contains difficult gre question

5/21/2018 contains difficult GRE question

1/16

Religion/Se

Belief

Bahai Bahai Bahaihistory fast facts beliefs in God

Buddhism

fast facts

Religion/Se

Belief

Cao Dai Founded in 1926, 4-6 million God represented Goal is peace and Reincarnation. Bad

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Origins &

History

Adherents

Worldwide

God(s) and

Universe

Human Situation

and Life's

Afterlife

Buddhism

histor

Compare

Theravada and

Human nature in

Buddhism

Afterlife in

Buddhism

Reincarnation until

gain

enlightenment

Buddhism Founded

bySiddharta

Gautama (the

Buddha) in c.

520 BC, NE India.

360 million Varies: Theravada

atheistic;

Mahayana more

polytheistic.

Buddha taught

nothing is

permanent.

Purpose is

toavoid

sufferingand

gain

enlightenment

Reincarnation

(understood

differently than in

Hinduism, with no

surviving soul)

until gain

enlightenment

Bahai on human Bahai and the

Bn Indigenousreligion of Tibet.

100,000 Nontheistic

Buddhism, but

meditation on

peaceful and

wrathful deities.

Purpose is to gain

enlightenment.

Baha'i Faith Founded

byBah'u'llh,

1863, Tehran,

Iran.

5-7 million One God, who

has revealed

himself

progressivelythr

ough major

The soul is eternal

and essentially

good. Purpose of

life is to develop

spiritually and

draw closer to

God.

Soul separates

from the body and

begins a journey

towards or away

from God. Heaven

and hell are states

of being.

Atheism Appears

throughout history

(including ancient

Greek philosophy),

1.1 billion (this

figure includes

agnostic and non-

religious, which

There is no God or

divine being.

Beliefs about the

universe usually

Since there is no

afterlife, this one

life is of great

importance. Only

none

Asatru Revival of Norseand Germanic

paganism, 1970s

Scandinavia and

USA.

unknown Polytheistic, Norse

gods and

goddesses, Norse

creation myths.

Salvation or

redemption not

emphasized.

Fatalistic view of

universe.

Valhalla (heaven)

for death in battle;

Hel (peaceful

place) for most;

Hifhel (hell) for

the very evil.

AladuraVarious prophet-

healing churches

founded since

c.1918, West

Nigeria.

1 million Generally

monotheistic; a

mix of Anglican,

Pentecostal and

traditional African

beliefs.

Strong emphasis

on healing and

salvation in this

life through

prayer, fasting and

other rituals.

Not emphasized;

views vary.



Origins &

History

Adherents

Worldwide

God(s) and

Universe

Human Situation

and Life's

Afterlife
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om/bahai/fast_facts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/history.htm


2/16

Chinese reli ion Chinese Chinese Chinese

histor reli ion reli ion reli ion

beliefs bod and soul afterlife

Religion/Se

Origins & Adherents God(s) and Human Situation Afterlife



Confucianis

m

Founded by

Confucius(551479 BC),

China

5-6 million Not addressed Purpose of life is

to fulfill one's rolein society with

propriety, honor,

and loyalty.

Not addressed

Christian

Science

Founded by Mary

Baker Eddy in

1879,

Massachusetts.

150,000 - 400,000 One God. No

Trinity (in

traditional sense).

Matter and evil do

not exist.

Salvation is "Life,

Truth, and Love

understood and

demonstrated as

supreme over all;

sin, sickness and

death destroyed."

Heaven is "not a

locality, but a

divine state of

Mind in which all

the manifestations

of Mind are

harmonious and

immortal."

Christian history Christianity fast Christian beliefs Human nature in The afterlife in

Christianity

(Catholic,

Protestant,

Orthodox)

Founded by Jesus

Christ in c. 30 AD,

Israel.

2 billion One God who is a

Trinity of Father,

Son, and Holy

Spirit

All have sinned

and are thereby

separated from

God. Salvation is

through faith in

Christ and, for

some, sacraments

Eternal heaven or

hell (or temporary

purgatory).

Chinese religion

timeline

Chopra

Center

Founded by

Deepak Chopra in

1991, California

unknown monism - God or

Supreme Reality

pervades all

things; all is unity

Humans have

limitless potential,

but do not

recognize this.

Health and

success can be

had by focusing on

whole self (mind,

body, spirit).

Reincarnation

Vietnam by Ngo

Van Chieu and

others based on a

sance.

by Divine Eye.

Founders of

Buddhism,

Taoism, Hinduism,

Islam, and

Christianity

venerated, and

saints including

Victor Hugo.

harmony in each

person and in the

world. Salvation

by "cultivating self

and finding God in

self."

karma can lead to

rebirth on a darker

planet; good

karma to better

life on earth.

Eventual

attainment of

nirvana or heaven.

Chinese

Religion

Indigenous folk

religion of China.

394 million Dualistic yin and

yang;

mythological

beings and folk

deities.

Purpose is a

favorable life

and peaceful

afterlife,

attained through

Judgment, then

reincarnation or

temporary hell

until gain a

Buddhist-type
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3/16

Belief

Religion/Se Origins & Adherents God(s) and Human Situation Afterlife

Greek

Religion

Variety of religions

of ancient Greeks

ancient form

extinct

Olympic pantheon

(Zeus, etc.) mixed

with eastern

deities like Isis

and Cybele

Human life is

subject to the

whim of the gods

and to Fate; these

can be controlled

through sacrifice

and divination.

Beliefs varied from

no afterlife to

shadowy existence

in the underworld

to a paradise-like

afterlife (mainly in

mystery religions).

Gnosticism Various teachers

including

Valentinus, 1st-

2nd cents. AD

ancient form

extinct; small

modern revival

groups

The supreme God

is unknowable; the

creator god is evil

and matter is evil.

Humans can

return to the

spiritual world

through secret

knowledge of the

universe.

Return to the

spiritual world.

Falun Gong Li Hongzhi in 1992

in China

10 million Countless gods

and spiritualbeings. Demonic

aliens.

The Falun (wheel)

is an energysource located in

the navel. Goal is

spritual

transcendence,

achieved by

practicing Falun

Gong.

Not addressed

Epicureanis

m

Epicurus in c.300

BC, Athens.

unknown A deistic sort of

polytheism: the

gods exist, but

take no notice of

humans.

Materialism:

everything is

made of atoms,

including gods and

the soul.

No afterlife. The

soul dissolves

when the body

dies.

Eckankar John Paul Twitchellin 1965, Las

Vegas.

50-500,000 The Divine Spirit,

called "ECK"

"Each of us is

Soul, a spark of

God sent to this

world to gain

spiritual

experience."

Salvation is

liberation and God-

realization.

Reincarnation. The

Soul is eternal by

nature and on a

spiritual journey.

Liberation possible

in a single lifetime.

Druze Al-Darazi in 11th

century, Cairo,

Egypt. Roots in

the Isma'iliyya

sect of Shia Islam.

500,000 Universal

Intelligence (al-

Aql al-Kulli) or

Divine Essence

(akin toNeoplatonism), of

which al-Hakim is

believed to be an

incarnation.

Live a good life for

a favorable

reincarnation.

Await the re-

appearance of al-Hakim (a Fatimid

caliph who

disappeared in

1021), who will

Reincarnation.

Heaven is a

spiritual existence

when one has

escapedreincarnation. Hell

is distance from

God in lifetime

after lifetime.

Deism Especially

popularized in the

18th-cent.

unknown One Creator God

who is

uninterested in the

Not addressed Not addressed

H story

Wor w e Un verse

an L e s
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4/16

Belief

Hinduism

sects

Islam Islam Islam Islam Islam

histor fast facts beliefs afterlife sects

Jainism Jainism Jainism Jainism Jainism

histor fast facts beliefs timeline ethics

Jehovah's Jehovah's Jehovah's

beliefs and holida s ethics

Religion/Se

Belief

Judaism Judaism Judaism Judaism Judaism

histor fast facts beliefs theolo afterlife

Mayan c.250 AD (rise of Historically, up to Many gods, Appease and

Judaism The religion of theHebrews (c. 1300

BC), especially

after the

destruction of the

Second Temple in

70 AD.

14 million One God, Yahweh

(YHVH).

Obey God's

commandments,

live ethically.

Focus is more on

this life than the

next.

Not historically

emphasized.

Beliefs vary from

no afterlife to

shadowy existence

to the World to

Come (similar to

The soul journeys



Origins &

History

Adherents

Worldwide

God(s) and

Universe

Human Situation

and Life's

Afterlife

Jehovah's

Witnesses

Jehovah's

Witnesses fast

Reincarnation until

liberation.

Jehovah's

Witnesses

Charles Taze

Russell, 1879,

Pittsburgh

6.5 million One God, Jehovah.

No Trinity - Christ

is the first creation

of God; the Holy

Spirit is a force.

Salvation is

through faith in

Christ and obeying

Jehovah's laws.

The End of the

World is soon.

Heaven for

144,000 chosen

Witnesses,

eternity on new

earth for other

Witnesses. All

others annihilated.

Jainism Mahavira, c. 550BC, eastern India

4 million The universe is

eternal; many

gods exist. Gods,

humans and all

living things are

classified in a

complex

The soul is

uncreated and

eternal and can

attain perfect

divinity. Purpose is

to gain liberation

from cycle of

Islam Muhammad, 622AD, Saudi Arabia

1.3 billion (Sunni:

940 million)

One God (Allah in

Arabic)

Humans must

submit (islam ) to

the will of God to

gain Paradise after

death.

Paradise or Hell.

Hinduism history Hinduism fast Hinduism beliefs Hinduism deities

HinduismIndigenous

religion of India as

developed to

present day.

900 million One Supreme

Reality (Brahman)

manifested in

many gods and

goddesses

Humans are in

bondage to

ignorance and

illusion, but are

able to escape.

Purpose is to gain

release from

Reincarnation until

gain

enlightenment.

Hare

Krishna

Bhaktivedanta

Swami

Prabhupada, 1966,

USA (with roots in

15th-century

Hindu movement)

250,000-1 million Krishna is the

Supreme God.

Salvation from this

Age of Kali is by a

return to

Godhead,

accomplished

through Krishna-

Consciousness.

Reincarnation until

unite with the

Godhead.

H story

Wor w e Un verse

an L e s
http://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/sects.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/sects.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/beliefs/afterlife.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/sects.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/beliefs/afterlife.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/sects.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/timeline.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/ethics.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/timeline.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/ethics.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/holidays.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/ethics.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/holidays.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/ethics.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/beliefs/god.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/beliefs/afterlife.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/beliefs/god.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/beliefs/afterlife.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mayan_religion/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/deities.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/hare-krishna-iskcon.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/hare-krishna-iskcon.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/hare-krishna-iskcon.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/hare-krishna-iskcon.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/deities.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/religion_facts_echarts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mayan_religion/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mayan_religion/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/beliefs/afterlife.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/beliefs/god.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/beliefs/afterlife.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/beliefs/god.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/ethics.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/holidays.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/ethics.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/holidays.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/ethics.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/timeline.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/ethics.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/timeline.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/sects.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/beliefs/afterlife.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/sects.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/beliefs/afterlife.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/fastfacts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/sects.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/sects.htm


5/16

Wallace Fard

The letters

Religion/Se

Belief

Teachin s

Bob Marle

Rastafarian Rastafarian Mari uana

histor overview and reli ion

Satanism,La

Satanic

Human consists of

Gain spiritual

Rastafari 1 million God is Jah, who

became

incarnate in

Jesus (who was

black) and Haile

Humans are

temples of Jah.

Salvation is

primarily in this

world and consists

of liberation from

oppression and

Some Rastas will

experience

"everliving"

(physical

immortality).

Heaven is a return

to Eden, which is

Scientology L. Ron Hubbard,1954, California

70,000 or several

million, depending

on the source

God(s) not

specified; reality

explained in the

Reincarnation

The Church of

Satanwas

founded in 1966by Anton LaVey

The Church of

Satan doesn't

make membershipnumbers public

Atheistic and/or

agnostic

Nine Satanic

Statements

N/A



Origins &

History

Adherents

Worldwide

God(s) and

Universe

Human Situation

and Life's

Afterlife

New

Thought

Phineas Parkhurst

Quimby (1802-66)

and others, late

19th century,

USA.

160,000 Generally monism

(all is One), but

members might be

theists, pantheists

or panentheists.

God is immanent;

the universe is

Man is divine,

essentially spirit,

and has infinite

possibility. Mind

can control the

body. Sin and

sickness caused

"Life is eternal in

the invisible

kingdom of God."

New Age Helena PetrovnaBlavatsky and

Annie Besant in

5 million (veryapproximate)

The Divine is animpersonal life

force that

Dawning of a NewAge of heightened

consciousness and

Reincarnationbased on karma

Mormonism

(Church of

Jesus Christof Latter-

Day Saints)

Joseph Smith,

1830, New York,

USA

12.2 million God the Father,

the Son Jesus

Christ, and the

Holy Ghost arethree separate

individual beings

Humans existed as

spirits before this

life, salvation is

returning to God.Salvation by faith

in Christ, good

works, ordinances,

and evangelism.

All return to spirit

world for period of

instruction before

resurrection.Mormons to

heaven with God

and families;

others rewarded

Nation of

Islam

Estimates range

from 10,000 to

100,000

"One God whose

proper name is

Allah." Wallace

Fard Muhammad

became the divine

messiah and

incarnation of

"The Blackman is

the original man"

(Message to the

Blackman ). Live

righteously and

worship Allah.

Mental

resurrection of the

righteous. Black

people will be

mentally

resurrected first.

Mormon history Mormon fast Mormon beliefs Mormon Mormon

Religion

the Mayan

civilization)

2 million. Some

survival today.

including Itzamn,

Kukulcn, Bolon

Tzacab, and Chac

nourish the gods;

determine luckiest

dates for various

activities.

through dark and

threatening

underworld; but

sacrificial victims

and women who

die in childbirth go
http://www.religionfacts.com/celebrities/bob_marley.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/celebrities/bob_marley.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/rastafari_history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/rastafarianism.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/marijuana_and_religion.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/rastafari_history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/rastafarianism.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/marijuana_and_religion.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/satanism/church_of_satan.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/satanism/satanic_symbols.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/rastafarianism.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/rastafari_history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/rastafari_history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/rastafari_history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/rastafari_history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/rastafari_history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/scientology/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/new_thought.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/new_thought.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/fast_facts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/timeline.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/beliefs/afterlife.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/beliefs/afterlife.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/beliefs/afterlife.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/timeline.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/timeline.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/beliefs.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/fast_facts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/fast_facts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/mormonism/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/new_thought.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/new_thought.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/religion_facts_echarts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/scientology/index.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/rastafari_history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/rastafari_history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/rastafari_history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/rastafari_history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/rastafari_history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/rastafarianism.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/satanism/satanic_symbols.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/satanism/church_of_satan.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/marijuana_and_religion.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/rastafarianism.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/rastafari_history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/marijuana_and_religion.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/rastafarianism.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/rastafari/rastafari_history.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/celebrities/bob_marley.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/celebrities/bob_marley.htm


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Religion/Se

Origins & Adherents God(s) and Human Situation Afterlife

Sikhism Sikhism Sikhism Sikhism Sikhism

histor fast facts beliefs lossar timeline

20 million

(394 million

Taoism Taoism Taoism Taoism

fast facts beliefs deities sects

The Tao

Unification

Church

Sun Myung Moon,

1954, South

Korea.

Over 1 million (3

million acc. to

official sources)

Monotheism, with

the duality of God

(esp. masculine

Purpose is true

love and world

peace instead of

Eternal life in a

spirit world.

Stoicism Zeno in c.313 BC,Athens.

unknown Pantheism: the

logos pervades the

universe.

Purpose is

happiness,

achieved by

virtue, i.e., living

reasonably.

Possible continued

existence of the

Soul, but not a

personal

existence.

Taoism Lao-Tzu, c. 550

BC, China.

Pantheism - the

Tao pervades all.Yin-yang -

opposites make up

a unity.

Purpose is inner

harmony, peace,and longevity.

Acheived by living

in accordance with

the Tao.

Revert back to

state of non-being,which is simply the

other side of

being.

Spiritualism

, a.k.a.

Modern

movement:

11 million Beliefs vary, but

generally based in

Body and spirit are

separate entities.

A spiritual

existence with

Sikhism Guru Nanak, c.1500 AD, Punjab,

India.

23 million One God (Ik

Onkar, Nam)

Overcome the self,

align life with will

of God, and

become a "saint

soldier," fighting

for good.

Reincarnation until

resolve karma and

merge with God.



Shinto Indigenousreligion of Japan.

3-4 million Polytheism based

on the kami,

ancient gods or

spirits.

Humans are pure

by nature and can

keep away evil

through

purification rituals

and attain good

things by calling

on the kami.

Death is bad and

impure. Some

humans become

kami after death.

Seventh-day

Adventists

Rooted in Millerite

movement;

founded 1863 in

New England;early leaders:

Ellen White, Hiram

Edson and Joseph

10 million

[source]

One God who is a

Trinity of Father,

Son, and Holy

Spirit

Second Coming of

Christ is

imminent;

salvation is byfaith in Christ;

emphasis on

quality of life both

A "peaceful pause"

after death until

the coming of

Christ, thenresurrection to

judgment,

followed by

Scientology Scientology fast Scientology Scientology Scientology
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7/16

Religion/Se

Belief

Origins &

History

Adherents

Worldwide

God(s) and

Universe

Human Situation

and Life's

Afterlife

Zoroastriani

sm

Zoroaster in c.6th

cent. BC, Persia.

Official religion of

ancient Persia.

May have

influenced Judaism

and Vedic religion.

c. 200,000 One God, Ahura

Mazda, but a

dualistic worldview

in which an evil

spirit, Angra

Mainyu, is almost

as powerful.

Humans are free

to do good or evil,

must choose the

side of good.

Judgment followed

by heaven or hell.

Hell is temporary

until final

purgation and

return to Ahura

Mazda.

Wicca Based on ancientpagan beliefs, but

modern form

founded early

1900s. Founder

generally said to

be Gerald

Gardner.

1-3 million Polytheism,

centered on the

Goddess and God,

each in various

forms; also a

belief in a

Supreme Being

over all

"If it harms none,

do what you will."

Reincarnation until

reach the

Summerland

Unitarian

Universalism

Formal merger of

Unitarians and

Universalists in1961, USA.

800,000 Not specified.

Members might

believe in oneGod, many gods,

or no God.

Salvation is

"spiritual health or

wholeness."Members seek

"inner and outer

peace," insight,

health,

Not specified.

Some believe in

an afterlife, somedo not. Very few

believe in hell -

"Universalism"

indicates the belief

emphasized. No

Trinity doctrine.

.

love and the

kingdom of God

on earth will be

restored by the

creation of "true

families."
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8/16

Bahai Bahaipractices texts

Buddhist

texts

Hierarchy similar Caodai canon

Practices Texts

Tripitaka (Pali

Canon); Mahayana

sutras like the

Lotus Sutra;

others.

Buddhism

ractices

Meditation on

mandalas and

Tibetan deities,

astrology,

monastic life.

Bonpo canon

Meditation,

mantras, devotion

to deities (in some

sects), mandalas

(Tibetan)

Daily prayer,

avoidance of

intoxicants,

scripture reading,

hard work,

education, work

for social justice

Writings

ofBah'u'llh an

d other Bah'

leaders.

none Influential works

include those by

Marx, Freud,

Feuerbach, and

Spiritual healing is

central. Mix of

Anglican and

African rituals; a

prophet plays a

prominent role.

None

Sacrifice of food or

drink, toast to the

gods, shamanism

(less frequently),

celebration of

solstice holidays.

Nine Noble Virtues

is moral code.

Eddas (Norse

epics); the

Havamal

(proverbs

attributed to Odin)

Practices Texts
http://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/people/baha-u-llah.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/people/baha-u-llah.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/people/baha-u-llah.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/people/baha-u-llah.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/people/baha-u-llah.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/people/baha-u-llah.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/people/baha-u-llah.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/people/baha-u-llah.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/bahai/practices.htm


9/16

Ancestor worship,

longevity practices

, divination,

Chinese Chinese

reli ion reli ion

ractices ob ects

The Bible

(Old and New

Christian

texts

TextsPractices

Honesty,

politeness,propriety,

humaneness,

perform correct

role in society,

loyalty to family,

Analects

Spiritual healing

through prayer

and knowledge,

Sunday services,

daily Bible

and Science &

Health reading.

Christian

Bible,Science &

Health with Key to

the Scriptures

Prayer, Bible

study, baptism,

Eucharist

(Communion),

church on

Sundays,

numerousChristian

Yoga, meditation,

massage,

nutrition,

mindfulness, detox

sessions, positive

thinking.

Deepak Chopra's

many books, such

as the Seven

Spiritual Laws of

Success

to Roman

Catholicism. Daily

prayer. Meditation.

Communication

with spirit world

(now outlawed in

Vietnam).

None
http://www.religionfacts.com/chinese_religion/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/chinese_religion/objects.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/chinese_religion/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/chinese_religion/objects.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/chinese_religion/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/chinese_religion/objects.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/chinese_religion/objects.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/chinese_religion/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/chinese_religion/objects.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/chinese_religion/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/chinese_religion/objects.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/chinese_religion/practices.htm


10/16

TextsPractices

Asceticism,

celibacy

Gnostic scriptures

including

variousGospels an

dActsattributed to

apostles.

Animal sacrifice,

harvest offerings,

festivals, games,

processions,

dance, plays, in

honor of the gods.

Secret initiations

and rituals in

mystery religions.

Epic poems of

Homer and

Hesiod.

Pursue the highest

pleasures

(friendship and

tranquility) and

avoid pain.

Letters

and Principal

Doctrinesof

Epicurus

Five exercises to

strengthen theFalun. Cultivation

of truthfulness,

benevolence and

forbearance. Meat

eating

discouraged.

Zhuan Falun and

other writings byMaster Li

Modest lifestyles,

fasting before Eid

al-Adha. Beliefs

and practices are

hidden forprotection from

persecution.

Special group of

initiates

Al-Naqd al-

Khafi(Copy of the

Secret);Al-Juz'al-

Awwal(Essence of

the First)

Spiritual Exercises

of ECK: mantras,

meditation, and

dreams. These

enable Soul travel

and spiritual

growth.

Shariyat-Ki-

Sugmadand books

by Harold Klemp

None prescribed,

although some

deists practice

Thomas

Paine's The Age of

Reason and


11/16

Hinduism

texts

Islam Islam

ractices texts

Jainism Jainism

ractices lossar

Jehovah's Jehovah's

Witnesses Witnesses

ractices texts

Judaism Judaism

holida s texts

Texts

Circumcision at

birth, bar/bat

mitzvah at

adulthood.

Synagogue

services on

Saturdays. No

Bible (Tanakh),

Talmud

Astronomy, Dresden, Madrid,

Practices

No blood

transfusions, no

celebration of

holidays, no use of

crosses or

religious images.

Baptism, Sunday

New World

Translation of the

Scriptures

Monasticism under

the Five Great

Vows (Non-

Violence, Truth,

Celibacy, Non-

Stealing, Non-

Possessiveness);

The teachings of

Mahavira in

various collections.

Five Pillars: Faith,

Prayer, Alms,

Pilgrimage,

Fasting. Mosque

services on

Fridays. Ablutions

before prayer. No

Qur'an (Scripture)

;Hadith (tradition)

Yoga, meditation,

worship (puja),

devotion to a god

or goddess,

pilgrimage to holy

cities, live

according to one's

The Vedas,

Upanishads,

Bhagavad Gita,

Ramayana, etc.

Hinduism

Chanting, dancing,

evangelism,

vegetarianism,

temple worship,

monastic-style

living.

The Bhagavad-

Gita As It Is
http://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/glossary.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/glossary.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/holidays.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/holidays.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/holidays.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/holidays.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/glossary.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/glossary.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/jainism/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/islam/practices.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/texts.htm


12/16

Mormon Mormon

ractices texts

Rastafarian

racticesRituals, church

meetings,

questioningauthority

Many practices

based on Jewish

biblical Law.

Abstinence from

most or all meat,

artificial foods,

and alcohol. Use

Holy Piby (the

"Blackman's

Bible). The

Ethiopian epic

Kebra Negast also

revered.

The Satanic Bible

Auditing,

progressing up

various levels until

" "

Writings of

Hubbard, such

as Dianetics and S

Practices Texts

Astrology;mysticism; use of

crystals; yoga;

Works of a varietyof New Age writers

Emphasis on

spiritual and

mental healing,

but without

rejection of

modern medicine.

Worship services;

Writings of

Quimby (such as

the The Quimby

Manuscripts) and

other New

Thought authors

Abstinence from

alcohol, tobacco,

coffee and tea;

baptism for thedead; eternal

marriage; temple

garments under

daily clothes;

Prayer five times a

day. Work for the

equality of the

African race.

Respect laws of

the land, don't

carry arms, don't

Qur'an and

"Scriptures of all

the Prophets of

God" are holy

texts. Influential

writings include

Elijah

Christian

Bible, Book of

Mormon , Doctrine

and Covenants ,andPearl of Great

Price

divination, human

sacrifice, elaborate

burial for royalty,

worship in stone

pyramid-temples

and Paris

codices;Books of

Chilam

Balam ; Popol

Vuh ;The Ritual of

the Bacabs
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13/16

Scientolo Scientolo

books s mbols

Practices Texts

Sikhism Sikhism

thin s holida s

Taoism Taoism

timeline textsThe Divine

Principle (1954) by

Rev. Moon.

Blessing

Ceremony

Ethical and

philosophical

training, self-

reflection, careful

judgment and

inner calm.

Fragments of

founders plus later

writers like

Seneca, Epictetus,

Marcus Aurelius.

Tao Te Ching,

Chuang-Tzu

General attitude of

detachment andnon-struggle, "go

with the flow" of

the Tao. Tai-chi,

acupuncture, and

alchemy to help

Prayer and

meditation on

God's name,

services at temple

(gurdwara),

turban and five

Ks. Balance work,

worship, and

charity. No

monasticism or

Adi Granth (Sri

Guru Granth

Sahib)

Sunday services.

Seances and other

No authoritative

texts. Doctrine

Worship and

offerings to kami

at shrines and at

home. Purification

rituals.

Important texts

areKojikior

'Records of

Ancient Matters'

andNihon-gior

'Chronicles of

Japan'

Sabbath

observance on

Saturdays;

healthful lifestyle;baptism by

immersion

Christian Bible;

later prophets like

Ellen White are

inspired andauthoritative when

tested against

Scriptures

.

education and

drug recovery

programs.
http://www.religionfacts.com/scientology/books.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/scientology/symbols.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/scientology/books.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/scientology/symbols.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/sikhism/things.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/sikhism/holidays.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/sikhism/things.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/sikhism/holidays.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/taoism/timeline.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/taoism/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/taoism/timeline.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/taoism/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/taoism/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/taoism/timeline.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/taoism/texts.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/taoism/timeline.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/sikhism/holidays.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/sikhism/things.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/sikhism/holidays.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/sikhism/things.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/scientology/symbols.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/scientology/books.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/scientology/symbols.htmhttp://www.religionfacts.com/scientology/books.htm


14/16

TextsPractices

Prayer, casting a

circle, Drawing

Down the Moon,

reciting spells,

dancing, singing,

sharing cakes and

wine or beer

No sacred text;

foundational texts

include The Witch

Cult in Western

Europe and The

God of the

Witches

Good deeds,

charity, equality,

hard work.

Zend Avesta

Ceremonies for

marriages,

funerals, etc.

Church services

have elements

from various

religions.

Many sacred texts

are revered by

various members;

some none at all.

The Bible is the

most commonly

used text.


15/16

Freuds structural model of the psyche should be understood as (i) _________ device, usefu

guiding discovery, rather than as an attempt to (ii) _________ physical relationships among

brain.

Blank (i) Blank (ii)

a heuristic dictate

a hermeneutic amelioratean allegorical represent


16/16

l for inciting and

parts of the human

contains difficult gre question

Documents

god ordivine

awayfrom god

human bahai

purpose oflife

bahai faith foundedbybahullh

soul separatesfrom

heavenand hell

mosthifhel hell forthe