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Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

INTRODUCTION . iv

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS v-ix

CONTENTS . x-xiii

TIMELINE ... xiv

CHAPTERS

I MINOANS AND THE TROJAN WAR 2

1 The Bronze Age 2

2 The Warriors of the Iliad 7

3 The Iliadand Chariot Warfare .. 9

4 Homer and Vergil 10

5 Heinrich Schliemann . 11

6 The Trojan War 13

7 Role of the gods in the Iliad 17

8 After the Iliad . 18

II PERSIAN THREAT .. 20

1 The Dark Ages 20

2 Geography of Greece .. 21

3 The Oracle of Delphi 22

4 A New Sparta .. 24

5 Threat from the East .. 26

6 Ionian Revolt . 28

7 First Attempt . 29

8 The First Persian War .. 30

9 The Battle of Marathon . 32

10 The Second Persian War . 35

11 The Army of Xerxes 36

12 Thermopylae and Salamis . 38

13 Battle of Plataea 42

14 Aftermath .. 43


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III QUARRELSOME GREKS . 44

1 The Delian League . 44

2 Athens Golden Age . 45

3 The Peloponnesian War 47

4 Defeat of Athens . 51

5 March of the Ten Thousand .. 51

6 More Greek Troubles .. 52

7 Battle of Leuctra . 53

IV PHILIP II AND ALEXANDER III . 58

1 Artemis Absence . 58

2 Achilles Fate .. 60

3 Philip II .. 62

4 Consolidation of Power . 64

5 Buchephalus .. 646 Education . 66

7 The Battle of Chaeronea .. 67

8 Family Trouble . 69

9 Philips Assassination .. 70

V ALEXANDERS MARCH: GRANICUS TO SIWA . 72

1 Captain-General of Greece 72

2 Alexanders Generals 75

3 Trojan Pilgrimage 75

4 Memnon ofRhodes and the Battle of the Granicus River . 76

5 Ionian Freedom 79

6 The Oracle of Didyma . 83

7 Fall of Halicarnassus . 84

8 The Gordium Knot . 86

9 The Battle of Issus . 87

10 On to Eygpt . 92

VI ALEXANDERS MARCH: GAUGAMELA TO DEATH 94

1 Battle of Gaugamela 942 Babylon, Susa and Persepolis 99

3 Were Not Going Home? .. 103

4 The Branchidae and Bessus 104

5 Death of Cleitus .. 104

6 Marriage to Roxane .. 105

7 Homeward Bound .. 106

8 The Gedrosian Desert .. 108


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9 Inconsolable Grief . 109

10 Death in Babylon . 110

11 The Aftermath 111

VII RISE OF ROME . 112

1 Trojan Refugee . 112

2 Romulus and Remus . 115

3 Roman Regal Period . 118

4 Revolution 120

5 Gallic Sack of Rome .. 122

VIII PYRRHUS OF EPIRUS AND DEFENSIVE IMPERIALISM 126

1 Enter Pyrrhus, Stage Right 126

2 The Roman army of the Middle Republic .. 1293 First Engagement: Heraclea .. 132

4 The Battle of Asculum . 133

5 On to Sicily 135

6 The Battle of Beneventum 137

IX FIRST PUNIC WAR AND THE BATTLE OF TELAMON .. 140

1 Tension in the Strait .. 140

2 Carthages Origin . 141

3 Harbors and Walls .. 1434 The Quinquereme .. 144

5 Messina and Rhegium . 145

6 Battle of Agrigentum 146

7 Polybius . 148

8 Mercenaries and Shipwrecks . 149

9 Battle of Ecnomus . 150

10 Regulus Folly . 152

11 The War Drags On .. 154

12 Sacred Chickens 156

13 Hamilcar Barca .. 159

14 Battle of the Aegates Islands .. 160

15 The Cost of War 161

16 Gallic Troubles Again 162

17 Battle of Telamon .. 164


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X THE SECOND PUNIC WAR: INVASION TO CANNAE 168

1 Swear to Baal .. 168

2 The Siege of Saguntum .. 172

3 You Decide, Fabius 173

4 Hannibals March .. 175

5 Skirmish at the Ticinnus River .. 178

6 Battle of the River Trebbia .. 179

7 Disaster at Lake Trasimene . 183

8 Roman Panic . 187

9 The Battle of Cannae .. 189

XI THE SECOND PUNIC WAR: SCIPIO RISING 194

1 A Schoolboys Debate . 194

2 The Sword of Rome .. 196

3 Archimedes 1974 Disaster in Spain . 199

5 Scipio Rising .. 200

6 Dont Lose Your Head . 203

7 Scipios Bold Plan 206

8 Prelude to Battle . 207

9 The Battle of Zama 211

XII BATTLE OF CYNOSCEPHALAE 214

1 Revenge 214

2 Titus Quinctius Flaminius . 216

3 A Clash of Armies .. 218

EPILOGUE .. 224

BIBLIOGRAPHY .. 228


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v

Greek and Roman Timelines

All dates are B.C.

Greek

1450 Eruption of Thera

1250 Collapse of Minoan civilization

1184 Fall of Troy

1100 Collapse of Mycenaean power

800 End of Greek Dark Age

776 First Olympic Games

540 Ionia conquered by Persia

508 Athens becomes a democracy

490 First Persian War

480 Second Persian War

404 End of the Peloponnesian War

371 Battle of Leuctra

336 Alexander becomes king of Macedon

331 Battle of Gaugamela

323 Death of Alexander the Great

Roman

753 Romulus founds Rome on the Palatine Hill

Regal Period

509 The last king is expelled from Rome;

beginning of the Roman Republic

Early Republic

390 Rome sacked by the Gauls

Middle Republic

275 Pyrrhus of Epirus defeated in Italy

241 End of the First Punic War; Rome gains

Sicily

218 Hannibal crosses the Alps; Second Punic

War

202 Battle of Zama; Rome wins the Second

Punic War

197 Battle of Cynoscephalae


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Bibliography

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Books.

Caven, Brian (1980). The Punic Wars. New York: Barnes & Noble Books.

De Beer, Sir Gavin (1956).Alps and Elephants. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, Inc.

Diodorus Siculus (1963-67). Library of History. Trans. C.H. Oldfather. Cambridge: Harvard

University Press.

Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000). The Punic Wars. London: Cassell & Co.

Herm, Gerhard (1975). The Celts: The People Who Came Out of the Darkness. New York: St.

Martins Press.

Herodotus (1942). The Persian Wars. Trans. George Rawlinson. New York: The Modern Library.

Keppie, Lawrence (1984). The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire. New York:

Barnes & Noble Books.

Livy (1962).A History of Rome: Selections. Trans. Moses Hadas and Joe P. Poe. New York: The

Modern Library.

Livy (1971). The Early History of Rome: Books I-V. Trans. Aubrey De Selincourt. London: Penguin Books

Livy (1965). The War With Hannibal: Books XXI-XXX. Trans. Aubrey De Selincourt.

London: Penguin Books.

Plutarch (1963). The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans. New York: The Modern Library.

Polybius (1979). The Rise of the Roman Empire. Trans. Ian Scott-Kilvert. London: Penguin Books.

Powell, T.G.E. (1980). The Celts. London: Thames and Hudson.

Rogers, Guy Maclean (2004).Alexander: The Ambiguity of Greatness. New York: Random House.

Xenophon (1957). The Persian Expedition. Trans. Rex Warner. London: Penguin Books.

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