C O N T E M P O R A R YL I N G U I S T I C A N A L Y S I S

AN I N T R O D U C T I O N

S I X T H E D I T I O N

Edited by

William O'GradyUniversity of Hawaii

and

John ArchibaldUniversity of Calgary

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PEARSON

Longman

Toronto

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Preface xAbout this book xiiiList of technical abbreviations xiv

One 1

Language: a preview 1

William O'Grady1.1 Specialization for language 11.2 A creative system 31.3 Grammar and linguistic competence 5

Summing up 12Notes 12Recommended reading 12Exercises 12

Two 15

Phonetics: the sounds of language

Michael Dobrovolsky2.1 Phonetic transcription 162.2 The sound-producing system 182.3 Sound classes 212.4 Consonant articulation 232.5 Manners of articulation 252.6 Vowels 342.7 Phonetic transcription of Canadian

English consonants and vowels 382.8 Suprasegmentals 402.9 Speech production 46

2.10 Other Vowels and Consonants 51Summing up 52Notes 52Recommended reading 52Exercises 53

Three 56

Phonology: the function andpatterning of soundsEwa Czaykowska-HigginsMichael Dobrovolsky

3.1 Segments in contrast 573.2 Phonetically conditioned variation:

phonemes and allophones 613.3 Phonetic and phonemic

transcription 703.4 Above the segment: syllables 733.5 Features 823.6 Derivations and rules 93

Summing up 99Notes 99Recommended reading 100Appendix: hints for solving

phonology problems 100Exercises 102

Four 109

Morphology: the analysis ofword structureWilliam O'GradyVidea de Guzman

4.1 Words and wordstructure 110

4.2 Derivation 1164.3 Compounding 1214.4 Inflection 1244.5 Other morphological

phenomena 1284.6 Morphophonemics 136

Summing up 137Notes 137Recommended reading 137Appendix: how to identify

morphemes in unfamiliarlanguages 137

Exercises 139

Five 146

Syntax: the analysis of sentencestructure 146William O'Grady

vil

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5.1 Categories and structure 1475.2 Complement options 1585.3 Move 1625.4 Universal grammar and parametric

variation 1725.5 Some additional structures 176

Summing up 181Notes 181Recommended reading 181Appendix: how to build tree

structures 181Exercises 186

Six 190

Semantics: the analysis ofmeaningWilliam O'Grady

6.1 The nature of meaning" 1906.2 The conceptual system 1996.3 Syntax and sentence

interpretation 2076.4 Other factors in sentence

interpretation 218Summing up 223Recommended reading 223Exercises 224

Seven 229

Historical linguistics:the study of language changeRobert W. Murray

7.1 The nature of languagechange 229

7.2 Sound change 2337.3 Morphological change 2467.4 Syntactic change 2517.5 Lexical and semantic change 2547.6 The spread of change 2637.7 Language reconstruction 2667.8 Language change and

naturalness 278Summing up 279Notes 279Recommended reading 280Exercises 281

Eight 287The classification of languages

Aleksandra Steinbergs

8.1 Some preliminaries 2878.2 Typological classification 2918.3 Genetic classification 308

Summing up 315Recommended reading 315Exercises 315

Nine 318

Aboriginal languages of CanadaEung-Do CookDarin Flynn

9.1 Ethnolinguistic overview 3189.2 Structural features 327

Summing up 333Recommended reading 333

Ten 334

First language acquisitionWilliam O'GradySook Whan Cho

10.1 The study of language acquisition 33410.2 Phonological development 33810.3 Vocabulary development 34310.4 Morphological development 34910.5 Syntactic development 35310.6 What makes language acquisition

possible? 360Summing up 367Recommended reading 367Exercises 368

Eleven 371

Second language acquisition

John Archibald11.1 The study of second language

acquisition 37211.2 Interlanguage grammars 37711.3 Factors affecting SLA 39211.4 The L2 classroom 396

Summing up 402Notes 402

Contents ix

Recommended reading 403Exercises 403

Twelve 406Psycholinguistics: the studyof language processingGary Libben

12.1 Methods of psycholinguisticresearch 406

12.2 Language processing andlinguistics 416

12.3 Putting it all together:psycholinguistic modelling 425

Summing up 430Recommended reading 431Exercises 431

Thirteen 433

437

Brain and languageGary Libben

13.1 The human brain 43313.2 Investigating the brain13.3 Aphasia 44213.4 Acquired dyslexia and

dysgraphia 44613.5 Linguistic theory and aphasia

Summing up 453Notes 453Recommended reading 453Exercises 454

Fourteen 455

448

Language in social contextsGerard Van Herk

14.1 Language variation and socialdistinctions 457

14.2 Place 45914.3 Time 46314.4 Isolation 46514.5 Contact 46914.6 Distinctions within a community:

class, ethnicity, and gender 47314.7 Social interaction and language 47814.8 How societies deal with

language 482

Summing up 485Recommended reading 486Exercises 486

Fifteen 489Writing and languageMichael DobrovolskyWilliam O'Grady

15.1 Types of writing 48915.2 The early history of

writing 49015.3 The evolution of writing 49315.4 Some non-European writing

systems 49915.5 English orthography 50515.6 Writing and reading 509

Summing up 511Notes 511Recommended reading 512Exercises 512

Sixteen www.pearsoned.ca/ogrady(Companion Website)Animal communicationMichael Dobrovolsky

16.1 Non-vocal communication16.2 Communication structure: the study

of signs16.3 The bees16.4 The birds16.5 Non-human primates16.6 Testing non-human primates for

linguistic ability16.7 Comparing communication systems:

design featuresSumming upNotesRecommended readingExercises

Glossary 514

Sources 540

Language Index 555

Index 561