biblical scenes.

Historical paths of reincarnation theme lead us to the era of the Enlightenment, within which it has been widely discussed. The doctrine of reincarnation in accordance with the requirements was developed by Leibniz.

From the foregoing analysis it is clear that the horizons of popularity, meridians and latitude of the reincarnation idea spread is difficult to establish, and territory in which it grew up, drifted and evolved, covers the entire geography of world history. In addition, despite the fact that the theme of reincarnation is traditionally attributed to religious knowledge (its eastern vector), and it still remains not only a significant part of the Western European heritage, but also the border area of expertise, covers the entire landscape of mystical knowledge, poised at the junction mystically colored theology, philosophy, theosophy, religion.

Designated philosophical ideas of reincarnation cover the historical retrospective review of the need to identify its semantic dimensions, the depth of immersion in "constricted" layers of content, the historical chain of definitions to demonstrate its metaphysical essence. A study of the existing philosophical definitions allows following the metamorphosis of meanings ways ideas of reincarnation, to identify their point of "crossroads" similarities and branching grasp the illusory nature of established cultural and religious traditions in understanding the boundaries of the analyzed topics.

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Filyanina N.N.

METAPHORIZATION AS METHODOLOGY FOR UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE

The need to understand the nature to overcome environmental crisis is analyzed, the

possibility of applying the hermeneutic method is considered. It is shown that metaphor (H. Blumenberg’s «the world as a book» and J. Lovelock’s «The Earth– Gaia») complements the rationalist arguments about the need to expand the horizons of understanding of the nature, as well as helps to mobilize environmental consciousness and actions to protect the environment.

Throughout history, man has sought to discover the laws of nature not only to meet the cognitive needs but for the use of nature as a source of material well-being that have resulted in the instrument application of nature, depriving her self-worth and reduction to resource for economic growth.

The aim of the article is the analysis of the concept of ecological hermeneutics and its potential in overcoming the ecological crisis. The essence hermeneutical approach and its application in the interpretation of nature should be considered.

Thus, a question appears about that, as far as it is legitimate to apply hermeneutics approach that traditionally belongs to methodology of humanity, for interpretation and understanding of nature that is the object of natural history. At the same time there are questions about the limits of application of hermeneutics method and about his productivity.

Hermeneutics is traditionally defined as the art of interpretation of texts, the epitome of which is books, especially the Bible, and other manifestations of thought.

The problem of hermeneutics as the understanding of the text and the problems of philosophy was conceived separately till the beginning of the twentieth century. From the beginning of the twentieth century, the term "hermeneutics" and "hermeneutical approach" begin to associate with the philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of understanding, and hence the methodology and practice of Humanities and historical disciplines.

On a background ecological and humanitarian crises, the interconnectedness and interdependence of that is already fully obvious, researchers all more often call to the theme of expansion of methodological tool of scientifically-natural cognition and application of methods of humanity.

As an example it is possible to remember environmental aesthetic. It is new direction of aesthetics that develops actively. It is determined as aesthetics of the real world, which includes for itself a natural environment, cultural environment and constructed environment. Environmental aesthetics up to a point resists to the imaginary world of art, although borders between them are conditional enough.

The subject for of environmental aesthetics is beauty of environment [10, p. 17]. Y. Sepanmaa examines environmental aesthetics as part of environmental or ecological philosophy, both division of philosophy that carries out reflections as above naturally-scientific environmental researches and above the social and cultural aspects of co-operation of man and environment [10, c. 27].

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From this it follows that it is impossible to understand the beauty of the world and to develop aesthetic standards organization surrounding the person in accordance with the laws of beauty without understanding the beauty and harmony of its natural component.

Thus, the necessity of add-rational knowledge of the laws of nature functioning comprehension of hidden meanings in it and their interpretation become actual (by Hans Blumenberg), which should contribute to a better understanding of how man's inner world and the world in which she lives. One way of understanding the nature of this can be "read" nature like reading books.

Metaphor contains considerable heuristic potential in situations where rational arguments do not always resonate and reach the result. First of all, the anthropological understanding of the effects of global environmental crisis and realization of necessity of changes in attitude toward the natural world and rethink the principles of human activity.

It is difficult for people to link all these facts and figures in a complete picture and to correlate it with their lives. Therefore, rational arguments should be supplemented by certain images and metaphors that appealed not only to them but also to the "ecological unconscious" [9] to mobilize public opinion and action to protect nature.

The fruitful example of metaphor is the world hypothesis Foremothers Earth, or Gaia. This hypothesis was suggested by British scientist James Lovelock.

Thus, the application of the methodology of the humanities, in particular hermeneutical method for understanding the nature reveals its fruitfulness and effectiveness. Appealing to metaphors ("The world as a book" Hans Blumenberg and "Earth- Gaia" J. Lovelock) complete the argumentation of rationalism in relation to the necessity of expansion of horizons of understanding of nature, and also promotes mobilization of ecological consciousness and operating on defense of nature and environment.

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Yarovitskaya N.A.

PHILOSOPHY AND ARCHITECTURE IN EASTERN SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS

This scientific article reveals the interrelation of humanitarian character between

philosophy and the space of architecture (teaching of neoplatoniki, Old East conceptions of Lao-Tzu, Confucius). The sociocultural explications concerning the archetype «garden» are chosen.

The article aims to unfold the systems of philosophy in terms of architectonical visions and define the humanitarian explications concerning the archetype "garden".

The methodological basis for this analysis comprises philosophical concepts of ancient thinkers (the "way" doctrine by Lao-tszi and Confucius), as well as works of modern researchers, such as Malyavin, V. Ovchinnikov, Ye. Torchynov, A. S. Kolesnikov, Louis Caen.

The image of "garden" in sociocultural terms is one of the most popular concept constituents. This archetype embodies the areal structural properties, forms a paradigm of the existence dualism and reveals itself on different levels of humanitarian area. That is why special attention should be paid to highlighting historical, religious and perspective explication in terms of philosophical self-consciousness concerning the image of "garden". So, the ideas of symbolism concerning the image of "garden" showed their nature on the level of interaction with other spheres of human life, namely with architecture.

As the image of "garden" symbolizes the earthly or heavenly paradise, religious perceptions are connected to it. The image of "garden" exists in terms of a dream, a person's release from real world. A garden symbolizes the detachment from everyday life and switching sub consciousness of an object to sensual and spiritual worlds; the gate to a garden symbolizes the dualism of existence: so, a fence or a gate differentiates sacral and trivial, for example Japanese Torii.

The archetype of "garden" embodies religious beliefs, symbolizing the earthly or heavenly paradise. The image of garden exists in terms of a dream, a person's release from real world depravity: it symbolizes the manifestation updated detachment from everyday life and consciousness of the subject including the level of sensitivity and spiritual harmony and harmonious combination of internal state rights.

Worldview explication image "garden" is demonstrated through comparative analysis of Western and Eastern culture types. The "western" garden is the personification of fun, variability of life, holiday, relaxation in terms of hedonism and eudemonistic paradigm (landscape art XVII-XVIII centuries, Versailles, Fontainebleau). The eastern paradigm of space structuring by means of “Garden” archetype actualizes its effect in the form of "rock garden" - the garden Reandzi (Japan). Its important peculiarity is that the fifteenth stone is constantly slipping from view, hidden behind other stones. The internal state is formed, the content of which is expressed in the formula "the presence of absence."

The search for a harmonious unity in terms of east-oriented space structuring is related in an auxiliary way to the disclosure of such concepts of Japanese humanitarian self-consciousness as "avare" and "yuhen". It is their functioning in specific sociocultural space actualizes the work of the "eastern" model of a garden. Thus, the “avare” concept represents

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a form of aesthetic penetration into being, for which a person becomes able to overcome the natural determination of things, their awareness of fatality.

A qualitatively new type of metaphysical worldview also relates to another concept of Japanese mentality - a "yuhen" concept. This term is defined in the sense of mystery, inaccessibility, incomprehensibility and is connected deeply with the principles of Buddhism, namely its ideas of transience, instability of earthly existence. The search for humanitarian self-consciousness aims to single out the time dimension of the human world, provide the human nature with extra-time modus overcome the changing flow of life.

Thus, the "garden" archetype is meaningful in philosophical-culturological terms it has poly-variant nature of implementation in various socio-cultural areas: religious, perspective. A "Philosophical Garden" is a general metaphor for Eastern self-consciousness, especially Japanese one. The image of garden combines the ideas of asymmetry, understatement, violating the principle of spatial balance ("garden of stones"). Through the concept of Emptiness the feeling of merging (uniting) with Infinite harmony is embodied.

Thus, the concept of emptiness manifests a metaphysical worldview type, characterized by the appearance of things from the mysterious abyss of Nothing, of the Great Void, and learning inaccessible to logical rationality through each thing. So absolute is reflected in the everyday, temporary, and in that form awakens the mystery of unity, infinity and depth of life.

Thus, teaching humanities, especially philosophy, technical universities is impossible without using some means of visual orientation, which reveal the specifics of this type of knowledge and its content. Introducing various images, symbolic structures, and the “Garden” archetype to lectures and seminars reveals special philosophical "vision", which is characterized by systematic approach, critical view, and analytical self-consciousness operation.

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Kovtun N. M.

CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE IRRATIONAL COMPONENT OF INDIVIDUAL

AND SOCIETY WILL ACTIVITY This article examines the phenomenon of irrational in the structure of volitional

activity of individual and society. Humanity more and more often makes sure that orientation only on technical and technological progress that is accompanied by transformation and submission of natural sphere of human existence is destructive for the future. The protracted prevailing of approach of rationalism in western philosophical tradition is the consequent stage of development in the comprehension of different spheres of the world existence and man. However, in the first half of the 20th century rational optimism in relation to the possibility of achievement of truth in direction of opening the essence of things changed to a considerable level of skepticism in relation to the estimation of possibilities of reason and mind.

One of the factors of becoming of irrationalism became the methodological insolvency to explain social activity of individual only by rational means.

Unlike western philosophy, in a soviet scientific paradigm to the study of the phenomenon of irrational it was applied rarely enough. Soviet researchers interpreted irrational mainly as "illness" of the West, as a consequence of declining of "festering" capitalist society.

The aim of the research is determination of the conceptual approaches to interpretation of the phenomenon of irrational in the context of volitional activity of an individual and a social group.

Through the incompleteness of the development and contradictory character of some positions, irrationalism cannot fully become a new paradigm for further development of humanity. However the row of his positions can serve as basis for forming of new non-classical paradigm of development of modern society.

Interest to the research of the phenomenon of irrational is formed as early as in the antique philosophy. The irrational displays of the human soul, according to Plato, are obstacles, dysfunctions in logic of existence for both a single man and social systems on the whole. However, the philosopher did not eliminate positive influence of irresponsible part of the soul.

Interest for the range of problems of irrational traced in works of Plotinus. The basis of will and preference, in his opinion, is the energy of Mind in the world. Pre-conditions of activity of man are essentially free and such that can be based on the irrational beginning.

The next stage in understanding the correlation of irrational and volitional comes with the philosophy of middle ages. Interpretation of the phenomenon of will in works of Tertullian is concentrated around the problem of blessing and sins origin. Will as basis of human sinfulness, according to the philosopher, is out of limits of the mind and mind, and hence is irrational.

In the context of solving the problem of free will the phenomenon of will is examined in Christian patristic. Through a fall the good will is received as a gift by God grew into the will of man encumbered into sinfulness. In the work "About a free agency" the thinker asks, why God gave a free agency to the man, in fact without it a man would not be able to sin. At

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the same time the philosopher notices, that a man owns a free will, to have the opportunity to accomplish correctly, but not to sin. On that ground Augustine binds the problem of free will to the phenomenon of responsibility for sins, in fact that is not done voluntarily can be neither a sin nor just act. Under such circumstances neither punishment nor reward can be examined as just.

On the whole, Christianity, coming from a paradoxical thesis "in large wisdom there is large sorrow", was in opposition to tradition of rationalism. Exactly within the limits of Christianity the inner spiritual world of man was open, in which the good unceasingly fought the evil.

A considerable contribution to the development of understanding of correlation of irrational and volitional was carried out by the representatives of German Education. G. Hegel notices that "a man has only one mind in sense, will and thinking". Ideas that belong to the intellectual spirit - God, justice, morality are also the subject of feelings. Sense as display of sphere of the irrational has, according to a philosopher, to submit to the intellectual objective spirit.

A work by J. Fichte stands on the verge of rational and irrational traditions in relation to interpretation of the phenomenon of will in the context of social activity. Leaning on the ideas of І.Kant, the philosopher examined will as practical mind. In his opinion, the intellect of man is determined not only by will, but also his activity is based on morally-volitional principles.

Voluntarism of A. Schopenhauer has an outstanding value for the becoming of philosophy of irrationalism. In the context of irrational perception of reality the philosopher accents attention on ability of will to meet wishes and passions of an individual, in fact conscious rational will is not able to be up the world with all his tragedies, horrors and suffering.

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Bairachna L.K.

AUTHORITY LEGITIMACY AS A KEY FACTOR TO SOVEREIGNTY

History of human society development is a variety of different eras, societies and cultures. This variety at first sight appears as a certain identity manifestation.

What gives organization and controllability to various human communities in different regions, in different geographical conditions? What regulates their activity? There is only one answer to these questions: this force is authority.

Political and legal literature rather deeply analyzes the problem of the authority, its types, forms, evolution stages, laws of development and functioning [2].

Subject of our analysis is the relation of legitimacy and, therefore, the main object of the authority are the people, who have a certain consciousness and will, acting both, individually and by establishing certain communities.

The relations of the subject and object of the authority are the relations of form and content. The object of the authority is in a condition of unity and consent with the subject, or in a condition of the conflict.

In scientific literature defines the relation of a content to a form, object to the subject of the authority, in categories of a consent or denial, legitimacy or illegitimacy. Etymologically the word "legitimacy" means legality. However it should be distinguished from the legality that means formal, juridical legality. The authority, its resolutions, orders etc. can be legal, that is formally corresponding to the established laws, and at the same time — illegitimate.

Legitimacy of political and legal domination at the present stage has both the internal and external sides.

Historically, external legitimation was connected with recognition of the sovereignty of any state. That is the fact of state authority supremacy in a certain territory concerning a certain set of citizens.

The first feature of legitimation is connected with what is legitimated who are the subject and the object of legitimation. The answer to this question, at first sight, seems rather clear. The sovereignty is legitimated. The sovereignty is historically connected with a concept of the state. Firstly, it was the sovereignty of the governor, the state government, then, since Modern times, it was the sovereignty of the state nation.

The individual as a source and the carrier of the sovereignty in its original state actively gets into the settled system of the international relations at the present stage. We observe the formation of world civil society independently bot, from the states, and from interstate structures. Elements of such society are substantive movements and organizations.

The formation of world civil society changes modern ideas of the sovereignty significantly. The individual, his rights and freedoms, central in the theory of civil society, are moving forward in the practical plane and on the international scene. Therefore a problem of external legitimation is not simply a question of recognizing the fact of state’s, country’s or nation’s existence.

The main form of internal legitimation is the political regime. In a political regime and through it the nation gains integrity and self-identification in the modern world. The main problems connected with external recognition today result from the character of that mode set in the country.

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If loosing the legitimacy, the authority looses sovereignty over the territory. Fall of the regime is preceded by loss of a citizens’ consent to submit to the existing authority. The system falls due to revolts and mass protests.

Firstly, legitimacy is lost for citizens. They cease to recognize the right of authorities for management. Imperious figures don't realize yet that the situation has changed and continue to expect submission and readiness for submission.

The second feature of external legitimation is that recognition means fixing to this or that political regime of a certain niche in the international community and in system of the international relations.

The third feature of external legitimation is connected with the recognition of force or weakness of the nation. Speaking about the sovereignty, it is meant that the others hold the subordinated position in relation to the sovereign, all other authorities are dependent on the sovereign, take the legitimacy from it. The essence of internal legitimation means the recognition of the authorities’ right to rule by the majority of the nation. In external legitimation, where all countries act as independent, there are no command and submission relationships, which we can see within the state.

The fourth feature of external legitimation is that as well as force, diplomacy is an important means of foreign policy legitimation of a political regime. The stronger the state, the less diplomacy art it requires. The weaker the state the greater the importance of the diplomacy for legitimation of such a weak state.

Present paper came to questions concerning the concepts "legitimacy" and "sovereignty". What is the state sovereignty in modern conditions? Whether is remains the tool (let it be imperfect) of states coexistence and regulation of the international relations or is it turned into the anachronism which is subject to immediate and violent abolition? Within the last three and a half centuries the international system kept on a sovereignty of the certain states, and so far there is no clear answer to a question why the state has to give up this principle. If the sovereignty remains the stability tool, how should we protect it from a globalization impact? What forces will assume a role of defenders of the state sovereignty, what are their opportunities and resources? What will be the picture of the XXI century depends on the answers to these questions.

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Dudar O.P.

SYNTHESIAAND ITS PHENOMENAL MANIFESTATION: PHYSICALLY-EPISTEMICAL, LITERATURE ARTCRITICISMANDAESTHENIC CUTOFFS

The spectrum of modern science ideas about the phenomenon of synesthesia and the

basic aspects of it's in the science of Post non-classical period was analyzed. It was found that the most common trends today is the consideration of biological and psychological section, as well as literature, oriental aspect, emphasized the feasibility study it in the aesthetic aspect, namely aksioloho-aesthetic terms. Also emphasized that synesthesia is an important factor in atypical value orientations person for whom it is important to tune the aesthetic creativity and aesthetic values, not only in art but also scientific creativity.

Problem definition. Man as an object of scientific reflection in Post non-classical period of development of science has received an increasing attention of scientists, not only geneticists, anthropologists, ethnographers, but also experts from different fields of knowledge. However, when it is about the phenomenon of synesthesia as a rather rare phenomenon of human existence, we should point out that today it attracts primarily psycho-physiologists, neuroscientists, psychologists, less linguists, literary scholars and critics, teachers or even less aesthetic.

The analysis of recent research and publications. In reviewing the scientific literature, dictionaries and encyclopedia sources of different scientific fields attracts an interpretation of nature and specificity of the phenomenon of synesthesia and content of a number of concepts that are adjacent to this concept. It should be mentioned that one of the most popular areas of study of synesthesia in modern science there is psychological, but it is not fixed unanimity reasons researchers on its source and identity (sensory, cognitive and heuristic, etc.). First of all, fixed position is based on the idea of "polymodalities" human perception. According to this view, synesthesia is considered as a human condition in which her sensual (sensory) experience related to one modality of perception occurs under different stimulus modalities. American psychologist A.Reber says that in some respects such sensory modality switching from a modality is normal for human cognitive functioning. Accordingly, in this case, the carrier of the phenomenon is called synestets.

The purpose of the study. As part of our research attempt to analyze existing concepts such as "synesthesia", "hromesteziya", "grapheme", "fotopsiya", "fotyzm", "sensual syncretism", "artistic syncretism" elaborated within the different branches of modern science, in order to identify "points of convergence" in the events that are recorded these concepts and cognitive substrate at a fixed value of their phenomenal specificity in different research traditions. We try to find out, then, as the variety of manifestations of the phenomenon of synesthesia individual atypical human perception of reality, and features various facets of existence (including taking into account the aesthetic and artistic and artistic factors origins of this phenomenon).

The main material. One of the phenomena pertaining to synesthesia, which is regarded as a psycho-physiological or psychological scientific literature, i.e. Biology of Natural and psychological hnoseoloho-sections are hromesteziya. However, for its nature, scientists have slightly different views, besides it is not always associated with synesthesia. Arguably,

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synesthesia has some phenomenal manifestations. The concept of synesthesia may also be considered as a generic concept on hromesteziyi.

On the one hand, the concept of hromesteziyi is often used to refer to the phenomenon of custom color response to visual stimuli - as "color" or "Chromatic ear" in some people. That is called chromatic hearing, with this understanding, is recognized kind of synesthesia, in which the sense of color may be caused by some purely auditory stimuli.

The most common occurrence after auditory-visual synesthesia is considered "colored color" in the perception of numbers, letters, days, weeks, seasons, etc. As you know, these responses are strictly individual for each person and can be very specific and diverse in its manifestations or forms of manifestation.

In addition, most types of synesthesia distinguished by the nature of emerging additional sensations or perceptions of the same rights, in particular comes to visual (fotyzmy), auditory (fonizmy), gustatory, tactile and its other varieties.

Fotyzmy or fotopsiyi are understood as subjective or light colored sensations that have certain characteristic properties of figures or objects may be caused by mechanical or toxic stimuli visual analyzer.

With the development, primarily through socialization in humans are changing that contribute to the structuring of perceived signals and associations are on a different basis, differentiated and subordinated structured in clearly-linear manifestation determination. The civilizational progress of modern humanity causes demand strategy reliance primarily on the ability of abstract conceptual thinking and ability to discourse.

Conclusions. As a result, it can be argued about "dispersion" developments of modern science on the phenomenon of synesthesia. So far it attracts the attention of specialists in different fields of science, as natural and humanities. And quite remarkable is that in recent years has increased the number of scientific studies on various types of synesthesia, elaborated within the bio-sciences.

It is worth noting, moreover, that in the humanities "voice Aesthetics" on synesthesia is rather "thin", as opposed to psychology, literature or art. Therefore, analysis of this phenomenon in the aesthetic section is quite reasonable and promising to enhance perceptions of it.

The ambiguity, shown in this study in the interpretation of the concept of synesthesia and the availability of slightly different theoretical and methodological positions on understanding the nature, essence, the specificity of this phenomenon, dependent on the scope of the scientific field of their appearance, we propose a concept of synesthesia in understanding the aesthetic and cultural aspects. Synesthesia is a phenomenon of expansion the formative searches rights, based on the strategy of creative thinking, in terms of a more extended range of sensory information, as opposed to his contemporaries (not a native of this phenomenon).

Prospects for further research. The prospect of further study of synesthesia is seen for the need to focus on its possible cultural determinants that will make it possible to form a special, synesthesia guidance based on aesthetic motivations and values in the wider public.

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Radionova L.A.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT IMPERATIVE SUBJECTIVE CITIES IN CIVIL SOCIETY

The paper analyzes the characteristics of the inclusion of the city in civil society: the

city before entering into civil society is already in the social system, as its subsystem. The author considers according to what the city is able to enter into civil society in the active role of the subject, and the second feature is the inclusion of the city in civil society - the mechanism of local government.

The city, of course, is an important element of civil society, the analysis of the city's place and role in the development of civil society is relevant both in theoretical and in practical terms, especially in the context of the current political crisis in Ukraine is most clearly manifested.

Here we are faced with certain methodological problems, and the attempt of its solving is the purpose of the study. On the one hand, the author is of the opinion that civil society has historically emerges as a bourgeois society and can be carried out either in the form of mature capitalism, or in the form of convergent society. On the other hand, in Ukraine there is no one or the other in a mature form, and the city is. In Ukraine, the share of urban population today is more than two thirds of the population.

Firstly we consider the social form of inclusion. In our opinion, it is characterized by the following features:

1. The City, as a society, is characterized as the presence of four major areas of social life: economic, social, political and cultural.

2. At the time, Professor A.K.Oiled wrote, "... when isolating areas of social life can be used ... complex criterion, which includes the types of activities and people, and the public needs to meet the aims of which activities and public relations as a form of activities and social actors and relations. He gives an idea of the areas as relatively independent entities in relation to society and the ability to serve the latter. The absence of one of the side’s components of the complex criterion does not allow us to constitute this social phenomenon as a specific sphere of human activity. This idea of an integrated criterion for isolating areas of urban life raises doubt, but it is important to note something else: in each city the development level and the ratio of these areas can be very different. This is reflected, in particular, in multiple classifications of cities - quantitative and qualitative criteria.

3. Operation and development of the city as part of the societal system is characterized by a strong influence on him by the government. We believe that this factor is if not always, but very often dominant in the factors contributing to the livelihoods of the city. The impact is multifaceted: it has its own legal, executive and administrative, financial, party-political, ideological, psychological side, methods, and techniques. The practice of Ukraine shows that the impact is not necessarily a hard character, it often takes into account the different "weight categories" of cities, their importance to the country, region and so on.

Socio-philosophical approach requires a deeper analysis of identity and difference and self-government. Thus, the identity between them is that any social system needs to manage and implement it on their own. But it turns out that in different historical conditions, these forces appear not the same. As a key element of social systems are forming social communities and their people so far raises the question of how to relate to these conditions,

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the role of managers and management object, i.e. the management of subjects and objects. In this context, it is important to go in a "pragmatic" way, i.e. to build a theoretical analysis, starting from a certain reference presentation on local government.

The position of the preamble is important for several reasons. First of all, they reveal the importance of local government. Further, they give the possibility to detect the theoretical underestimation of the Charter in studies of individual authors. Of course, the form is the actual document, but it is deep also in the scientific sense. It comes, for example, from the unity of democracy and decentralization as the basis for local government. For developed countries that unity is absolutely necessary.

But the most important is an economic helplessness of most urban local governments. The reason for this phenomenon is global privatization. As a result, the so-called "small" privatization in most cities in the hands of governments (according to theory) there was nothing left, except for infrastructure.

Thus, the local government, which must surely be one of the most important elements of civil society, now in Ukraine is not only because we do not have a developed civil society, but also because of the lack of development of local government. It is designed now the new legislation on local government, even if this process will bring positive results, we can say with sure that this will create a favorable for the development of self-government in the field conditions and opportunities that are still to be realized.

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Gordin L.

SOCIAL PROCEDURE AND MECHANISM OF ORDER AND INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF RELATIONS

The article analyzes the social procedures in view of their importance in social

interaction. Attention is paid to their ability to organize and harmonize human relations. In modern society social procedures are of particular importance in overcoming

social tension and conflict resolution. The dynamic development of modern society requires particular forms of social behavior that enable a person not just to adapt to the new requirements in all areas of life, but also can maintain favorable moral and psychological climate and make behavior more esthetic.

Social conflicts as any interpersonal relationships, with this or that extent are regulated by social behavior. Here are the rules of various kinds and contents: legal, ethical, religious, political, etc.

Social procedures capture the organization of cultural space inherent regulation. According to the dictionary of the explanatory dictionary definition of regulation is: 1) a set of rules governing the activities of state bodies, institutions, organizations, 2) the order of meetings, conferences, conventions, 3) the name of some acts of international congresses and conferences.

Analyzing the various forms of social interactions that are expressed in social procedures, it is advisable to contact and analysis of the concept of procedure: 1) set the order of, any consideration of the case; 2) therapeutic measure proposed by a physician.

Law rules play an important role for regulatory characteristics of social relationships. The law can be expressed only in specific well-defined state forms - legal act, legal

precedent, the regulatory agreement, the legal tradition and others. The form of each type of legal instrument is clearly defined. The specific content of the rules can be confirmed using a formal text. So, characteristic consistency, complexity, regulation are inherent to law rules.

Social procedures appear in political norms that do not have a legal character. It is often said, that this or that international conflict can or should be settled by peaceful, political means - by negotiations, meetings of heads of states, mutual concessions and other actions, including those that are not made in law (international law) order.

Continuing the analysis of social procedures, it is appropriate to clarify the features of etiquette as an important factor in the regulation and stabilization of social relations. Dictionary of Ethics defines this term as a set of conduct rules, which concerns external manifestations towards people of the world, forms of address and greeting behavior in public places, manners and clothes.

Etiquette not only directs its efforts toward integration, the interaction of people, but primarily emphasizes their social status and communication differences (gender, age, social status, degree dating, relationship, etc.), just showing everyone his place in the social hierarchy and defining a set "acceptable - unacceptable" actions under this status of the human condition. Possessing instrumental etiquette knowledge helps to create tolerance - behavior and communication with other people, as they are always opposed to aggression, conflict, categorical.

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With the changing of socio-political processes taking place in society, the transformation rules of etiquette. Each government creates peculiar only to this style of behavior. The task of the new political system is to find new ways to promote integrity and secularism, despite the apparent variability manners and decency, as they always are the epitome of morality, promote respect for others' beliefs.

The prevailing standards of morality are the result of a long process of formation of relationships between people. Without compliance with these standards are impossible political, economic and cultural relations.

Along with the word "etiquette" to refer collectively adopt rules governing the specific activity used the concept of "ceremonial" and "diplomatic protocol."

Business (official) etiquette - a communication service standards, which are based on business considerations first official communication and understanding of the importance of the issues discussed. A service of communication at any level must be steeped in the knowledge and belief that the issue under consideration, equally important for the device and for the recipient.

Diplomatic protocol - is the basic rules of politeness or good taste, with the status of mandatory regulations adopted for service or implementation of communication between states that are pronounced the ritual form. Protocol Formalities bring in international relations hierarchy, discipline, organization, without which human society, including international can’t function. Diplomatic protocol - a ritualization etiquette rules of conduct.

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Kanischev G.Y.

PERSONANDTHEGOVERNMENTIN SLOBOZHANSCHYNA AT THE END OF THE 18th CENTURY

(KHARKIV CONSCIENTIOUS COURT)

The formation of a full-fledged civil society is one of the main tasks of Ukraine. It makes the question about the history of the relationship of the citizen with the government. First of all, it concerns the citizen's right to personal freedom. Citizens must share responsibility for what is happening in the country only if the latter do not fear reprisals.

The relationship of the citizen and the state in Slobozhanschyna (in Kharkiv region) should be tailored to the historical tradition of existence Sloboda edge as an integral part of the region in the Russian state in the middle of 17th - beginning of 20th century.

During the reign of Catherine II conscientious court was founded according to the "Statute on the management of the provinces of the Russian Empire" 1775. Among its responsibilities were, in particular, control over the observance of citizens' rights to personal liberty.

For the nobles were such courts as Lower and Upper clerk courts and for the citizens were such as Policeman and provincial magistrate for the state peasants- Lower and Upper violence (first instance was the primary, the second - the appeal).

The activities of the Kharkiv conscientious court are still poorly understood. As examples of research on this topic, the monograph of V. L.Masliychuk and the

conscientious about the role of the court in the fate of young offenders in the territory of Kharkov governorship will be shown. We should also mention our own work on this issue. All these works have for our study the following meanings. They give a general description of conscientious court as an institution of public authority, formed with the participation of the public (by election or selection province administration from different classes). To reveal the role of the institution in the social life of the time is important for the policy of "enlightened absolutism."

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the activities of the Kharkiv conscientious court during the period of the Kharkiv governorship (1780-1796) as an institution to monitor the observance of human rights to personal liberty. The task of this paper is a disclosure of litigation and values of conscientious court for a new system of relations between man and the state in Slobozhanskiy region in the future.

Among the cases that involved work of the conscientious court of Kharkiv governorship, case control over the observance of citizens' rights to personal liberty constitute a minority-only three (one of them is not available to researchers because of poor preservation). This can be explained by the reluctance of people then (as now) to solve such cases in court. Much more Slobozhan people appealed to vice general board-center of administrative power in Sloboda region. Nevertheless, we consider it necessary to disclose the contents of these cases.

Kharkiv conscientious court does not always cope with its function reconciliation warring parties and meet property and financial claims, however, to perform its function for the release of detainees from detention.

The activities of the Kharkiv conscientious court to protect the rights of the subjects of the empire to liberty was part of a broad modernization project of the government of

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Catherine II to introduce into the relationship of man and the state of the principles of the European Enlightenment with their elimination of arbitrary power and compliance with civil rights.

Conscientious Court activities in this area are partly based on the tradition of the Ukrainian society during Cossack times. It was an integral part of the "cult" of personal liberty (and therefore, deny the possibility of arbitrary power here). Recall that the name of the region -"Sloboda" - comes from the word "settlement" ("Freedom"). And the introduction in 1775 "Institutions of governance provinces..."contributed to its development in the new conditions. In other words, in place of the liquidated Cossack "liberties" began to develop a new, civil liberties inherent New society.

The historical experience of the Kharkov conscientious court to protect the right of personal liberty of citizens can and should be used in the future in the form of activities of courts, aimed at restricting the activities of the police. In this case, police officials at the local level (territorial community) should be elected directly to the public or local authorities. Accordingly, it is necessary to create a legal mechanism for withdrawing such officials through a local referendum.

Prospects for further research in this area are: 1) the history of the relationship of Kharkiv conscientious court with other agencies

and public authorities of Slobozhanshchina; 2) the history of the police of Slobozhanshchina.

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Bakanova O. F.

VALUE CONCEPTS OF “NORM”, “STANDARD”, “TEST” IN THE STRUCTURE OF CONTROL SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL

DEVELOPMENT, PHYSICAL FITNESS AND PHYSICAL CONDITION

The problem of state system constructing of physical education involves the development of systematic monitoring and following structure to provide its processing and necessary corrective measures of the deviations from the population norm of physical development. Norm as a philosophical category suggests the presence of available reproductive system consistent that ensure stability of the structure, which has certain mechanisms of adaptive devices that can change the inherited attributes and natural selection, which provides continuous dynamic line "measures".

The purpose is to justify the construction of monitoring controls system on basis of physical development assessment standards to monitor and organize the process of physical training in universities.

Tasks aimed at achieving this goal, is to establish a link between the population norm, individual norms, standards and evaluation tests, provides the necessary quantitative characteristics to determine these characteristics.

To solve these problems it’s necessary to use methods of the similarity theory and dimensionality, clinical anthropometry, mathematical modeling with using of computer technology.

Materials of research consists of screening examinations of different age controlled contingent groups.

The results of the research. At the heart of the construction of any regulatory characteristics in studies conducted using the accumulated statistical data obtained in a sufficiently large sample size. On the basis of empirical data and theoretically provisions made by various authors, distribution of controlled characteristics is subject to this kind of material "normal law". It is not difficult to estimate the single comparison factor of the respective development of the individual fixed rate, but making a similar operation with any other controllable factors and their combination on regulatory compliance complexity, it arises how to evaluate individuals with the same normal characteristic and this norm - deviation in second characteristic. This task is even more complicated when comparing the three characteristics. With an increase in the number of monitored parameters, this problem can be an unsolvable problem for the introduction of common rules on the basis of the characteristics of the methods of its presentation. Practically there is a contradiction between the solvability of the method used and the complexity of the task. There is a problem defining characteristic allocation rules and its variations with respect to all other static structure which will meet each characteristic value, which determines the standards development process. Yet it is the growth was defined as the stationary base of the development process, against which there are a variety of appropriate shaping. The latter is an external display of interrelated metabolic processes that ensure a certain level of viability of the developing organism. In some cases there are abnormal forms retain reproductive ability, hereditary anchoring different anomaly.

The most characteristic index of the growth quantitative characteristics is the mass of the body. Thus, the distribution of body weight in a "chronological" age with the entered

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accuracy of its determination allows us to determine its minimum value, the value of the math expectation. When using the three sigma rule six major areas of weight characteristics can be set and it determines the level of intensity of metabolic processes, ensuring the growth of mass per unit time under the same conditions. In the structure of the distribution of all individuals with the same "chronological" age, among all of the minimum and maximum values of the mass, it can be identified a number of persons having the same proportions of the body to its length. This manifests itself in the same structure formation, which does indistinguishable at the lowest maximum value of body weight. In practice the process of formation in some people reaches a certain level of development, with less weight, while others with much greater. Therefore, in reference to the age norm we can say about advanced, normal and retarded process of forming, differing only in the time to achieve it. With respect to the normal line forming at the same body weight there are different formation, which reflects the variability of their life. The greatest range of variation of Form Creation of this kind is observed in the age norm. The density distribution of the anomalous formation relative to the line rate of weight growth characteristics of body weight is normally distributed Thus the growth through the increase in mass is the most generalizing factor for the material basis of morphogenesis.

The availability of standards and tests allows us to make a quantitative assessment of the subject as an individual as well as the qualitative characteristics of physical fitness, physical condition and physical development. When constructing the monitoring of physical development, physical fitness and physical condition prolonged observation of each individual should be carried out that allows us to set its biological age, the individual rate of development and physical condition.

Personal norm can be determined with respect to biological age and changes in their quantitative and qualitative characteristics in accordance with the increase of biological age.

The meaning of individual norms of physical development, age standards of physical fitness can be used as criteria for evaluating existing standards rather than the demands of their execution, which allows us to trace the dynamics of their behavior and they can carry out a comparative description of its course to the varying environmental conditions.

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Shitov S. I.

ART AND HEALTH: THE USE OF ART THERAPY IN MEDICAL PRACTICE

The article is dedicated to art therapy - one of the most promising directions in

medicine which accumulates in its content medical aspects of many art forms. The art therapy basis is rich on historical tradition of art using in the diversity of its forms, beginning with the biblical and ancient times. Much attention is paid to the problems of modern art therapy, as well as to the peculiarities of providing effectiveness to this type of therapy and its wide popularity in various countries around the world.

In the context of growing worldwide popularity of the art therapy should be a clearer understanding of this phenomenon causes, and a realization of human body internal resources in the process of this kind of treatment.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the reasons for the special art therapy relevance nowadays, as well as the study of some aspects of its therapeutic effects in due to the challenges facing this specific kind of therapy.

The methods of therapy have been becoming more and more popular since the mid 80-ies of the last century in many European countries and the United States, and they are related to the use of various art forms during the treatment.

In the twentieth century art therapy developed as a set of psychotherapeutic techniques from the 1940s, under the influence of analytical psychology of C.G. Jung. Directions of art therapy are broadly consistent with arts, and a variety of instructional techniques is practically unlimited. Nowadays various forms of art can be used as a therapy: drawing, painting, mosaic and collage work with plaster and body art, sculpture, photography, music, dance, and so on.

According to the US physicians, not less than one third of patients in this country seek to harness the power of art therapy for their treatment. The number of followers of music therapy in the US reaches approximately 600 thousand people. Such use of art therapy indicates that the development of such therapies is not accidental. The practice of treating patients using different types of art has a long history, often interwoven with legends.

Art therapy is one of the non-drug methods of influence on the psyche and the patient body and the increased use of its internal resources, natural and spiritual abilities. And if it was believed earlier that such therapy is intended only for children with traumatized mind, now it is proved that it is effective for all who find themselves in a desperate psychological situation. The main task of art therapy is to harmonize the development of the individual through the development of self-expression and self-discovery abilities.

The value of art application for therapeutic purposes is that it can be used on a symbolic level to express and explore a variety of feelings and emotions: love, hate, resentment, anger, fear, joy, and others. The technique of art therapy is based on the belief that inner "I" is reflected in the human visual images whenever he draws, paints or sculpture.

During the solution of the issues range can be used instructional techniques of art therapy: intra- and interpersonal conflicts, crises, including the existential crises of age, injury, loss, neurotic and psychosomatic disorders, and others.

Art therapy involves the reduction of psychological stress, allowing the body to

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mobilize resources to fight the disease. Nowadays doctors use art therapy not only for treating severe psychological disorders (such as manic-depressive psychosis, schizophrenia species), but even alcohol and drug addiction.

In Kyiv Clinical Neurological Hospital № 1 named after Pavlov they hold regular so-called festival-laboratory of alternative art and art therapy. Its members are people who often suffer from a variety of psychopathology, like schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis. Although these diseases are treated very seriously and patients often relapse, art therapy is precisely the tool that helps to avoid them.

As the pace of life is accelerating and the technologies are developing, the load on the psyche of modern man is increasing, art therapy is becoming widespread. This is on the front burner that many physical (somatic) diseases are the result of adverse mental state of the individual, which can happen because of largely changed conditions of our existence. Therefore, there is no doubt that the role of art therapy in the life of every individual and society as a whole will continue to grow.

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