AUTHORSAlton Biggs • Whitney Crispen Hagins • William G. Holliday Chris L. Kapicka • Linda Lundgren • Ann Haley MacKenzie

William D. Rogers • Marion B. Sewer • Dinah Zike National Geographic

New York, New York Columbus, Ohio Chicago, Illinois Peoria, Illinois Woodland Hills, California

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nl ineBiology

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Student Guide

Reading for Information ........................................ xxivScavenger Hunt .....................................................xxviiInvestigation and Experimentation ......................xxviii1 The Study of Life ..................................................2

Unit 1

Ecology ............................................................ 28

2 Principles of Ecology .........................................303 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems .............584 Population Ecology ............................................905 Biodiversity and Conservation .........................114

Unit 2

The Cell ......................................................... 144

6 Chemistry in Biology .......................................1467 Cellular Structure and Function .......................1808 Cellular Energy ................................................2169 Cellular Reproduction ......................................242

Unit 3

Genetics ........................................................ 266

10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics ..................26811 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity ......29412 Molecular Genetics .........................................32413 Genetics and Biotechnology ............................358

Unit 4

History of Biological Diversity .................. 388

14 The History of Life ...........................................39015 Evolution .........................................................41616 Primate Evolution ............................................45017 Organizing Life’s Diversity ...............................482

Unit 5 .

Bacteria, Viruses, Protists, and Fungi ........ 512

18 Bacteria and Viruses ........................................51419 Protists ............................................................54020 Fungi ...............................................................574

Unit 6

Plants ............................................................. 600

21 Introduction to Plants .....................................60222 Plant Structure and Function ...........................63023 Reproduction in Plants ....................................660

Unit 7

Invertebrates ............................................... 688

24 Introduction to Animals ...................................69025 Worms and Mollusks .......................................72426 Arthropods ......................................................76027 Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates .......790

Unit 8

Vertebrates .................................................. 816

28 Fishes and Amphibians ....................................81829 Reptiles and Birds ...........................................85030 Mammals ........................................................87831 Animal Behavior ..............................................906

Unit 9

The Human Body .......................................... 932

32 Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems .....................................93433 Nervous System ...............................................96034 Circulatory, Respiratory, and Excretory Systems ....................................99035 Digestive and Endocrine Systems ..................101836 Human Reproduction and Development .......104637 Immune System .............................................1074

Student Resources ..................................... 1104

Skillbuilder Handbook ..........................................1105Reference Handbook ............................................1120English/Spanish Glossary .....................................1127Index ....................................................................1173Credits .................................................................1204

Contents in Brief iii

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Alton Biggs has been a biology educator in Texas public schools for more than 30 years. He has a BS and an MS in biology from Texas A & M University—Com-merce. Mr. Biggs was the founding president of the Texas Association of Biology Teachers in 1985, received NABT’s Outstanding Biology Teacher Award for Texas in 1982 and 1995, and in 1992 was the president of the National Association of Biology Teachers.

Whitney Crispen Hagins teaches biology at Lexington High School in Lex-ington, Massachusetts. She has a BA and an MA in biological sciences from Mount Holyoke College and an MAT from Duke University. In 1999, she was a Massachu-setts NABT Outstanding Biology Teacher Award recipient, and in 1998 she received NSF funding for development of molecular biology activities. She works with the Wisconsin Fast Plant Program to develop curriculum, and she enjoys sharing ideas and activities in workshops at national meetings.

William G. Holliday is a science education professor at the University of Maryland (College Park), and before 1986, a professor at the University of Calgary (Alberta, Canada). He served as president of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching and later as an elected board member to the National Science Teachers Association. He has an MS in biological sciences and a PhD in science education. Mr. Holliday’s multifaceted teaching experience totals over 40 years.

Chris L. Kapicka is a biology professor at Northwest Nazarene University in Nampa, Idaho. She has a BS in biology from Boise State University, an MS in bacte-riology and public health from Washington State University, and a PhD in cell and molecular physiology and pharmacology from the University of Nevada Medical School. In 1986, she received the Presidential Award for Science Teaching, and in 1988, she was awarded NABT’s Outstanding Biology Teacher Award.

Linda Lundgren has more than 25 years of experience teaching science at the middle school, high school, and college levels, including ten years at Bear Creek High School in Lakewood, Colorado. For eight years, she was a research associate in the Department of Science and Technology at the University of Colorado at Denver. Ms. Lund gren has a BA in journalism and zoology from the University of Massachu-setts and an MS in zoology from The Ohio State University. In 1991, she was named Colorado Science Teacher of the Year.

iv About the Authors

(t) Alton Biggs , (tc) Whitney Hagins , (c) William G. Holliday , (bc) Dr. Chris Kapicka, (b) Linda Lundgren

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Ann Haley MacKenzie currently teaches at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where she works with future high school science teachers and teaches a life science inquiry course. She is the editor of The American Biol-ogy Teacher for the National Association of Biology Teachers. Dr. MacKenzie has a BS in biology from Purdue University, an MEd in secondary education from the University of Cincinnati, and an EdD in curriculum and instruc-tion from the University of Cincinnati. She is a former Ohio Teacher of the Year and Presidential Award Winner for Secondary School Science.

William D. Rogers is a faculty member in the Department of Biology at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana. He has a BA and an MA in biol-ogy from Drake University. He has a Doctor of Arts in biology from Idaho State University. He has received teaching awards for outstanding contribu-tions to general education, and has received funding from the American Association of Colleges and Universities to study different approaches to science teaching.

Marion B. Sewer is an assistant professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and a Georgia Cancer Coalition Distinguished Scholar. She received a BS in biochemistry from Spelman College in 1993, and a PhD in pharmacology from Emory University in 1998. Dr. Sewer studies how the integration of various signaling pathways controls steroid hormone biosynthesis.

Dinah Zike is an international curriculum consultant and inventor who has developed educational products and three-dimensional, inter ac -tive graphic organizers for over 30 years. As president and founder of Dinah-Might Adventures, L.P., Dinah is the author of more than 100 award-winning educational publications, including The Big Book of Science. Dinah has a BS and an MS in educational curriculum and instruction from Texas A & M University. Dinah Zike’s Foldables are an exclusive feature of McGraw-Hill textbooks.

National Geographic, founded in 1888 for the increase and diffu-sion of geographic knowledge, is the world’s largest nonprofi t scientifi c and educational organization. The Children’s Books and Education Division of National Geographic supports National Geographic’s mission by developing innovative educational programs. National Geographic’s Visualizing and In the Field features are exclusive components of Glencoe Biology.

View author biographies at biologygmh.com. About the Authors v

(t) Ann Haley MacKenzie , (tc) Dr. William Rogers , (bc) Dr. Marion Sewer, (b) Dinah Zike

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Chuck CambriaSpringfi eld North High SchoolSpringfi eld, OH

Sara HaughnPickerington High School CentralPickerington, OH

Michelle M. Lewis Lancaster High SchoolLancaster, OH

Daniel J. RegelskiNew Albany High SchoolNew Albany, OH

Pamela J. SchummWawasee High SchoolSyracuse, IN

Danielle S. ScraseSycamore High SchoolCincinnati, OH

Sharon SeckelCanal Winchester High SchoolCanal Winchester, OH

Paula WeaverSeymour High SchoolSeymour, IN

Teacher Advisory BoardThe Teacher Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedback on the content and design in the Student Edition. We thank these teachers for their hard work and creative suggestions.

Each teacher reviewed selected chapters of Glencoe Biology and provided feedback and suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the instruction.

Reviewers

Beth Adams, EdSCartersville High SchoolCartersville, GA

Michele Wonser AltavillaElk River High SchoolElk River, MN

Elaine AsmusSnake River High SchoolBlackfoot, ID

Shelley BarkerDanville High SchoolDanville, IL

Stephanie L. BaronPatrick Henry High SchoolSan Diego, CA

Rochelle BattersbySanford F. Calhoun High SchoolMerrick, NY

Ann BlackwellTravelers Rest High School Travelers Rest, SC

Fran S. BouknightBrookland-Cayce High SchoolCayce, SC

Kimberly A. BrownEast Ridge High SchoolChattanooga, TN

John H. C. ChipleyPalma High SchoolSalinas, CA

Melissa C. DonhamLittle Rock Central High SchoolLittle Rock, AR

William A. Donovan, Jr.Amesbury High SchoolAmesbury, MA

Erica Dosch, BSN, MEdConnetquot High SchoolBohemia, NY

Julie ErtmannUniversity City High SchoolUniversity City, MO

Mark FifeCenterville High SchoolCenterville, OH

Sasha HammondYakima School DistrictYakima, WA

Kenneth L. HarmsTigard High SchoolTigard, OR

David IottHolden High SchoolHolden, MO

Rebecca JacksonSummerville High School Summerville, SC

Clinton A. KennedyCascade JR/SR High SchoolCascade, ID

Kristen Holly KentPioneer Valley High SchoolSanta Maria, CA

Deborah L. Krause, EdDWest Orange Public SchoolsWest Orange, NJ

Kimberly Lane-HintonWhitney Young Magnet High SchoolChicago, IL

Samantha A. LongCarlisle High SchoolCarlisle, PA

Charlotte ParnellSullivan High SchoolSullivan, MO

Cynthia A. PousmanDavidson Fine Arts Magnet SchoolAugusta, GA

Rebekah R. Ravgiala, EdDMerrimack High SchoolMerrimack, NH

Gail RaymondAnchorage School DistrictAnchorage, AK

Kathryn A. RobertsLakeside Public High SchoolsHot Springs, AR

Tracy RojoTucker High SchoolTucker, GA

Pamela D. SherleyChicago Public Schools Chicago, IL

Gary R. SmithPinelands Regional High SchoolTuckerton, NJ

Sue WhitsettFond du Lac High SchoolFond du Lac, WI

Karen Ann WickershamTroy High SchoolTroy, MI

vi Teacher Advisory Board and Reviewers

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Larry Baresi, PhDAssociate Professor of BiologyCalifornia State University, NorthridgeNorthridge, CA

Janice E. Bonner, PhDAssociate Professor of BiologyCollege of Notre Dame of MarylandBaltimore, MD

Renea J. Brodie, PhDAssistant Professor of Biological SciencesUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia, SC

Luis A Cañas, PhDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Entomology/OARDCThe Ohio State University Wooster, OH

John S. Choinski, Jr., PhDProfessor of BiologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Central ArkansasConway, AR

Dr. Lewis B. Coons, PhDProfessor of BiologyThe University of MemphisMemphis, TN

Cara Lea Council-Garcia, MSBiology Lab CoordinatorThe University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM

Dr. Donald S. Emmeluth, PhDDepartment of BiologyArmstrong Atlantic State UniversitySavannah, GA

Diana L. Engle, PhDEcology ConsultantUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA

John Gatz, PhDProfessor of ZoologyOhio Wesleyan UniversityDelaware, OH

Alan D. Gishlick, PhDNational Center for Science EducationOakland, CA

Yourha Kang, PhDAssistant Professor of BiologyIona CollegeNew Rochelle, NY

Mark E. Lee, PhDAssistant Professor of BiologySpelman CollegeAtlanta, GA

Judy M. Nesmith, MSLecturer—BiologyUniversity of Michigan—DearbornDearborn, MI

Hay-Oak Park, PhDAssociate Professor Department of Molecular GeneticsThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH

Carolyn F. Randolph, PhDPresident NSTA 2001–2002Assistant Executive Director The SCEAColumbia, SC

David A. Rubin, PhDAssistant Professor of PhysiologyIllinois State UniversityNormal, IL

Malathi Srivatsan, PhDAssistant Professor of BiologyState University of ArkansasJonesboro, AR

Laura Vogel, PhDAssociate Professor of Biological SciencesIllinois State UniversityNormal, IL

VivianLee Ward, MSDirector of CyberEducation; Codirector of Fellows Program; Project DirectorAccess Excellence @ the National Health MuseumWashington, DC

Content ConsultantsContent consultants each reviewed selected chapters of Glencoe Biology for content accuracy and clarity.

Jack GerlovichSchool of EducationDepartment of Teaching and LearningDrake UniversityDes Moines, IA

Dennis McElroyDirector of CurriculumAssistant Director for TechnologySchool of EducationGraceland UniversityLamoni, IA

Safety ConsultantsSafety Consultants reviewed labs and lab materials for safety and implementation.

Douglas Fisher, PhDProfessor of Language and Literacy EducationSan Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CA

Reading ConsultantDr. Douglas Fisher provided expert guidance on prototypes, Real-World Reading Links, and the reading strand.

Science Kit and Boreal LaboratoriesTonawanda, NY

Ralph Feather, PhDAssistant Professor of EducationBloomsburg University of PennsylvaniaBloomsburg, PA

Standardized Test Practice ConsultantDr. Ralph Feather provided expert guidance on effective standardized test practice questions.

Lab TesterScience Kit performed and evaluated the Student Edition labs and additional Teacher Edition material, providing suggestions for improving the effectiveness of student instructions and teacher support.

Consultants vii

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