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construction of a competitive scale

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JOLIRNAL OF PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT, 1990, 55(3 4), 630-639 Copyright  ©  1990, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Construction of a Hypercompetitive Attitude Scale Richard M. Ryckman, Max Hammer, Linda M. Kaczor, and Joel A. Gold University of Maine Theory testing in the area of hypercompetitiveness has been impeded by the lack of an adequate psychometric instrument. Four studies were conducted as part of an initial research program designed to remedy this deficiency by constructing an individual difference measure of general hypercompetitive attitude with satisfac- tory psychometric properties. In Studies 1 and 2, a 26-item scale was derived primarily through item-total correlational analysis; it demonstrated adequate internal and test-retest reliabilities. The remaining two studies were concerned with determining the construct validity of the scale. In line with theoretical expectations based on Horney's theory of neurosis, subjects who perceived them- selves as hypercompetitive were less psychologically healthy. T he poten tial useful- ness ofth e scale in therapeutic, athletic, school, and business settings is discussed. According to the neoanalyst Karen Horney (1937, chapter 10),  hyper competitiveness  refers to an indiscriminate need by individuals to compete and win (and to avoid losing) at any cost as a means of maintaining or enhancing feelings of self-worth, with an attendant orientation of manipulation, aggressive- ness,  exploitation, and denigration of others across a myriad of situations. She believed that such an exaggerated competitive attitude was a central feature of American culture and had a detrimental impact on the individual's develop- ment and functioning. In discussing the strong link between neurosis and competition, she (Horney, 1937) noted that: [O]ur modern culture  s  based on the principle of individual competition, [and] the . . . individual has to fight with other individuals ofthe same group, has to surpass them and, frequently, [to] thrust them aside. The advantage of the one is frequently the disadvantage ofthe other. The psychic result. .. is a diffuse hostile tension between individuals. [This] competitiveness, and the . . . hostility that accompanies it, pervades all human relationships. Competitive stimuli are active

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