contemporary clinical trials communications li fe st yl e

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Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 21 (2021) 100687 Available online 13 December 2020 2451-8654/© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications Lifestyle's influence on community-dwelling older adults' health: A mixed- methods study design Catharina Gillsjö a, c, * , Sandra Karlsson d , Fredrik Ståhl b , Irene Eriksson a a School of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden b Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden c College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA d Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden ABSTRACT Background: Aging often involves health problems and difficulties, such as physical and psychological impairments, isolation, and loneliness, causing social and exis- tential consequences. Studies have explored aging from different perspectives. However, few studies have examined healthy older adults genetic backgrounds, lifestyles, and meaning in life separately or in combination. This study aims to describe how healthy older adults experience aging, health, lifestyles, and meaning in life and explore potential genetic correlations. Methods and Design:The project will comprise three main parts: a quantitative section featuring the development and testing of a lifestyle questionnaire, a quanti- tative genetic analysis, and a qualitative interview study. Participants will be community-dwelling, healthy, older adults between 70 and 95 years of age. A sample size of 800 older adults will be invited to participate in seminars in collaboration with the national Swedish association Active Seniors. Data will be collected through lifestyle questionnaire, DNA extracted from saliva samples, and interviews. Based on questionnaire responses, profile groups will be created and compared statisti- cally with variations in genetic backgrounds, providing the basis for recruiting participants to the qualitative interviews. Discussion: This studys expected outcome will be to gain knowledge about variations in genetic backgrounds correlated with individual experiences regarding aging, health, and meaning in life. This knowledge can improve the understanding of motivations for healthy lifestyle changes. The results can reveal potential impli- cations for individual prerequisites to healthy aging and how health-promoting aging and lifestyle counseling can be adjusted to meet individual needs. 1. Introduction Worldwide, both the number and the proportion of older adults in the population are rapidly increasing. The number of older adults aged 65 and over is expected to almost double and to constitute nearly 30% of Europe's total population in 2050 [1,2]. The process of aging varies between individuals and is associated with a variety of health problems that often influence daily life. Sometimes, when health problems occur in older adults, healthcare or social service provisions are needed at home or in institutions, which presents a challenge of increased de- mands and costs for society at large. Aging as a phenomenon has been explored using different aspects of environmental factors, lifestyles, and genetics. However, studies exam- ining a combination of healthy older adults genetic backgrounds, lifestyles, and meaning in life remains limited although research indi- cates that various lifestyle factors modify genetic effects on health- related factors, such as body mass index (BMI) [3]. The terms healthy older adults and older adults in good health are used in this study even to describe older adults who may not be entirely free of disease or undiagnosed health problems. This choice is based on the notion that good health both has an objective and a subjective dimension. 2. Background 2.1. Genetic background and aging With the accelerating development of genetic analysis during the last decade significant interest has focused on identifying the specific genes responsible for the aging process. In particular, the so-called genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have made linking specific genes and gene markers to incidenceof high age possible by compar- ing gene patterns for very old people (100 years old or more, so-called centenarians) with younger population groups [4]. The genetic influence on aging is substantial, starting at the cellular level. Cells have different means to repair the damage that contributes to aging, and even individual genes have been found to have a signifi- cant impact. One example of a specific gene that has attracted consider- able attention in recent years is the Target of Rapamycin (TOR). This * Corresponding author. University of Skövde, School of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 408, SE-541 28, Skövde, Sweden. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (C. Gillsjö), [email protected] (S. Karlsson), [email protected] (F. Ståhl), [email protected] (I. Eriksson). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100687 Received 6 June 2020; Received in revised form 28 October 2020; Accepted 1 December 2020

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Page 1: Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications Li fe st yl e

Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 21 (2021) 100687

Available online 13 December 20202451-8654/© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications

Li fe st yl e' s in fl ue nc e on co mm un it y - dw el li ng ol de r ad ul ts ' he al th : A mi xe d - me th od s st ud y de si gn Ca th ar in a Gi ll sj ö a , c , * , Sa nd ra Ka rl ss on d , Fr ed ri k St åh l b , Ir en e Er ik ss on a

a Sc ho ol of He al th Sc ie nc es , Un iv er si ty of Sk öv de , Sk öv de , Sw ed en b Fa cu lt y of Ca ri ng Sc ie nc e, Wo rk Li fe an d So ci al We lf ar e, Un iv er si ty of Bo rå s, Bo rå s, Sw ed en c Co ll eg e of Nu rs in g, Un iv er si ty of Rh od e Is la nd , Ki ng st on , US A d De pa rt me nt of Na tu ra l Sc ie nc e an d Bi om ed ic in e, Sc ho ol of He al th an d We lf ar e, Jö nk öp in g Un iv er si ty , Jö nk öp in g, Sw ed en

A B S T R A C T

Ba ck gr ou nd : Ag in g of te n in vo lv es he al th pr ob le ms an d di f fi cu l ti es , su ch as ph ys i ca l an d ps y ch o lo g i ca l im pa ir me nt s, is o la ti on , an d lo ne li ne ss , ca us in g so ci al an d ex is - te n ti al co n se qu en ce s. St ud ie s ha ve ex pl or ed ag in g fr om di f fe r en t pe r sp ec ti ve s. Ho w ev er , fe w st ud ie s ha ve ex am in ed he al th y ol de r ad ul ts ’ ge ne ti c ba ck gr ou nd s, li fe st yl es , an d me an in g in li fe se p a ra te ly or in co m bi na ti on . Th is st ud y ai ms to de sc ri be ho w he al th y ol de r ad ul ts ex pe ri en ce ag in g, he al th , li fe st yl es , an d me an in g in li fe an d ex pl or e po te n ti al ge ne ti c co r re la ti on s.

Me th od s an d De si gn :T he pr o je ct wi ll co m pr is e th re e ma in pa rt s: a qu an ti ta ti ve se c ti on fe a tu r in g th e de ve l op me nt an d te st in g of a li fe st yl e qu es ti on na ir e, a qu an ti - ta ti ve ge ne ti c an al y si s, an d a qu al i ta ti ve in te r vi ew st ud y. Pa r ti c i pa nt s wi ll be co m mu ni ty - dw el li ng , he al th y, ol de r ad ul ts be tw ee n 70 an d 95 ye ar s of ag e. A sa m pl e si ze of 80 0 ol de r ad ul ts wi ll be in vi te d to pa r ti c i pa te in se m i na rs in co l la b o ra ti on wi th th e na ti on al Sw ed is h as so ci a ti on Ac ti ve Se ni or s. Da ta wi ll be co l le ct ed th ro ug h li fe st yl e qu es ti on na ir e, DN A ex tr ac te d fr om sa li va sa m pl es , an d in te r vi ew s. Ba se d on qu es ti on na ir e re sp on se s, pr o fi le gr ou ps wi ll be cr e at ed an d co m pa re d st a ti s ti - ca ll y wi th va ri a ti on s in ge ne ti c ba ck gr ou nd s, pr o vi d in g th e ba si s fo r re cr ui t in g pa r ti c i pa nt s to th e qu al i ta ti ve in te r vi ew s.

Di s cu s si on : Th is st ud y’ s ex pe ct ed ou t co me wi ll be to ga in kn ow l ed ge ab ou t va ri a ti on s in ge ne ti c ba ck gr ou nd s co r re la te d wi th in di vi d ua l ex pe ri en ce s re ga rd in g ag in g, he al th , an d me an in g in li fe . Th is kn ow l ed ge ca n im pr ov e th e un de r st an d in g of mo ti va ti on s fo r he al th y li fe st yl e ch an ge s. Th e re su lt s ca n re ve al po te n ti al im pl i - ca ti on s fo r in di vi d ua l pr e re q ui si te s to he al th y ag in g an d ho w he al th - pr om ot in g ag in g an d li fe st yl e co un se l in g ca n be ad ju st ed to me et in di vi d ua l ne ed s.

1 . In tr od uc ti on

Wo rl d wi de , bo th th e nu m be r an d th e pr o po r ti on of ol de r ad ul ts in th e po p u la ti on ar e ra pi dl y in cr ea s in g. Th e nu m be r of ol de r ad ul ts ag ed 65 an d ov er is ex pe ct ed to al mo st do u bl e an d to co n st i tu te ne ar ly 30 % of Eu ro pe 's to ta l po p u la ti on in 20 50 [ 1 , 2 ]. Th e pr oc es s of ag in g va ri es be tw ee n in di vi d u al s an d is as so ci at ed wi th a va ri et y of he al th pr ob le ms th at of te n in fl u en ce da il y li fe . So me ti me s, wh en he al th pr ob le ms oc cu r in ol de r ad ul ts , he al th ca re or so ci al se r vi ce pr o vi si on s ar e ne ed ed at ho me or in in st i tu ti on s, wh ic h pr e se nt s a ch al le ng e of in cr ea se d de - ma nd s an d co st s fo r so ci et y at la rg e.

Ag in g as a ph e no m e no n ha s be en ex pl or ed us in g di f fe r en t as pe ct s of en vi ro n me n ta l fa c to rs , li fe st yl es , an d ge ne t ic s. Ho w ev er , st ud ie s ex am - in in g a co m bi na ti on of he al th y ol de r ad ul ts ’ ge ne ti c ba ck gr ou nd s, li fe st yl es , an d me an in g in li fe re ma in s li m it ed — al th ou gh re se ar ch in di - ca te s th at va r i ou s li fe st yl e fa c to rs mo d if y ge ne ti c ef fe ct s on he al th - re la te d fa c to rs , su ch as bo dy ma ss in de x (B MI ) [ 3 ]. Th e te rm s “h ea lt hy ol de r ad ul ts ” an d “o ld er ad ul ts in go od he al th ” ar e us ed in th is st ud y ev en to de sc ri be ol de r ad ul ts wh o ma y no t be en ti re ly fr ee of di s ea se or

un di ag no se d he al th pr ob le ms . Th is ch oi ce is ba se d on th e no ti on th at go od he al th bo th ha s an ob je c ti ve an d a su b je c ti ve di me n si on .

2 . Ba ck gr ou nd

2. 1 . Ge ne ti c ba ck gr ou nd an d ag in g

Wi th th e ac ce l er at in g de ve l op me nt of ge ne ti c an al y si s du r in g th e la st de ca de si g ni f i ca nt in te r es t ha s fo cu se d on id en ti fy in g th e sp e ci fi c ge ne s re sp on si bl e fo r th e ag in g pr oc es s. In pa r ti c u la r, th e so - ca ll ed ge no me - wi de as so ci a ti on st ud ie s (G WA S) ha ve ma de li nk in g sp e ci fi c ge ne s an d ge ne ma rk er s to “i n ci de nc e” of hi gh ag e po s si bl e by co m pa r - in g ge ne pa t te rn s fo r ve ry ol d pe o pl e (1 00 ye ar s ol d or mo re , so - ca ll ed ce n te na r i an s) wi th yo un ge r po p u la ti on gr ou ps [ 4 ].

Th e ge ne ti c in fl u en ce on ag in g is su b st an ti al , st ar t in g at th e ce l lu la r le ve l. Ce ll s ha ve di f fe r en t me an s to re pa ir th e da m ag e th at co n tr ib ut es to ag in g, an d ev en in di vi d ua l ge ne s ha ve be en fo un d to ha ve a si g ni f i - ca nt im pa ct . On e ex am pl e of a sp e ci fi c ge ne th at ha s at tr ac te d co n si d er - ab le at te n ti on in re ce nt ye ar s is th e Ta r ge t of Ra pa my ci n (T OR ). Th is

* Co rr es po nd in g au th or . Un iv er si ty of Sk öv de , Sc ho ol of He al th Sc ie nc es , P. O. Bo x 40 8, SE - 54 1 28 , Sk öv de , Sw ed en . E - ma il ad dr es se s: ca th ar in a. gi ll sj o@ hi s. se (C . Gi ll sj ö) , sa nd ra .k ar ls so n@ ju .s e (S . Ka rl ss on ), fr ed ri k. st ah l@ hb .s e (F . St åh l) , ir en e. er ik ss on @h is .s e (I . Er ik ss on ).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100687 Received 6 June 2020; Received in revised form 28 October 2020; Accepted 1 December 2020

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ge ne in te r ve ne s in ma ny re g u la to ry sy s te ms , an d it al so af fe ct s th e ap - pe ar an ce of se v er al se ri ou s di s ea se s (s uc h as ca n ce r, ty pe II di a be te s, an d ca r di o va s cu la r di s ea se ) [ 5 ]. St ra ng el y, in an i ma l mo d el s, th e in ac ti - va ti on of TO R du r in g th e se c on d ha lf of li fe ha s be en sh ow n to le ad to bo th pr o lo ng ed li fe an d re du ce d in ci de nc e of ma ny di s ea se s th at no r - ma ll y be gi n in la te r li fe st ag es [ 6 ]. An ot he r ex am pl e is Fo rk he ad Bo x O3 a (F OX O3 a) , wh ic h ha s be en li nk ed to hu ma n lo ng ev it y in se v er al po p u la ti on st ud ie s [ 7 – 9 ]. FO X O3 a is pa rt of th e in su li n/ in su li n - li ke gr ow th fa c to r (I GF - 1) si g na l in g (I IS ) pa th wa y, wh ic h in cl ud es ot he r ge ne s sh ow n to be as so ci at ed wi th lo ng ev it y [ 4 ]. In ad di ti on , va r i ou s ot he r ge ne s ha ve be en as so ci at ed wi th hi gh ag e, su ch as ra is ed se ru m th y ro id - st im ul at in g ho r mo ne (T SH ) [ 10 ], ap ol ip op ro te in E (A PO E) , an - gi ot en si n - co nv er ti ng en zy me (A CE ) [ 11 ], an d ge ne s in cl ud ed in th e te lo m er as e - ac ti va ti ng pa th wa y [ 4 ].

Th e ag in g pr oc es s is al so af fe ct ed by di et an d li fe st yl e, wh ic h af fe ct th e am ou nt of da m ag e or re pa ir th at oc cu rs in ce ll s an d ti s su es [ 12 ]. Fo r ex am pl e, a pr o lo ng ed , si g ni f i ca nt ly re du ce d ca lo ri e in ta ke ha s be en sh ow n to ha ve a li fe - pr ol on gi ng ef fe ct in a wi de va ri et y of sp ec ie s — fr om ye as t an d ro un d wo rm s (C ae no ro bi s el e ga ns ) to fr ui t fl ie s ( Dr os op hi la me la no ga st er ), mi ce , ra ts , an d ev en rh e su s mo n ke ys [ 13 ].

2. 2 . He al th , li fe st yl e, an d me an in gf ul ag in g

Ol de r ad ul ts ar e a vu l ne r a bl e po p u la ti on , an d gr ow in g ol d of te n in - vo lv es he al th pr ob le ms an d di f fi cu l ti es , le ad in g to ph ys i ca l an d ps y ch o - lo g i ca l im pa ir me nt s, is o la ti on , an d lo ne li ne ss . Ul ti ma te ly , th is pr oc es s ma y ca us e so ci al an d ex is te n ti al co n se qu en ce s, su ch as a re du ce d se ns e of me an in g in li fe [ 2 , 14 – 16 ]. Th es e co n se qu en ce s ma y le ad to a pa s si ve li fe st yl e th at ca n, in tu rn , be co me a vi ci ou s ci r cl e af fe ct in g ph ys i ca l an d ps y ch o lo g i ca l he al th , in cl ud in g qu al it y of li fe [ 17 – 21 ]. A me an in g fu l li fe ha s be en as so ci at ed wi th a se ns e of he al th an d we ll be in g, as we ll as in cr ea se d ph ys i ca l ac ti v it y [ 15 , 22 , 23 ], an d th is as so ci a ti on mu st be re c - og ni ze d an d fu r th er ex pl or ed — bo th in th e pr o vi si on of he al th ca re an d so ci al se r vi ce s an d in re se ar ch .

Ol de r ad ul ts ' li fe st yl es an d ge ne ti c ba ck gr ou nd s af fe ct bo th lo ng ev it y an d he al th , bu t in ve ry ol d ag e, li fe st yl e ch oi ce s pl ay a mi no r ro le co m pa re d to th e im pa ct of ge ne ti c ba ck gr ou nd [ 24 ]. Ho w ev er , li fe st yl e se le c ti on is im po r ta nt fo r ol de r ad ul ts , as ph ys i ca l ac ti v i ti es ' we ll - do cu me nt ed im pa ct on he al th cl ea rl y ex em pl i fi es . Fo r ex am pl e, es - ti ma te s ha ve su g ge st ed th at re g u la r ex er ci se ca n pr o lo ng li fe by de - cr ea s in g th e ri sk of de ve l op in g li fe st yl e - re la te d di s ea se s [ 18 ]. Ac co rd - in g to Hi ll ma n, Er ic k so n, an d Kr am er [ 25 ], a gr ow in g nu m be r of st ud ie s ha ve su p po rt ed ph ys i ca l ex er ci se 's ro le as a li fe st yl e fa c to r th at ca n in - cr ea se ph ys i ca l an d ps y ch o lo g i ca l he al th th ro ug h ou t li fe .

Th e li t er a tu re , ho w ev er , st il l la ck s re se ar ch or i en te d to wa rd ol de r ad ul ts ’ de sc ri p ti on of th ei r li fe st yl es , ho w th ey pe r ce iv e go od he al th an d we ll - be in g, an d th e fa c to rs th at in fl u en ce th ei r li fe st yl es , pe r ce p - ti on s, an d me an in g in li fe [c f. 26 , 27 ]. Co m bi n in g ge ne ti c he t er o ge ne it y an d di f fe r en ce s in he al th wi th li fe st yl e, em o ti on al st at es , an d me an in g in li fe ma y of fe r cl ue s ab ou t ho w to li ve a lo ng li fe in go od he al th , as th is st ud y wi ll ad dr es s.

3 . Me th od s

3. 1 . Ai m

Th is st ud y' s ov er al l ai m is to de sc ri be ho w ol de r ad ul ts in go od he al th ex pe ri en ce th ei r ag in g pr oc es s, he al th , li fe st yl es , an d me an in g in li fe an d to ex pl or e po te n ti al co r re la ti on s wi th ge ne ti c ba ck gr ou nd s.

Th e sp e ci fi c ai ms of th is st ud y ar e to :

1. De ve lo p an d te st a qu es ti on na ir e, co mp ri si ng a va ri et y of to pi cs in ol de r ad ul ts ' (a ge d 70 – 95 ye ar s) ea rl ie r an d cu rr en t li ve s an d li fe st yl es , an d co ll ec t ge ne ti c da ta th ro ug h sa li va sa mp le s

2. Cr ea te pr of il e gr ou ps ba se d on qu es ti on na ir e re sp on se s an d ex pl or e co rr el at io ns wi th ge ne ti c ba ck gr ou nd s

3. De sc ri be in di vi du al ex pe ri en ce s of he al th , me an in g in li fe , li fe st yl es , an d he al th y ag in g wh il e un de rs ta nd in g th e as pe ct s th at mo ti va te he al th y li fe st yl e ch an ge s, ba se d on th e de fi ne d pr of il e gr ou ps

3. 2 . De si gn

Th is pr o je ct wi ll co m pr is e th re e ma in pa rt s to ad dr es s it s sp e ci fi c ai ms : i) de ve l op in g an d te st in g a qu es ti on na ir e ad dr es s in g a va ri et y of li fe st yl e fa c to rs (S pe ci fi c Ai m 1) , ii ) co m pa r in g ge ne an d li fe st yl e da ta (S pe ci fi c Ai m 2) , an d ii i) an a ly z in g a qu al i ta ti ve in te r vi ew st ud y (S pe - ci fi c Ai m 3) . Th e qu es ti on na ir e wi ll co m pr is e va r i ou s pa rt s, so me of wh ic h wi ll be de ve l op ed wi th in th is st ud y an d so me of wh ic h wi ll de - ri ve fr om al re ad y - va li da te d in st ru me nt s re ga rd in g ag in g' s in fl u en ce s fr om li fe st yl es , em o ti on al st at es , an d me an in g in li fe . Th e pa rt s de ve l - op ed by th e re se ar ch er s of th e cu r re nt st ud y wi ll co m pr is e va ri ab le s th at de sc ri be pa r ti c i pa nt s' se lf - ev al ua ti on of he al th , me d ic a ti on , li fe st yl es , fa m il y an d so ci al co n ta ct s, an d li ve s be fo re an d af te r re ti re - me nt .

Pa r ti c i pa nt s wi ll be di vi de d in to di f fe r en t pr o fi le gr ou ps , ba se d on si m i la r i ti es in th ei r re sp on se s to th e qu es ti on na ir e. Th es e pr o fi le gr ou ps wi ll be co m pa re d st a ti s ti ca ll y wi th pa r ti c i pa nt s’ va ri a ti on s in ge ne ti c ba ck gr ou nd , me a su re d by Si n gl e Nu cl eo ti de Po ly mo r ph is m (S NP ) an d me th y la ti on mi cr oa r ra y in g. Pr o fi le gr ou ps dr aw n fr om th e re sp on se s to th e qu es ti on na ir e wi ll pr o vi de th e ba si s fo r re cr ui t in g pa r ti c i pa nt s to th e qu al i ta ti ve in te r vi ew s.

3. 3 . Pa rt ic ip an ts

Co m mu ni ty - dw el li ng pa r ti c i pa nt s wi ll be re cr ui te d in co l la b o ra ti on wi th th e as so ci a ti on Ac ti ve Se ni or s — a na ti on wi de in de pe n de nt po li t i - ca l as so ci a ti on in Sw e de n fo r ol de r ad ul ts ab ov e 65 ye ar s of ag e. Th e pa r ti c i pa nt s in th is st ud y wi ll be be tw ee n 70 an d 95 ye ar s of ag e an d wi ll be li v in g in co m mu ni ti es in th e so ut h er n mi d - se ct io n of Sw e de n. Th ey wi ll be in fo rm ed of th e st ud y an d in vi te d to pa r ti c i pa te th ro ug h ad ve r ti se me nt s in lo ca l ne ws pa pe rs pr o mo t in g se m i na rs op en to ev er y - on e in th e ag e gr ou p de fi ne d ab ov e. Th e se m i na rs wi ll be gi n wi th a pr e - se n ta ti on of th e th em e “g en es an d he al th y ag in g. ” Al l pa r ti c i pa nt s wi ll ha ve to pr o vi de wr it te n in fo rm ed co n se nt be fo re jo in in g th e st ud y.

3. 3. 1 . Sa mp le si ze To re ac h an ef fe c ti ve po we r of 80 % wh en si mu l ta ne ou sl y te st in g a

va st nu m be r of in di vi d ua l SN P ma rk er s (a bo ut 70 0, 00 0 in th is st ud y) , th e Bo n fe r ro ni co r re c ti on ge n er al ly be co me s to o st ri n ge nt si nc e ma ny SN P ma rk er s co va ri at e (i .e ., id en ti fy si m i la r ge ne ti c va ri an ts ). Ac co rd - in g to Ts en g an d Yo un g [ 28 ], a sa m pl e si ze of ab ou t 40 0 is su f fi ci en t wh en es ti ma te d fr om ap pr ox i ma te ly 70 0, 00 0 SN P ma rk er s. Fu r th er - mo re , by sl ig ht ly in cr ea s in g th e ef fe c ti ve si ze of th e me a su re d it em (t he lo w es t ac ce pt ab le de te ct ed di f fe r en ce in gr ou p me an s) , th e ne ed fo r si - mu l ta ne ou s te st s ha s be en sh ow n to ra pi dl y de cr ea se wi th a hi gh er nu m be r of te st s [ 29 ]. In th is st ud y, th is ne ed wo ul d co r re sp on d to an ef - fe ct si ze fa c to r of 2. 2 in or de r to ma in ta in 80 % po we r wi th a sa m pl e si ze of 80 0.

Ta ke n to ge th er , 80 0 be ca me th e pr e fe rr ed sa m pl e si ze in th is st ud y. In ad di ti on , by se le ct in g SN P ma rk er s kn ow n to be as so ci at ed wi th sp e - ci fi c ph e no ty pe s or di s or de rs , th e nu m be r of si mu l ta ne ou s st a ti s ti ca l te st s wo ul d de cr ea se dr as ti ca ll y to nu m be rs in th e 10 00 or ev en 10 0 ra ng e. Th is de cr ea se wo ul d, na t u ra ll y, fu r th er in cr ea se th e st a ti s ti ca l po we r.

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3. 4 . Da ta co ll ec ti on

Th is st ud y' s da ta co l le c ti on wi ll be co n du ct ed at tw o di f fe r en t oc ca - si on s. Th e fi rs t oc ca si on wi ll be a se m i na r at wh ic h sp e ci fi c ai ms 1 an d 2 ar e ad dr es se d th ro ug h da ta co l le c ti on vi a a qu es ti on na ir e an d sa li va sa m pl es . Th e se c on d oc ca si on wi ll be fa ce - to - fa ce in te r vi ew s th at ad - dr es s Sp e ci fi c Ai m 3.

3. 4. 1 . Ge ne ti c ba ck gr ou nd De ox yr i bo nu cl ei c ac id (D NA ) wi ll be ob ta in ed th ro ug h th e co l le c -

ti on of sa li va sa m pl es at ga th er in gs af te r a pr e se n ta ti on ab ou t th e ag in g pr oc es s. Pa r ti c i pa nt s wi ll be in fo rm ed no t to ea t or dr in k, ot he r th an dr in k in g wa te r, du r in g th e 45 - mi n pr e se n ta ti on in or de r to av oi d co n t a - m i na ti on of th e sa li va sa m pl es . In st ru c ti on s fo r da ta co l le c ti on wi ll be pr o vi de d af te r th e pr e se n ta ti on . Th e sa m pl es wi ll be ma rk ed wi th pa r - ti c i pa nt s’ na me s an d ye ar s of bi rt h, an d th e ex tr ac te d DN A wi ll be su b - je ct ed to DN A - ma rk er an al y si s us in g mi cr oa r ra y te ch ni qu es .

3. 4. 2 . Qu es ti on na ir e Th e qu es ti on na ir e wi ll in cl ud e it em s re ga rd in g de mo gr ap hi c da ta ,

me d ic al hi s to ry , fa m il y re la ti on sh ip s (f am il y, ch il dr en , an d gr an d ch il - dr en ), an d se lf - ev al ua ti on s of he al th , li fe st yl e, an d me an in g in li fe . To qu an ti ta ti ve ly ev al u at e pa r ti c i pa nt s' se ns e of co he r en ce , em o ti on al st at es , an d me an in g in li fe , th re e va l i da te d pr o to co ls wi ll be in cl ud ed in th is st ud y' s qu es ti on na ir e: Se ns e of Co he r en ce – 13 (S OC - 13 ), Se ns e of Co he r en ce - Em ot io na l (S OC - E) , an d Se ns e of Me an in g Pr o fi le (S OM P) [ 30 – 34 ]. Pa r ti c i pa nt s wi ll be re qu es te d to an sw er op en - en de d qu es ti on s ab ou t th ei r ac tu al li fe si t u a ti on s, li fe st yl es , an d ch an ge s in li fe st yl e si nc e re ti re me nt . Th e qu es ti on na ir e' s la y ou t an d fo r mu la ti on wi ll be te st ed by re cr ui t in g a su b se t of ap pr ox i ma te ly 20 fo r me r al um ni wi th sp ou se s wh os e co m me nt s wi ll be re co rd ed vi a fa ce - to - fa ce in te r vi ew s.

3. 4. 3 . In te rv ie ws A li fe wo rl d ap pr oa ch wi ll be us ed in th e in te r vi ew s, fo cu s in g on th e

wo rl d as it is ex pe ri en ce d [ 35 ]. In to ta l, 30 to 40 qu al i ta ti ve in te r vi ew s wi ll be co n du ct ed to ga in a de ep er un de r st an d in g of ol de r ad ul ts ' he al th , me an in g in li fe , li fe st yl es , an d he al th y ag in g an d to un de r st an d th e as pe ct s th at mo ti va te he al th y li fe st yl e ch an ge s. Pa r ti c i pa nt s wi ll be se le ct ed th ro ug h a st ra te gi c sa m pl e dr aw n fr om th e pr o fi le gr ou ps to ac hi ev e a wi de va ri a ti on in ba ck gr ou nd an d ex pe ri en ce s. Pa r ti c i pa nt s’ re sp on se s to th e SO C - 13 , SO C - E, an d SO MP qu es ti on na ir es [ 30 – 34 ], ge n de r, an d ag e wi ll pr o vi de th e ba si s fo r st ra te gi c sa m pl in g in or de r to ac hi ev e va ri et y. Th e sa m pl in g wi ll fo cu s on va ri et y in co m bi na ti on s of hi gh an d lo w sc or in g in th e qu es ti on na ir e. Pa r ti c i pa nt s wi ll be as ke d to de sc ri be th ei r ex pe ri en ce s of he al th an d th e ch an ge s th ey ha ve ma de in th ei r li ve s, as we ll as li fe st yl e ch an ge s si nc e re ti re me nt , to en ha nc e th ei r he al th . Fu r th er mo re , th ey wi ll be as ke d to de sc ri be wh at th ey ex pe ri - en ce d as me an in g fu l in li fe . Pa r ti c i pa nt s wi ll be en co ur ag ed to re fl ec t an d ta lk op en ly ab ou t th ei r ex pe ri en ce s. Th e in te r vi ew s wi ll be au di o - re co rd ed an d tr an sc ri be d ve r ba ti m.

3. 5 . An al ys is of da ta

Th e co l le ct ed da ta wi ll be an a ly ze d us in g qu an ti ta ti ve an d qu al i ta - ti ve me th od s. Ea ch pa r ti c i pa nt wi ll be as si gn ed a co de th at wi ll re ma in th e sa me th ro ug h ou t th e da ta an al y si s.

3. 5. 1 . Qu an ti ta ti ve da ta an al ys is DN A wi ll be ex tr ac te d fr om th e co l le ct ed sa li va sa m pl es us in g th e

PS P Sa li va Ge ne DN A Ki t (S tr at a ge ne ). Th e DN A sa m pl es wi ll be se nt to th e Sw e ge ne Ce n tr e fo r In te gr a ti ve Bi ol og y at Lu nd Un i ve r si ty (S CI BL U) to ar ra y tw o se ts of di f fe r en t DN A ma rk er s (t he In fi ni um Om ni Ex pr es s - 24 an d th e Il lu mi na me th y la ti on 45 0 k ki ts ), en co m pa ss in g ap pr ox i - ma te ly 71 0, 00 0 an d 45 0, 00 0 ma rk er s, re sp ec ti ve ly . Th e ar ra ys wi ll be st or ed in a lo ck ed fr ee ze r be fo re tr an s po rt a ti on to th e SC I BL U fa ci l it y.

Th e re ma in in g DN A sa m pl es wi ll be st or ed in a lo ck ed fr ee ze r. Th e sa m - pl es wi ll be an a ly ze d us in g tw o di f fe r en t so ft wa re to ol s, Ge no me St u di o (I l lu mi na ) an d R St u di o (o pe n - so ur ce ) to ma p pa r ti c i pa nt s’ DN A - sa mp le di s tr i b u ti on . Pr e pr o ce ss in g an d su b se qu en t an al y se s of th e SN P mi cr oa r ra y da ta wi ll be pe r fo rm ed us in g th e R/ Bi o co n du c to r pl at fo rm , fo r ex am pl e us in g th e CR LM M al go ri th m or GW AS to ol s, to pr o du ce ge no ty pe ca ll s, co n fi de nc e sc or es an d ot he r qu al it y me t ri cs an d bo th th e SN P an d sa m pl e le v el s. Fo r an al y se s of th e In fi ni um DN A mi cr oa r - ra ys , th e Bi o co n du c to r pa ck ag e Mi nf i wi ll be us ed . Cl us te r an al y se s su ch as K me an s or hi er ar ch i ca l cl us te r in g of th e da ta wi ll al so be pe r - fo rm ed to gr ou p th e sa m pl es ac co rd in g to si m i la r pr o fi le s. Th e qu es - ti on na ir e wi ll be su b je ct ed to fa c to r an al y si s an d/ or Pr in ci pa l Co m po - ne nt An al y si s (P CA ). Th e sa m pl es wi ll be co m pa re d to qu es ti on na ir e re - sp on se s us in g st an da rd st a ti s ti ca l me th od s wi th in th e an al y si s so ft wa re me n ti on ed ab ov e, as we ll as th e IB M SP SS st a ti s ti ca l pl at fo rm (I BM An - a ly t ic s) .

3. 5. 2 . Qu al it at iv e da ta an al ys is Th e in te r vi ew da ta wi ll be an a ly ze d us in g a va ri et y of qu al i ta ti ve

me th od s in or de r to re ac h a co m pr e he n si ve un de r st an d in g of he al th , me an in g in li fe , li fe st yl e, an d he al th y ag in g as ex pe ri en ce d by ol de r ad ul ts an d to un de r st an d th e as pe ct s th at mo ti va te he al th y li fe st yl e ch an ge s. Ex am pl e da ta an al y si s me th od s fo r th is st ud y ar e ph e no m e no l - og y [ 35 ], ph e no m en og ra ph y [ 36 , 37 ], an d he rm en eu ti cs [ 38 , 39 ].

3. 6 . Et hi ca l co ns id er at io ns

Th e pr in ci pl es ou t li ne d in th e De c la ra ti on of He ls in ki [ 40 ] wi ll be fo l - lo we d, an d th e Re gi on al Et h i ca l Re vi ew Bo ar d in Go th en bu rg (9 89 – 13 ) ha s ap pr ov ed th e st ud y. Pa r ti c i pa nt s wi ll be in fo rm ed , bo th ve r ba ll y an d in wr it in g, an d as ke d to pr o vi de th ei r in fo rm ed co n se nt . Th ey wi ll al so be in fo rm ed th at th ey ca n de ci de no t to co n ti nu e at an y ti me , wi th - ou t ex pl a na ti on or ne g a ti ve co n se qu en ce s.

4 . Di sc us si on of ex pe ct ed ou tc om e

Th e st ud y' s ov er al l ex pe ct ed ou t co me is to ga in kn ow l ed ge ab ou t va ri a ti on s in ge ne ti c ba ck gr ou nd s an d in di vi d ua l ex pe ri en ce s re ga rd in g th e ag in g pr oc es s, he al th , me an in g in li fe , an d he al th y ag in g an d to un - de r st an d th e as pe ct s th at mo ti va te he al th y li fe st yl e ch an ge s. An ad di - ti on al ex pe ct ed ou t co me is to ga in kn ow l ed ge re ga rd in g th e pr e re q ui - si te s fo r he al th y ag in g on an in di vi d ua l ba si s an d ho w he al th - pr om ot in g li fe st yl e co un se l in g du r in g th e ag in g pr oc es s ca n be ad ju st ed to me et in - di vi d ua l ne ed s. If th e an al y si s re ve al s th at ea ch ge ne ti c pr o fi le is , in so me wa y, as so ci at ed wi th re sp on se s to it em s in th e qu es ti on na ir e re - ga rd in g su ch va ri ab le s as he al th an d li fe st yl e, it ma y re ve al th at an in di - vi d u al 's ch oi ce of li fe st yl e ca n un de r gi rd an d co m pl e me nt ce r ta in pr e - re q ui si te s re ga rd in g ge ne ti c he r it ag e.

Fu r th er mo re , a de ep en ed un de r st an d in g of he al th , li fe st yl es , an d me an in g in li fe wi ll be ac hi ev ed th ro ug h th e in te r vi ew s wi th pa r ti c i - pa nt s fr om th e cl us te re d pr o fi le gr ou ps . In co n tr as t to qu al i ta ti ve st ud - ie s ge n er al ly , th e re se ar ch er s in th e cu r re nt st ud y wi ll ha ve th e po te n - ti al to re ad ea ch pa r ti c i pa n t' s qu es ti on na ir e an d, ba se d on th is re ad in g, de ve lo p an un de r st an d in g of ea ch pa r ti c i pa n t' s ba ck gr ou nd re ga rd in g he al th , li fe st yl e, so ci al en ga ge me nt s, an d me an in g in li fe ah ea d of th e in te r vi ew pr oc es s. Th is ap pr oa ch mi gh t, of co ur se , af fe ct th e re - se ar ch er s' un de r st an d in g — bu t it mi gh t al so en ab le a ne w di me n si on an d br ea dt h in th e in te r vi ew s th em se lv es an d in th e re su lt in g an al y si s.

Th e id ea th at gu id es th is wh ol e re se ar ch pr o je ct is : Wh at ev er ge - ne ti c co n di ti on ol de r ad ul ts ca rr y in ad va nc ed ag e, th e im po r ta nc e of he al th st a tu s, li fe st yl e, an d li ve d ex pe ri en ce of we ll be in g wi ll be ev i - de nt . Un ra v el in g fo r tu na te co m bi na ti on s of ge ne ti c ba ck gr ou nd an d li fe st yl e, we ll be in g, an d pe r ce iv ed me an in g in li fe ma y gu id e ot he r ol de r ad ul ts wi th si m i la r ci r cu m st an ce s an d co n di ti on s.

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Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 21 (2021) 100687

4

C. Gillsjö et al.

Fu nd in g

Th e st ud y is fu nd ed by th e Sc ho ol of He al th an d Ed u ca ti on , Un i ve r - si ty of Sk öv de , Sw e de n, an d Un i ve r si ty of Bo rå s, Ac ad em y of Ca re , Wo rk in g Li fe an d So ci al We l fa re , Sw e de n.

Co nf li ct s of in te re st

Th e au th or s de cl ar e th at th ey ha ve no co m pe t in g in te r es t.

Au th or s' co nt ri bu ti on s

Th e au th or s (C G, SK , FS , IE ) ma de su b st an ti al co n tr i bu ti on s in de - si gn in g th e st ud y an d pr e pa re d th e ma n u sc ri pt fo r su b mi s si on . Al l au - th or s ha ve re ad an d ap pr ov ed th e fi na l ve r si on of th e ma n u sc ri pt to be pu b li sh ed an d ag re e to be ac co un t ab le fo r al l as pe ct s of th e wo rk re - la te d to en su r in g ac cu ra cy .

Re fe re nc es

[1 ] W. He , D. Go od ki nd , P. Ko wa l , An Ag in g Wo rl d: 20 15 , Ce ns us Bu re au , Go ve rn me nt Pu bl is hi ng Of fi ce , Wa sh in gt on , DC , 20 16 .

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[2 9] L. C. La zz er on i , A. Ra y , Th e co st of la rg e nu mb er s of hy po th es is te st s on po we r, ef fe ct si ze an d sa mp le si ze , Mo l. Ps yc hi at r. 17 ( 1 ) ( 20 12 ) 10 8 – 11 4 , ht tp s: // do i. or g/ 10 . 10 38 / mp . 20 10 . 11 7 .

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