construction, north carolina...north carolina 1997economiccensus construction geographicareaseries...

North Carolina

1997 Economic Census

Construction

Geographic Area Series

1997Issued March 2000

EC97C23A-NC

U.S. Department of CommerceEconomics and Statistics Administration

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Many persons participated in the variousactivities of the 1997 Economic Census forthe Construction sector. The EconomicCensus Staff of the Economic Planning andCoordination Division did the overall plan-ning and review of the census operations.

Manufacturing and Construction Divisionprepared this report. Judy M. Dodds,Assistant Chief for Census and RelatedPrograms, was responsible for the overallplanning, management, and coordination.Patricia L. Horning, Chief, Constructionand Minerals Branch, assisted byMichael A. Blake, Section Chief,performed the planning and implementa-tion. Carla M. Bailey, Nina S. Heggs,Donald G. Powers, Linda M. Taylor,and Robert A. Wright provided primarystaff assistance.

Brian Greenberg, Assistant Chief forResearch and Methodology Programs,assisted by Stacey Cole, Chief ofManufacturing Programs MethodologyBranch, and Robert Struble, SectionChief, provided the mathematical and sta-tistical techniques as well as the coverageoperations. Cathy Ritenour and JeffereyDalzell provided primary staff assistance.

Mendel D. Gayle, Chief, Forms, Publica-tions, and Customer Services Branch,assisted by Julius Smith Jr., and BarutiTaylor, Section Chiefs, performed overallcoordination of the publication process.Kim Credito, Patrick Duck, Wanda L.W.Sledd, and Veronica White providedprimary staff assistance.

The Economic Planning and CoordinationDivision, Lawrence A. Blum, AssistantChief for Collection Activities, andShirin A. Ahmed, Assistant chief, forPost-Collection Processing, was respon-sible for developing the systems andprocedures for mailout, receipt, correspon-dence, data input, industry classification,clerical processing, administrative-recordprocessing, and quality control.

The Economic Product Team, with primarycontributions from Keith Fuller,Andrew W. Hait, and Jennifer E. Lins,

was responsible for the development ofthe product creation system to support the1997 Economic Census product dissemina-tion.

The staff of the National Processing Center,Judith N. Petty, Chief, performed mailoutpreparation and receipt operations, clericaland analytical review activities, data key-ing, and geocoding review.

The Geography Division staff developedgeographic coding procedures and associ-ated computer programs.

The Economic Statistical Methods and Pro-gramming Division, Charles P. PautlerJr., Chief, developed and coordinated thecomputer processing systems. Martin S.Harahush, Assistant Chief for Quinquen-nial Programs, assisted by Barbara L.Lambert and Lisa Draper, was respon-sible for design and implementation of thecomputer systems. Samuel Rozenel,Chief, Current Construction Branch,Kevin J. Montgomery and Leonard S.Sammarco, Section Chiefs, supervised thepreparation of the computer programs.Jongmin Lee and Clifton D. Exleyprovided primary staff assistance.

Computer Services Division, DebraWilliams, Chief, performed the computerprocessing.

Kim D. Ottenstein and Bernadette J.Gayle of the Administrative andCustomer Services Division, Walter C.Odom, Chief, provided publications andprinting management, graphics design andcomposition, and editorial review for printand electronic media. General directionand production management were pro-vided by Michael G. Garland, AssistantDivision Chief, and Gary J. Lauffer, Chief,Publications Services Branch.

Special acknowledgment is also due themany businesses whose cooperation hascontributed to the publication of thesedata.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

North Carolina

1997 Economic Census

Construction

Geographic Area Series

1997Issued March 2000

EC97C23A-NC

U.S. Department of CommerceWilliam M. Daley,

SecretaryRobert L. Mallett,Deputy Secretary

Economicsand Statistics

AdministrationRobert J. Shapiro,Under Secretary for

Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAUKenneth Prewitt,

Director

Paula J. Schneider,Principal Associate Directorfor Programs

Frederick T. Knickerbocker,Associate Directorfor Economic Programs

Thomas L. Mesenbourg,Assistant Directorfor Economic Programs

William G. Bostic Jr.,Chief, Manufacturingand Construction Division

ECONOMICS

AND STATISTICS

ADMINISTRATION

Economicsand StatisticsAdministration

Robert J. Shapiro,Under Secretaryfor Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Kenneth Prewitt,Director

William G. Barron,Deputy Director

CONTENTS

Introduction to the Economic Census 1.............................

Construction 5..................................................

TABLES

1. Employment Statistics for Establishments With Payroll by State:1997 7...................................................

2. General Statistics for Establishments With Payroll by State:1997 9...................................................

3. Detailed Statistics for Establishments With Payroll: 1997 11......

4. Selected Statistics for Establishments With Payroll byEmployment Size Class: 1997 12............................

5. Selected Statistics for Establishments With Payroll by DollarValue of Business Done Size Class: 1997 12..................

6. Value of Construction Work for Establishments With Payroll byGeographic Location of Construction Work: 1997 13...........

7. Value of Construction Work for Establishments With Payroll byType of Construction: 1997 14...............................

8. Dollar Value of Business Done for Establishments With Payrollby Kind~of~Business Activity: 1997 15........................

APPENDIXES

A. Explanation of Terms A–1.....................................

B. NAICS Codes, Titles, and Descriptions B–1......................

C. Coverage and Methodology C–1................................

D. Geographic Notes ~~........................................

E. Metropolitan Areas ~~.......................................

~~ Not applicable for this report.

CONSTRUCTIONmGEOG. AREA SERIES NORTH CAROLINA iiiU.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Mar. 24, 2000

Introduction to the Economic Census

PURPOSES AND USES OF THE ECONOMIC CENSUS

The economic census is the major source of facts aboutthe structure and functioning of the Nation’s economy. Itprovides essential information for government, business,industry, and the general public. Title 13 of the UnitedStates Code (Sections 131, 191, and 224) directs the Cen-sus Bureau to take the economic census every 5 years,covering years ending in 2 and 7.

The economic census furnishes an important part of theframework for such composite measures as the grossdomestic product estimates, input/output measures, pro-duction and price indexes, and other statistical series thatmeasure short-term changes in economic conditions. Spe-cific uses of economic census data include the following:

• Policymaking agencies of the Federal Government usethe data to monitor economic activity and assess theeffectiveness of policies.

• State and local governments use the data to assessbusiness activities and tax bases within their jurisdic-tions and to develop programs to attract business.

• Trade associations study trends in their own and com-peting industries, which allows them to keep their mem-bers informed of market changes.

• Individual businesses use the data to locate potentialmarkets and to analyze their own production and salesperformance relative to industry or area averages.

ALL-NEW INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATIONS

Data from the 1997 Economic Census are published pri-marily on the basis of the North American Industry Classi-fication System (NAICS), unlike earlier censuses, whichwere published according to the Standard Industrial Classi-fication (SIC) system. NAICS is in the process of beingadopted in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Mosteconomic census reports cover one of the following NAICSsectors:

21 Mining22 Utilities23 Construction31-33 Manufacturing42 Wholesale Trade44-45 Retail Trade48-49 Transportation and Warehousing51 Information

52 Finance and Insurance53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing54 Professional, Scientific, and Technical

Services55 Management of Companies and Enterprises56 Administrative and Support and Waste

Management and Remediation Services61 Educational Services62 Health Care and Social Assistance71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation72 Accommodation and Foodservices81 Other Services (except Public Administration)

(Not listed above are the Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, andHunting sector (NAICS 11), partially covered by the censusof agriculture conducted by the U.S. Department of Agri-culture, and the Public Administration sector (NAICS 92),covered by the census of governments conducted by theCensus Bureau.)

The 20 NAICS sectors are subdivided into 96 subsectors(three-digit codes), 313 industry groups (four-digit codes),and, as implemented in the United States, 1170 industries(five- and six-digit codes).

RELATIONSHIP TO SIC

While many of the individual NAICS industries corre-spond directly to industries as defined under the SIC sys-tem, most of the higher level groupings do not. Particularcare should be taken in comparing data for retail trade,wholesale trade, and manufacturing, which are sectortitles used in both NAICS and SIC, but cover somewhat dif-ferent groups of industries. The industry definitions dis-cuss the relationships between NAICS and SIC industries.Where changes are significant, it will not be possible toconstruct time series that include data for points bothbefore and after 1997.

For 1997, data for auxiliary establishments (those func-tioning primarily to manage, service, or support the activi-ties of their company’s operating establishments, such asa central administrative office or warehouse) will not beincluded in the sector-specific reports. These data will bepublished separately.

GEOGRAPHIC AREA CODING

Accurate and complete information on the physicallocation of each establishment is required to tabulate thecensus data for the states, metropolitan areas (MAs), coun-ties, parishes, and corporate municipalities including cit-ies, towns, villages, and boroughs. Respondents were

INTRODUCTION 11997 ECONOMIC CENSUS

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census

required to report their physical location (street address,municipality, county, and state) if it differed from theirmailing address. For establishments not surveyed by mail(and those single-establishment companies that did notprovide acceptable information on physical location), loca-tion information from Internal Revenue Service tax formsis used as a basis for coding.

BASIS OF REPORTING

The economic census is conducted on an establishmentbasis. A company operating at more than one location isrequired to file a separate report for each store, factory,shop, or other location. Each establishment is assigned aseparate industry classification based on its primary activ-ity and not that of its parent company.

DOLLAR VALUES

All dollar values presented are expressed in current dol-lars; i.e., 1997 data are expressed in 1997 dollars, and1992 data, in 1992 dollars. Consequently, when makingcomparisons with prior years, users of the data shouldconsider the changes in prices that have occurred.

All dollar values are shown in thousands of dollars.

AVAILABILITY OF ADDITIONAL DATA

Reports in Print and Electronic Media

All results of the 1997 Economic Census are availableon the Census Bureau Internet site (www.census.gov) andon compact discs (CD-ROM) for sale by the Census Bureau.Unlike previous censuses, only selected highlights arepublished in printed reports. For more information, includ-ing a description of electronic and printed reports beingissued, see the Internet site, or write to U.S. CensusBureau, Washington, DC 20233-8300, or call CustomerServices at 301-457-4100.

Special Tabulations

Special tabulations of data collected in the 1997 Eco-nomic Census may be obtained, depending on availabilityof time and personnel, in electronic or tabular form. Thedata will be summaries subject to the same rules prohibit-ing disclosure of confidential information (including name,address, kind of business, or other data for individualbusiness establishments or companies) that govern theregular publications.

Special tabulations are prepared on a cost basis. Arequest for a cost estimate, as well as exact specificationson the type and format of the data to be provided, shouldbe directed to the Chief of the division named below, U.S.Census Bureau, Washington, DC 20233-8300. To discuss aspecial tabulation before submitting specifications, callthe appropriate division:

Manufacturing and Construction Division 301-457-4673Service Sector Statistics Division 301-457-2668

HISTORICAL INFORMATION

The economic census has been taken as an integratedprogram at 5-year intervals since 1967 and before that for1954, 1958, and 1963. Prior to that time, individual com-ponents of the economic census were taken separately atvarying intervals.

The economic census traces its beginnings to the 1810Decennial Census, when questions on manufacturing wereincluded with those for population. Coverage of economicactivities was expanded for the 1840 Decennial Censusand subsequent censuses to include mining and somecommercial activities. The 1905 Manufactures Census wasthe first time a census was taken apart from the regulardecennial population census. Censuses covering retail andwholesale trade and construction industries were added in1930, as were some covering service trades in 1933. Cen-suses of construction, manufacturing, and the other busi-ness service censuses were suspended during World WarII.

The 1954 Economic Census was the first census to befully integrated: providing comparable census data acrosseconomic sectors, using consistent time periods, con-cepts, definitions, classifications, and reporting units. Itwas the first census to be taken by mail, using lists offirms provided by the administrative records of other Fed-eral agencies. Since 1963, administrative records alsohave been used to provide basic statistics for very smallfirms, reducing or eliminating the need to send them cen-sus questionnaires.

The range of industries covered in the economic cen-suses expanded between 1967 and 1992. The census ofconstruction industries began on a regular basis in 1967,and the scope of service industries, introduced in 1933,was broadened in 1967, 1977, and 1987. While a fewtransportation industries were covered as early as 1963, itwas not until 1992 that the census broadened to includeall of transportation, communications, and utilities. Alsonew for 1992 was coverage of financial, insurance, andreal estate industries. With these additions, the economiccensus and the separate census of governments and cen-sus of agriculture collectively covered roughly 98 percentof all economic activity.

Printed statistical reports from the 1992 and earliercensuses provide historical figures for the study of long-term time series and are available in some large libraries.All of the census reports printed since 1967 are still avail-able for sale on microfiche from the Census Bureau.CD-ROMs issued from the 1987 and 1992 Economic Cen-suses contain databases including nearly all data pub-lished in print, plus additional statistics, such as ZIP Codestatistics, published only on CD-ROM.

2 INTRODUCTION 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


SOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION

More information about the scope, coverage, classifica-tion system, data items, and publications for each of theeconomic censuses and related surveys is published in theGuide to the 1997 Economic Census and Related Statisticsat www.census.gov/econguide. More information on themethodology, procedures, and history of the censuses willbe published in the History of the 1997 Economic Censusat www.census.gov/econ/www/history.html.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

The following abbreviations and symbols are used withthe 1997 Economic Census data:

A Standard error of 100 percent or more.D Withheld to avoid disclosing data of individual

companies; data are included in higher leveltotals.

F Exceeds 100 percent because data includeestablishments with payroll exceeding rev-enue.

N Not available or not comparable.Q Revenue not collected at this level of detail for

multiestablishment firms.S Withheld because estimates did not meet

publication standards.

V Represents less than 50 vehicles or .05percent.

X Not applicable.Y Disclosure withheld because of insufficient

coverage of merchandise lines.Z Less than half the unit shown.a 0 to 19 employees.b 20 to 99 employees.c 100 to 249 employees.e 250 to 499 employees.f 500 to 999 employees.g 1,000 to 2,499 employees.h 2,500 to 4,999 employees.i 5,000 to 9,999 employees.j 10,000 to 24,999 employees.k 25,000 to 49,999 employees.l 50,000 to 99,999 employees.m 100,000 employees or more.p 10 to 19 percent estimated.q 20 to 29 percent estimated.r Revised.s Sampling error exceeds 40 percent.nec Not elsewhere classified.nsk Not specified by kind.– Represents zero (page image/print only).(CC) Consolidated city.(IC) Independent city.

INTRODUCTION 31997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


This page is intentionally blank.

4 INTRODUCTION 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


Construction

SCOPE

Construction, sector 23, includes establishments prima-rily engaged in construction work that have one or morepaid employees. Construction work includes new con-struction work, additions, alterations, and repairs. Estab-lishments identified as construction management firms arealso included. The construction sector is divided into threetypes of activity or subsectors.

The Building, Developing, and General Contracting sub-sector includes establishments responsible for the con-struction of building projects. Builders, developers, andgeneral contractors, as well as land subdividers and landdevelopers are included in the subsector. The constructionwork may be done for others and performed by custombuilders, general contractors, design builders, or turnkeycontractors. This construction activity may be for sale asperformed by speculative or operative builders.

The Heavy Construction subsector includes establish-ments engaged in the construction of heavy engineeringand industrial projects (except buildings) such as high-ways, power plants, and pipelines. Establishments in thissubsector usually assume responsibility for entire non-building projects, but may subcontract some or all of theactual construction work. Special trade contractors areincluded in this group if they are engaged in activities pri-marily related to heavy construction such as grading forhighways. Kinds of establishments include heavy con-struction general contractors, and design builders.

The Special Trade Contractors subsector includes estab-lishments engaged in specialized construction activitiessuch as plumbing, painting, and electrical work. Theactivities in this subsector may be subcontracted frombuilders or general contractors, or the work may be per-formed directly for project owners. Special trade contrac-tors usually perform most of their work at the job site,although they may have shops where they perform prefab-rication and other work.

GENERAL

A list of publications that provide statistics on construc-tion, sector 23, follows.

Industry reports. There are 28 separate industryreports. They present data for a six-digit North AmericanIndustry Classification System (NAICS) industry. A descrip-tion of the particular NAICS industry may be found in

Appendix B. These reports include statistics such as num-ber of establishments, employment, payroll, value added,cost of materials, value of business done, and capitalexpenditures. Explanations of these and other terms maybe found in Appendix A. The industry reports also includeselected statistics for states.

Geographic area reports. There is a separate report foreach state, the District of Columbia, and the United States.They present statistics similar to the industry reports foreach state. They also present selected six-digit NAICS leveldata.

Subject reports. The Industry series, U.S. Summary, andGeographic Area series, U.S. Summary, reports presentselected statistics from the individual industry and geo-graphic area reports, as well as higher level aggregations.

GEOGRAPHIC AREAS COVERED

The area reports for the construction industries containstate and regional level data. No substate data are avail-able.

While most of the state data in the industry seriesreports are by physical location of the establishment,some data are available by reported location of the con-struction work.

The regions are made up of groups of states as follows:

NORTHEAST

ConnecticutMaineMassachusettsNew HampshireNew JerseyNew YorkPennsylvaniaRhode IslandVermont

MIDWEST

IllinoisIndianaIowaKansasMichiganMinnesotaMissouriNebraska

CONSTRUCTION 51997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


North DakotaOhioSouth DakotaWisconsin

SOUTH

AlabamaArkansasDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaKentuckyLouisianaMarylandMississippiNorth CarolinaOklahomaSouth CarolinaTennesseeTexasVirginiaWest Virginia

WEST

AlaskaArizonaCaliforniaColoradoHawaiiIdahoMontanaNevadaNew MexicoOregonUtahWashingtonWyoming

COMPARABILITY OF THE 1992 AND 1997 CENSUSES

The adoption of the North American Industry Classifica-tion System (NAICS) had a major impact on the compara-bility of data between the 1992 and 1997 censuses. Lessthan half of the industries in the construction sector ofNAICS have comparable industries in the Standard Indus-trial Classification (SIC) system that was used for past cen-suses. Because of the lack of comparable data, historicdata are not shown for this sector.

Lead paint removal and asbestos abatement left theconstruction sector with the introduction of NAICS. Manychanges took place within the sector, or from business

activity coming into the sector. Much of the change camefrom adding management services to each of the con-struction industries in the building, developing, and gen-eral contracting subsector and the heavy construction sub-sector. Also, land subdividers and developers, and rentalof construction equipment with an operator were added tothe sector.

Another change is that data for establishments with noemployees are no longer included in the constructionreports, but are available in other report series.

DISCLOSURE

In accordance with Federal law governing censusreports (Title 13 of the United States Code), no data arepublished that would disclose the operations of an indi-vidual establishment or company. However, the number ofestablishments classified in a specific industry or geogra-phy is not considered a disclosure, and may be releasedeven when other information is withheld. Suppressed dataare included in higher-level totals.

AVAILABILITY OF MORE FREQUENT ECONOMICDATA

The County Business Patterns program of the U.S. Cen-sus Bureau offers annual statistics on the number of estab-lishments, employment, and payroll classified by industrywithin each county and state.

The U.S. Census Bureau’s monthly ConstructionReports, Series C30, Value of New Construction Put inPlace contain data related to construction sector censusdata. The main difference is that the C30 series covers allnew construction put in place without regard to who isperforming the construction activity. The construction sec-tor census data covers both new construction and mainte-nance and repair work done by establishments classifiedin the construction industries. Significant amounts of con-struction are done by establishments classified outside ofconstruction (real estate, manufacturing, utilities, andcommunications, for example), as both ‘‘force account’’construction and construction done for others. In addition,the C30 series includes construction-related expensessuch as architectural and engineering costs and the costsof materials supplied by owners which are normally notreflected in construction sector census data.

Data contained in the 1997 construction sector mayalso differ from industry data in Employment and EarningsStatistics, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics andStatistics of Income, published by the Internal RevenueService. These differences arise from varying definitions ofscope, coverage, timing, classification, and methodology.

6 CONSTRUCTION 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


Table 1. Employment Statistics for Establishments With Payroll by State: 1997[Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

NAICScode Industry

Number of employees Number of construction workers Payroll(thousand dollars)

Number ofestab~

lishments All

Con~structionworkers

Januaryto

March

Aprilto

June

Julyto

September

Octoberto

DecemberAll

employeesConstruction

workers

Relativestandard

error ofestimate(percent)

forcolumnm

A B C D E F G H I B

NORTH CAROLINA

23 Construction 23 990................ 198 367 152 818 148 789 153 269 156 354 152 858 5 177 635 3 473 737 1

233 Building, developing, & generalcontracting 7 193.......................... 49 441 32 499 31 158 32 656 33 019 33 165 1 413 828 740 393 2

2331 Land subdivision & land development 366. 1 851 388 348 363 427 415 49 050 7 207 423311 Land subdivision & land

development 366.................... 1 851 388 348 363 427 415 49 050 7 207 4233110 Land subdivision & land

development 366.................. 1 851 388 348 363 427 415 49 050 7 207 4

2332 Residential building construction 5 689...... 25 006 16 211 15 911 16 417 16 596 15 922 618 607 319 216 223321 Single~family housing construction 5 455.. 23 313 15 078 14 906 15 275 15 393 14 738 569 216 293 021 2233210 Single~family housing

construction 5 455................... 23 313 15 078 14 906 15 275 15 393 14 738 569 216 293 021 2

23322 Multifamily housing construction 234.... 1 693 1 133 1 005 1 141 1 202 1 184 49 390 26 195 18233220 Multifamily housing construction 234.. 1 693 1 133 1 005 1 141 1 202 1 184 49 390 26 195 18

2333 Nonresidential building construction 1 139... 22 583 15 900 14 900 15 876 15 996 16 828 746 172 413 970 323331 Mfg & industrial building

construction 220..................... 4 654 3 687 3 452 3 660 3 506 4 131 138 262 92 543 9233310 Mfg & industrial building

construction 220................... 4 654 3 687 3 452 3 660 3 506 4 131 138 262 92 543 9

23332 Commercial & institutional buildingconstruction 919..................... 17 929 12 213 11 448 12 216 12 490 12 698 607 909 321 427 4

233320 Commercial & institutional buildingconstruction 919................... 17 929 12 213 11 448 12 216 12 490 12 698 607 909 321 427 4

234 Heavy construction 1 620.................... 31 385 25 467 24 205 26 138 26 083 25 444 858 181 633 870 3

2341 Highway, street, bridge, & tunnelconstruction 415....................... 12 808 10 355 9 384 10 820 10 954 10 263 361 157 266 496 4

23411 Highway & street construction 381...... 11 964 9 746 8 738 10 187 10 359 9 698 334 837 247 308 4234110 Highway & street construction 381.... 11 964 9 746 8 738 10 187 10 359 9 698 334 837 247 308 4

23412 Bridge & tunnel construction s33........ 844 609 645 632 594 564 26 320 19 188 20234120 Bridge & tunnel construction s33...... 844 609 645 632 594 564 26 320 19 188 20

2349 Other heavy construction 1 205............ 18 577 15 112 14 821 15 318 15 129 15 181 497 024 367 374 423491 Water, sewer, & pipeline

construction 347..................... 6 278 5 154 5 021 5 162 5 224 5 208 168 688 119 457 11234910 Water, sewer, & pipeline

construction 347................... 6 278 5 154 5 021 5 162 5 224 5 208 168 688 119 457 11

23492 Power & communicationtransmission line construction 151..... 4 653 3 903 3 762 3 788 3 930 4 130 124 360 98 239 11

234920 Power & communicationtransmission line construction 151... 4 653 3 903 3 762 3 788 3 930 4 130 124 360 98 239 11

23493 Industrial nonbuilding structureconstruction 1..................... D D D D D D D D D

234930 Industrial nonbuilding structureconstruction 1................... D D D D D D D D D

23499 All other heavy construction 706........ D D D D D D D D D234990 All other heavy construction 706...... D D D D D D D D D

235 Special trade contractors 15 177.............. 117 541 94 851 93 426 94 476 97 252 94 250 2 905 626 2 099 474 1

2351 Plumbing, heating, & air~conditioningcontractors 3 057........................ 31 326 24 450 24 042 23 765 25 282 24 711 874 860 608 150 3

23511 Plumbing, heating, & air~conditioningcontractors 3 057...................... 31 326 24 450 24 042 23 765 25 282 24 711 874 860 608 150 3

235110 Plumbing, heating, & air~conditioning contractors 3 057........ 31 326 24 450 24 042 23 765 25 282 24 711 874 860 608 150 3

2352 Painting & wall covering contractors 1 310... 6 788 5 560 5 326 5 524 5 842 5 548 134 752 98 311 523521 Painting & wall covering contractors 1 310. 6 788 5 560 5 326 5 524 5 842 5 548 134 752 98 311 5235210 Painting & wall covering

contractors 1 310.................... 6 788 5 560 5 326 5 524 5 842 5 548 134 752 98 311 5

2353 Electrical contractors 2 295................ 23 631 19 806 19 645 19 498 20 280 19 800 639 751 490 976 323531 Electrical contractors 2 295.............. 23 631 19 806 19 645 19 498 20 280 19 800 639 751 490 976 3235310 Electrical contractors 2 295............ 23 631 19 806 19 645 19 498 20 280 19 800 639 751 490 976 3

2354 Masonry, drywall, insulation, & tilecontractors 2 302........................ 17 309 14 973 14 865 15 175 15 308 14 543 378 679 296 452 3

23541 Masonry & stone contractors 1 415....... 8 737 7 977 7 985 8 128 8 283 7 511 166 049 142 015 4235410 Masonry & stone contractors 1 415..... 8 737 7 977 7 985 8 128 8 283 7 511 166 049 142 015 4

23542 Drywall, plastering, acoustical, &insulation contractors 643............. 7 151 5 907 5 717 5 952 5 955 6 005 180 406 132 320 5

235420 Drywall, plastering, acoustical, &insulation contractors 643........... 7 151 5 907 5 717 5 952 5 955 6 005 180 406 132 320 5

23543 Tile, marble, terrazzo, & mosaiccontractors 244...................... 1 421 1 089 1 163 1 095 1 071 1 027 32 224 22 117 8

235430 Tile, marble, terrazzo, & mosaiccontractors 244.................... 1 421 1 089 1 163 1 095 1 071 1 027 32 224 22 117 8

2355 Carpentry & floor contractors 2 142......... 9 010 6 891 6 623 6 798 7 074 7 068 189 579 133 955 623551 Carpentry contractors 1 699............. 7 067 5 339 5 109 5 284 5 440 5 525 142 297 99 981 8235510 Carpentry contractors 1 699........... 7 067 5 339 5 109 5 284 5 440 5 525 142 297 99 981 8

23552 Floor laying & other floorcontractors 444...................... 1 943 1 552 1 514 1 514 1 635 1 543 47 283 33 974 11

235520 Floor laying & other floorcontractors 444.................... 1 943 1 552 1 514 1 514 1 635 1 543 47 283 33 974 11

CONSTRUCTIONmGEOG. AREA SERIES NORTH CAROLINA 7U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Mar. 24, 2000

Table 1. Employment Statistics for Establishments With Payroll by State: 1997mCon.[Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

NAICScode Industry

Number of employees Number of construction workers Payroll(thousand dollars)

Number ofestab~

lishments All

Con~structionworkers

Januaryto

March

Aprilto

June

Julyto

September

Octoberto

DecemberAll

employeesConstruction

workers

Relativestandard

error ofestimate(percent)

forcolumnm

A B C D E F G H I B

NORTH CAROLINAmCon.

23 ConstructionmCon.

235 Special trade contractorsmCon.

2356 Roofing, siding, & sheet metalcontractors 1 130........................ 8 389 6 666 6 911 6 763 6 649 6 342 186 627 124 304 6

23561 Roofing, siding, & sheet metalcontractors 1 130...................... 8 389 6 666 6 911 6 763 6 649 6 342 186 627 124 304 6

235610 Roofing, siding, & sheet metalcontractors 1 130.................... 8 389 6 666 6 911 6 763 6 649 6 342 186 627 124 304 6

2357 Concrete contractors 768................ 5 730 4 805 4 832 5 036 4 817 4 535 125 263 89 795 923571 Concrete contractors 768.............. 5 730 4 805 4 832 5 036 4 817 4 535 125 263 89 795 9235710 Concrete contractors 768............ 5 730 4 805 4 832 5 036 4 817 4 535 125 263 89 795 9

2358 Water well drilling contractors 167........ 890 608 600 642 595 593 20 989 12 962 1823581 Water well drilling contractors 167...... 890 608 600 642 595 593 20 989 12 962 18235810 Water well drilling contractors 167.... 890 608 600 642 595 593 20 989 12 962 18

2359 Other special trade contractors 2 006....... 14 467 11 092 10 581 11 275 11 404 11 109 355 125 244 569 323591 Structural steel erection contractors 99. 1 292 1 024 946 1 065 1 132 955 35 860 26 164 14235910 Structural steel erection

contractors 99.................... 1 292 1 024 946 1 065 1 132 955 35 860 26 164 14

23592 Glass & glazing contractors 126........ 1 076 626 663 602 637 603 28 687 14 532 10235920 Glass & glazing contractors 126...... 1 076 626 663 602 637 603 28 687 14 532 10

23593 Excavation contractors 704............ D D D D D D D D D235930 Excavation contractors 704.......... D D D D D D D D D

23594 Wrecking & demolition contractors 9.. D D D D D D D D D235940 Wrecking & demolition

contractors 9.................... D D D D D D D D D

23595 Building equip & other machineryinstallation contractors 174............ 2 076 1 585 1 666 1 550 1 587 1 538 66 576 49 583 6

235950 Building equip & other machineryinstallation contractors 174.......... 2 076 1 585 1 666 1 550 1 587 1 538 66 576 49 583 6

23599 All other special trade contractors 895... 5 796 4 517 D D 4 656 D D D 5235990 All other special trade contractors 895. 5 796 4 517 D D 4 656 D D D 5

8 NORTH CAROLINA CONSTRUCTIONmGEOG. AREA SERIESU.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Mar. 24, 2000

Table 2. General Statistics for Establishments With Payroll by State: 1997[Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

NAICScode Industry

Relativestandarderror ofestimate

(percent) forcolumnm

Value ofconstruction

work

Net value ofconstruction

workValueadded

Cost ofmaterials,

components,supplies,and fuels

Cost ofconstruction

worksubcontracted

out to others

Rentalcost of

machinery,equipment,

and buildings

Capitalexpenditures,

other thanland

End~of~yeargross book

value ofdepreciable

assets

A B C D E F G H B G

NORTH CAROLINA23 Construction 26 505 734.................. 19 343 094 11 580 847 8 149 607 7 162 641 365 787 533 505 4 009 730 1 3

233 Building, developing, & general contracting 12 988 182. 7 296 742 3 980 848 3 470 252 5 691 440 72 476 124 867 939 353 2 6

2331 Land subdivision & land development 432 271.... 346 620 290 035 74 712 85 651 S S 58 331 9 S23311 Land subdivision & land development 432 271.. 346 620 290 035 74 712 85 651 S S 58 331 9 S233110 Land subdivision & land

development 432 271.................... 346 620 290 035 74 712 85 651 S S 58 331 9 S

2332 Residential building construction 6 454 707........ 4 260 835 2 254 908 2 116 307 2 193 872 25 671 48 128 361 450 2 423321 Single~family housing construction 5 981 232..... 4 033 763 2 136 340 1 984 373 1 947 469 22 643 43 570 336 088 3 5233210 Single~family housing construction 5 981 232... 4 033 763 2 136 340 1 984 373 1 947 469 22 643 43 570 336 088 3 5

23322 Multifamily housing construction 473 475....... 227 072 118 568 131 934 246 403 3 028 4 559 25 361 8 4233220 Multifamily housing construction 473 475..... 227 072 118 568 131 934 246 403 3 028 4 559 25 361 8 4

2333 Nonresidential building construction 6 101 204..... 2 689 287 1 435 904 1 279 233 3 411 918 44 384 63 347 519 573 3 1123331 Mfg & industrial building construction 738 270.. 395 784 215 147 186 786 342 486 8 369 10 377 73 880 9 10233310 Mfg & industrial building

construction 738 270..................... 395 784 215 147 186 786 342 486 8 369 10 377 73 880 9 10

23332 Commercial & institutional buildingconstruction 5 362 934....................... 2 293 502 1 220 757 1 092 447 3 069 432 36 015 52 970 445 693 3 13

233320 Commercial & institutional buildingconstruction 5 362 934..................... 2 293 502 1 220 757 1 092 447 3 069 432 36 015 52 970 445 693 3 13

234 Heavy construction 3 677 370...................... 3 043 137 1 936 056 1 222 189 634 233 127 384 181 133 1 502 965 3 5

2341 Highway, street, bridge, & tunnelconstruction 1 773 383......................... 1 384 883 836 024 649 030 388 500 59 343 89 212 755 961 4 7

23411 Highway & street construction 1 640 923........ 1 269 119 753 497 615 698 371 804 56 269 85 149 722 337 4 7234110 Highway & street construction 1 640 923...... 1 269 119 753 497 615 698 371 804 56 269 85 149 722 337 4 7

23412 Bridge & tunnel construction 132 460.......... 115 764 82 527 33 331 16 696 3 074 4 063 33 624 30 23234120 Bridge & tunnel construction 132 460........ 115 764 82 527 33 331 16 696 3 074 4 063 33 624 30 23

2349 Other heavy construction 1 903 987............... 1 658 254 1 100 032 573 159 245 733 68 041 91 921 747 004 5 823491 Water, sewer, & pipeline construction 676 284.. 600 229 400 114 200 730 76 055 21 018 31 833 268 569 12 16234910 Water, sewer, & pipeline

construction 676 284..................... 600 229 400 114 200 730 76 055 21 018 31 833 268 569 12 16

23492 Power & communication transmissionline construction 350 378................... 292 362 247 663 49 118 58 016 14 721 15 458 127 147 8 3

234920 Power & communication transmissionline construction 350 378................. 292 362 247 663 49 118 58 016 14 721 15 458 127 147 8 3

23493 Industrial nonbuilding structureconstruction D....................... D D D – D D D D D

234930 Industrial nonbuilding structureconstruction D..................... D D D – D D D D D

23499 All other heavy construction D.......... D D D 111 662 D D D D D234990 All other heavy construction D........ D D D 111 662 D D D D D

235 Special trade contractors 9 840 183................. 9 003 215 5 663 943 3 457 166 836 967 165 927 227 505 1 567 412 1 4

2351 Plumbing, heating, & air~conditioningcontractors 2 989 371.......................... 2 751 252 1 598 384 1 184 341 238 119 46 171 55 391 359 756 3 6

23511 Plumbing, heating, & air~conditioningcontractors 2 989 371........................ 2 751 252 1 598 384 1 184 341 238 119 46 171 55 391 359 756 3 6

235110 Plumbing, heating, & air~conditioningcontractors 2 989 371...................... 2 751 252 1 598 384 1 184 341 238 119 46 171 55 391 359 756 3 6

2352 Painting & wall covering contractors 411 901..... 341 714 241 309 101 966 70 187 6 663 7 683 56 967 7 1023521 Painting & wall covering contractors 411 901... 341 714 241 309 101 966 70 187 6 663 7 683 56 967 7 10235210 Painting & wall covering contractors 411 901. 341 714 241 309 101 966 70 187 6 663 7 683 56 967 7 10

2353 Electrical contractors 1 990 324.................. 1 896 600 1 298 424 609 989 93 724 21 601 37 256 258 392 3 923531 Electrical contractors 1 990 324................ 1 896 600 1 298 424 609 989 93 724 21 601 37 256 258 392 3 9235310 Electrical contractors 1 990 324.............. 1 896 600 1 298 424 609 989 93 724 21 601 37 256 258 392 3 9

2354 Masonry, drywall, insulation, & tilecontractors 1 279 655.......................... 1 132 642 725 687 422 873 147 012 13 811 24 397 147 830 4 7

23541 Masonry & stone contractors 494 212......... 459 511 330 516 133 727 34 701 5 825 11 280 67 576 6 10235410 Masonry & stone contractors 494 212....... 459 511 330 516 133 727 34 701 5 825 11 280 67 576 6 10

23542 Drywall, plastering, acoustical, &insulation contractors 670 651............... 568 012 332 877 241 080 102 639 6 801 10 940 62 965 6 12

235420 Drywall, plastering, acoustical, &insulation contractors 670 651............. 568 012 332 877 241 080 102 639 6 801 10 940 62 965 6 12

23543 Tile, marble, terrazzo, & mosaiccontractors 114 792........................ 105 119 62 294 48 065 9 673 1 186 2 177 17 290 7 20

235430 Tile, marble, terrazzo, & mosaiccontractors 114 792...................... 105 119 62 294 48 065 9 673 1 186 2 177 17 290 7 20

2355 Carpentry & floor contractors 665 733........... 584 932 368 529 226 382 80 801 D 9 270 90 639 6 1223551 Carpentry contractors 477 562................ 416 058 279 522 143 996 61 504 D 6 957 66 642 8 15235510 Carpentry contractors 477 562.............. 416 058 279 522 143 996 61 504 D 6 957 66 642 8 15

23552 Floor laying & other floor contractors 188 171... 168 874 89 006 82 386 19 297 2 156 2 314 23 997 9 17235520 Floor laying & other floor contractors 188 171. 168 874 89 006 82 386 19 297 2 156 2 314 23 997 9 17

2356 Roofing, siding, & sheet metalcontractors 722 112.......................... 649 450 357 663 292 865 72 663 9 747 9 835 81 883 7 9

23561 Roofing, siding, & sheet metalcontractors 722 112........................ 649 450 357 663 292 865 72 663 9 747 9 835 81 883 7 9

235610 Roofing, siding, & sheet metalcontractors 722 112...................... 649 450 357 663 292 865 72 663 9 747 9 835 81 883 7 9

2357 Concrete contractors 467 117.................. 417 906 264 374 153 532 49 211 12 258 15 185 126 065 9 1423571 Concrete contractors 467 117................ 417 906 264 374 153 532 49 211 12 258 15 185 126 065 9 14235710 Concrete contractors 467 117.............. 417 906 264 374 153 532 49 211 12 258 15 185 126 065 9 14

2358 Water well drilling contractors 84 523........... 83 057 53 797 29 753 s1 466 4 925 6 157 46 573 17 1823581 Water well drilling contractors 84 523......... 83 057 53 797 29 753 s1 466 4 925 6 157 46 573 17 18235810 Water well drilling contractors 84 523....... 83 057 53 797 29 753 s1 466 4 925 6 157 46 573 17 18


Table 2. General Statistics for Establishments With Payroll by State: 1997mCon.[Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

NAICScode Industry




work


workValueadded

Cost ofmaterials,


Cost ofconstruction

worksubcontracted

out to others

Rentalcost of

machinery,equipment,

and buildings

Capitalexpenditures,

other thanland

End~of~yeargross book

value ofdepreciable

assets

A B C D E F G H B G

NORTH CAROLINAmCon.

23 ConstructionmCon.

235 Special trade contractorsmCon.

2359 Other special trade contractors 1 229 446......... 1 145 663 755 776 435 466 83 783 D 62 330 399 306 3 1023591 Structural steel erection contractors 119 439... 113 214 68 490 47 021 6 225 3 370 1 717 15 692 14 11235910 Structural steel erection contractors 119 439. 113 214 68 490 47 021 6 225 3 370 1 717 15 692 14 11

23592 Glass & glazing contractors 98 119.......... 90 735 49 460 49 204 7 384 2 218 2 361 13 275 11 35235920 Glass & glazing contractors 98 119........ 90 735 49 460 49 204 7 384 2 218 2 361 13 275 11 35

23593 Excavation contractors D............... D 224 167 D D 21 544 36 531 226 081 D 16235930 Excavation contractors D............. D 224 167 D D 21 544 36 531 226 081 D 16

23594 Wrecking & demolition contractors D.... 19 512 17 650 D D D D D Z D235940 Wrecking & demolition contractors D.. 19 512 17 650 D D D D D Z D

23595 Building equip & other machineryinstallation contractors 197 915.............. 187 948 133 492 57 626 9 967 3 575 5 312 27 692 3 3

235950 Building equip & other machineryinstallation contractors 197 915............ 187 948 133 492 57 626 9 967 3 575 5 312 27 692 3 3

23599 All other special trade contractors 437 621..... D 262 517 D D D D D D D235990 All other special trade contractors 437 621... D 262 517 D D D D D D D


Table 3. Detailed Statistics for Establishments With Payroll: 1997[Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Item

Value

Relativestandard error

of estimate(percent)

NORTH CAROLINA

Number of establishments in business during year 23 990............ Z

Number of proprietors and working partners S.................. S

Total number of employees 198 367................................. 1

Number of construction workers in March 148 789.................... 1Number of construction workers in May 153 269...................... 1Number of construction workers in August 156 354.................... 1Number of construction workers in November 152 858................. 1Average number of construction workers 152 818..................... 1

Number of other employees in March 45 619........................ 1Number of other employees in May 45 168.......................... 1Number of other employees in August 45 602....................... 1Number of other employees in November 45 808.................... 1Average number of other employees 45 549........................ 1

Payroll, all employees 5 177 635..................................... 1Payroll, construction workers 3 473 737............................. 1Payroll, other employees 1 703 899................................. 1

First~quarter payroll, all employees 1 191 865.......................... 1

Fringe benefits, all employees 948 492.............................. 1Legally required expenditures 688 665............................. 1Voluntary expenditures 259 827.................................. 2

Value of business done 26 893 094.................................... 1Value of construction work 26 505 734............................... 1

Value of construction work subcontracted in from others 7 152 177... 2Other business receipts 387 359.................................. 5

Net value of construction 19 343 094................................... 1

Value added 11 580 847.............................................. 1

Selected costs 15 312 247............................................ 1Cost of materials, components, and supplies 7 773 103............... 1Cost of construction work subcontracted out to others 7 162 641........ 2

Item

Value

Relativestandard error

of estimate(percent)

NORTH CAROLINAmCon.Selected costsmCon.

Cost of selected power, fuels, and lubricants 376 504................ 2Cost of electricity 58 984...................................... 3Cost of natural gas and manufactured gas 18 468................ 6Cost of gasoline and diesel fuel 277 268......................... 2

Cost of on~highway use of gasoline and diesel fuel 203 763...... 2Cost of off~highway use of gasoline and diesel fuel 73 505...... 6

Cost of all other fuels and lubricants 21 783..................... 6

Rental cost for machinery, equipment, and buildings 365 787........... 3Rental cost for machinery and equipment 263 133.................. 4Rental cost for buildings 102 653.................................. 4

Selected purchased services 490 140............................... 2Purchased communication services 152 253....................... 2Cost of repairs to buildings and other structures 53 455............. 4Cost of repairs to machinery and equipment 284 432................ 3

Value of construction work 26 505 734................................. 1Value of construction work on government owned projects 4 566 304... 2

Value of construction work on federally owned projects 1 043 258.... 6Value of construction work on state and locally ownedprojects 3 523 046............................................. 2

Value of construction work on privately owned projects 21 939 430....... 1

Beginning~of~year gross book value of depreciable assets 3 642 684...... 3Capital expenditures, other than land 533 505...................... 3Retirements and disposition of depreciable assets 166 459........... 3

End~of~year gross book value of depreciable assets 4 009 730........... 3

Depreciation charges during year 428 962........................... 2

Number of establishments with inventories 5 936................... 4Value of construction work for establishments with inventories 10 956 163.. 2

End of 1997, inventories of materials and supplies 481 417........... 6End of 1996, inventories of materials and supplies 464 208........... 7

Number of establishments with no inventories 8 648................ 3Value of construction work for establishments with noinventories 10 625 726.............................................. 2

Number of establishments not reporting inventories 9 406............ 3Value of construction work for establishments not reportinginventories 4 923 846.............................................. 3


Table 4. Selected Statistics for Establishments With Payroll by Employment Size Class: 1997[Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Employment size class



Number ofestab~

lishments

Totalnumber

of em~

ployeesTotal

payroll

Dollar valueof

business done


work


workValueadded

Cost ofmaterials,


Cost ofconstruction

worksubcontracted

out to others

A B C D E F G H I B F

NORTH CAROLINA

Total 23 990................... 198 367 5 177 635 26 893 094 26 505 734 19 343 094 11 580 847 8 149 607 7 162 641 1 1

Establishments with 1 to 4employees 15 064..................... 29 645 539 717 4 028 459 3 975 979 3 122 542 1 825 169 1 349 853 853 437 2 3



Establishments with 20 to 49employees 1 211..................... 36 260 1 022 199 4 791 877 4 710 489 3 479 870 2 091 244 1 470 014 1 230 619 5 4

Establishments with 50 to 99employees 332..................... 22 751 702 976 3 814 474 3 790 853 2 600 687 1 496 904 1 127 404 1 190 166 4 3

Establishments with 100 to 249employees 135..................... 19 848 616 986 3 063 580 3 034 124 2 001 304 1 091 568 939 192 1 032 820 Z Z

Establishments with 250 to 499employees 42..................... 13 927 460 232 2 550 583 2 487 547 1 333 433 842 050 554 419 1 154 114 Z Z

Establishments with 500 to 999employees 13..................... D D D D D D D D D D

Establishments with 1,000employees or more 1............. D D D D D D D D D D

Table 5. Selected Statistics for Establishments With Payroll by Dollar Value of Business DoneSize Class: 1997

[Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Dollar value size class



Number ofestab~

lishments

Totalnumber

of em~

ployeesTotal

payroll

Dollar valueof

business done


work


workValueadded

Cost ofmaterials,


Cost ofconstruction

worksubcontracted

out to others

A B C D E F G H I B F

NORTH CAROLINA

Total 23 990................... 198 367 5 177 635 26 893 094 26 505 734 19 343 094 11 580 847 8 149 607 7 162 641 1 1

Establishments withvalue of business done less than $25,000 948.............. S S S S S S S S S S

Establishments withvalue of business done $25,000 to $49,999 1 488............. S S S S S S S S S S

Establishments withvalue of business done $50,000 to $99,999 3 187............. 5 071 64 241 S S S S S S 7 S

Establishments withvalue of business done $100,000 to $249,999 6 468.......... 18 833 293 668 1 055 300 1 051 117 959 201 634 585 328 798 S 4 4

Establishments withvalue of business done $250,000 to $499,999 4 212.......... 18 820 341 690 1 467 858 1 448 706 1 260 162 818 307 461 006 188 544 6 5

Establishments withvalue of business done $500,000 to $999,999 3 195.......... 24 490 515 896 2 241 311 2 217 099 1 898 230 1 151 438 771 004 318 869 6 5

Establishments withvalue of business done $1,000,000 to $2,499,999 2 623....... 31 387 822 385 4 009 769 3 944 915 3 187 755 1 952 209 1 300 400 757 159 5 5

Establishments withvalue of business done $2,500,000 to $4,999,999 1 065....... 24 992 719 134 3 651 539 3 602 949 2 804 435 1 647 848 1 205 178 798 514 6 6

Establishments withvalue of business done $5,000,000 to $9,999,999 466....... 21 128 637 290 3 238 835 3 190 225 2 340 715 1 353 619 1 035 705 849 511 4 4

Establishments withvalue of business done $10,000,000 or more 337........... 51 399 1 763 585 10 922 918 10 748 201 6 606 171 3 825 804 2 955 084 4 142 031 1 Z


Table 6. Value of Construction Work for Establishments With Payroll by Geographic Locationof Construction Work: 1997

[Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. This table presents selected statistics for establishments according to the geographic location of construction work. Data are not shown for those geographiclocations in which construction work is relatively insignificant. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Geographic location of construction work Value of construction work Relative standard error of estimate (percent)

NORTH CAROLINA

Total 26 505 734.................................................................. 1

Construction work done in Florida 153 197................................................. 8Construction work done in Georgia 251 991................................................ 10Construction work done in North Carolina 24 151 536.......................................... 1Construction work done in South Carolina 760 629.......................................... 2Construction work done in Tennessee 171 477............................................. 5Construction work done in Virginia 441 879................................................ 7


Table 7. Value of Construction Work for Establishments With Payroll by Type of Construction:1997


Type of construction

Value of construction work

Relative standard error of estimate(percent) for columnm

TotalNew

construction

Additions,alterations, orreconstruction

Maintenanceand repair

A B C D A B C D

NORTH CAROLINA

Total 26 505 734.................................................... 19 098 879 4 778 451 2 434 953 1 1 2 3

Building construction, total 21 501 989................................. 15 728 856 3 923 931 1 849 202 1 1 2 4Single~family houses, detached and attached 8 853 204......................... 7 169 184 1 062 601 621 419 2 2 5 6

Single~family houses, detached 8 071 992................................... 6 642 482 901 839 527 671 2 3 5 6Single~family houses, attached 781 212.................................... 526 701 160 762 93 749 9 10 15 16

Apartment buildings, apartment type condominiums and cooperatives 990 064.... 710 426 127 083 152 554 6 6 14 27Manufacturing and light industrial buildings 2 226 343........................... 1 184 364 636 165 405 814 3 4 4 4Manufacturing and light industrial warehouses 628 925......................... 450 368 119 457 59 101 6 7 8 13Hotels and motels 500 128................................................. 407 893 65 155 27 080 7 8 10 9Office buildings 2 167 872.................................................... 1 461 531 548 205 158 135 4 6 3 6All other commercial buildings, nec 2 092 312.................................. 1 484 485 440 537 167 289 6 6 10 9Commercial warehouses 556 015........................................... 460 199 64 691 31 124 9 10 14 14Religious buildings 477 976................................................. 328 919 122 594 26 463 6 8 5 12Educational buildings 1 156 410.............................................. 792 691 304 552 59 168 2 2 4 5Health care and institutional buildings 994 471................................ 624 633 291 219 78 619 3 3 5 17Public safety buildings 230 222............................................. 194 188 25 693 10 341 27 32 6 8Amusement, social, and recreational buildings 231 922........................ 177 553 41 484 12 884 7 9 9 21Other building construction 396 125......................................... 282 423 74 493 39 209 9 8 20 29

Nonbuilding construction, total 4 810 295............................. 3 370 023 854 521 585 751 2 3 5 5Highways, streets, and related work 1 530 322................................. 1 044 543 330 327 155 452 3 5 10 11Private driveways and parking areas 365 045................................. 260 866 46 607 57 573 7 8 11 13Bridges, tunnels, and elevated highways 209 158............................. 173 789 27 092 8 277 15 18 2 18

Bridges and elevated highways 167 186.................................... 134 279 26 117 6 790 19 24 1 14Tunnels 41 973........................................................ 39 511 975 S 7 5 37 S

Sewers, water mains, and related facilities 728 751............................ 592 414 71 109 65 228 10 10 18 13Sewers, sewer lines, septic systems, and related facilities 359 337............ 287 518 35 382 S 11 13 19 SWater mains and related facilities 369 414.................................. 304 896 35 727 28 791 11 11 20 14

Pipeline construction other than sewer or water lines 224 847................... 155 252 25 899 S 19 17 16 SPower and communication transmission lines, cables, towers, and relatedfacilities 656 327......................................................... 434 441 135 074 86 812 5 5 2 4

Power plants 181 785...................................................... 103 011 34 658 44 116 1 1 4 1Sewage and water treatment plants 299 722.................................. 181 834 109 352 8 536 8 5 20 13

Sewage treatment plants 143 718......................................... 83 275 s54 796 5 647 16 6 40 18Water treatment plants 156 005........................................... 98 560 54 556 2 889 3 4 4 10

Other nonbuilding construction, nec 614 338.................................. 423 872 74 405 116 061 7 9 10 13

Construction work, nsk 193 453..................................... X X X 14 X X X


Table 8. Dollar Value of Business Done for Establishments With Payroll by Kind~of~BusinessActivity: 1997


Primary and other kinds of business activitiesDollar value of business done

Relative standard error of estimate(percent)

NORTH CAROLINA

Total 26 893 094................................................................................................ 1

Building, developing, and general contracting, total 12 912 145...................................................... 2Building construction on land owned by othersmgeneral contractor or design~builder 7 814 793.................................. 2Building construction on land owned by you, for sale 3 168 364.............................................................. 4Construction managementmbuildings 220 286........................................................................... 8Remodelingmgeneral contractor or design~builder 1 239 566................................................................ 6Subdividing/developing land owned by you into lots for sale 469 136........................................................ 8

Heavy construction, total 3 436 548............................................................................... 3Cable and conduit laying contractor 236 915............................................................................. 12Excavation work, earthmoving or land clearing contractor, not connected with buildings 470 565................................ 10Heavy construction contractor 1 293 747.................................................................................. 6Highway and street general contractor 932 317........................................................................... 4Paving contractormasphalt or concrete for highways, streets, or airport runways 503 003...................................... 8

Special trade contractors, total 7 350 437......................................................................... 2Asphalt contractor, private driveways and parking areas 139 673........................................................... 15Building sprinkler system installation contractor 253 690................................................................... 19Carpentry contractor 320 555.......................................................................................... 10Concrete contractor, except paving of roads, highways, and streets 240 338................................................. 14Drywall contractor 356 269............................................................................................. 12Electric power installation and service contractor, including lighting 1 512 598.................................................. 4Excavation work: earthmoving or land clearing contractor, connected with buildings 388 493................................... 9Heating, ventilation and air~conditioning contractor (HVAC) 1 156 560......................................................... 6Insulation contractor 190 876.......................................................................................... 12Masonry contractor: brick or block 356 621.............................................................................. 7

Mechanical contractor 521 864......................................................................................... 7Painting contractor 361 298............................................................................................ 8Plumbing contractor 650 170........................................................................................... 11Roofing contractor 402 926............................................................................................ 6Siding contractor 180 833.............................................................................................. 19Telecommunications installation and service 317 673..................................................................... 20

Other construction activities, nec 2 735 893................................................................................ 3

Other business activities secondary to construction activities, total 374 678....................................... 5Other business activities, secondary to construction activities, nec 374 678.................................................. 5

Kind of business activity, nsk 83 394................................................................................... 10


Appendix A.Explanation of Terms

ALL EMPLOYEES

Comprise all full-time and part-time employees on thepayrolls of construction establishments, who worked orreceived pay for any part of the pay period including the12th of March, May, August, and November. Included areall persons on paid sick leave, paid holidays, and paidvacations during these pay periods. Officers of corpora-tions are included, but proprietors and partners of unin-corporated firms are not. Number of employees is the sumof all employees during the pay periods including the 12thof March, May, August, and November, divided by 4.

BEGINNING-OF-YEAR GROSS BOOK VALUE OFDEPRECIABLE ASSETS ($1,000)

Gross value of depreciable assets, usually original costsof the assets, at the beginning of the year. Depreciableassets are the fixed tangible property of the establishmentfor which depreciation accounts are ordinarily maintained.

BEGINNING-OF-YEAR INVENTORIES OF MATERIALSAND SUPPLIES ($1,000)

The inventories of materials and supplies owned at thebeginning of the reporting year by establishments withpayroll. Includes all of the materials and supplies that areowned regardless of where they are held. Excludes materi-als that are owned by others but held by the reportingestablishment. Builders who built on their own account forsale were requested to exclude work in progress and fin-ished units not sold from inventories. Inventories of multi-establishment companies were instructed to be reportedby the establishment that is responsible for the invento-ries, even if these inventories were held at a separate loca-tion.

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, OTHER THAN LAND($1,000)

Capital expenditures are those that were or will becharged to the fixed assets accounts and for which depre-ciation accounts are ordinarily maintained. Includes thecost of capital improvements that were made during theyear that increased the value of property or adapted it foranother use. Capital expenditures for leasehold improve-ments made to property leased from others are alsoincluded. Land expenditures are not included as capitalexpenditures. If any building or equipment had beenacquired under a capital leasing arrangement that meet

the criteria set down by the Financial Accounting Stan-dards Board (FASB), respondents were instructed to reportthe original cost or market value as a fixed asset and as acapital expenditure, if acquired in the reporting year. If thelease qualified as an operating lease, respondents wereinstructed not to include the value of the building andequipment as a fixed asset or capital expenditure. If capi-tal expenditures were not recorded directly at the estab-lishment level but handled centrally at a company or divi-sion level, respondents were requested to reportappropriate estimates for the individual establishments.

CONSTRUCTION WORKERS

Includes all payroll workers up through the workingsupervisor level directly engaged in construction opera-tions, such as painters, carpenters, plumbers, and electri-cians. Included are journeymen, mechanics, apprentices,laborers, truck drivers and helpers, equipment operators,and on-site record keepers and security guards. Supervi-sory employees above the working foreman level areexcluded from this category and are included in the otheremployees category.

COST OF ALL OTHER FUELS AND LUBRICANTS($1,000)

Costs for fuels and lubricants purchased during theyear from other companies or received from other estab-lishments of the company and not included as costs in anyof these categories: natural gas; manufactured gas; gaso-line; and diesel fuel.

COST OF CONSTRUCTION WORK SUBCONTRACTEDOUT TO OTHERS ($1,000)

All costs for construction work subcontracted out toother construction contractors during the reporting year.Excluded from this item are costs to the reporting estab-lishment for its purchases of materials, components, andsupplies provided to a subcontractor for use, such costsare reported under costs for materials, components, andsupplies. Also excluded are costs for the rental of machin-ery or equipment.

COST OF ELECTRICITY ($1,000)

Costs for electric energy purchased during the yearfrom other companies or received from other establish-ments of the company.

APPENDIX A A–1CONSTRUCTION


COST OF GASOLINE AND DIESEL FUEL ($1,000)

Costs for gasoline and diesel fuel purchased during theyear from other companies or received from other estab-lishments of the company.

COST OF OFF-HIGHWAY USE OF GASOLINE ANDDIESEL FUEL ($1,000)

Includes the costs for gasoline and diesel fuel pur-chased during the reporting year for off-highway use. Off-highway fuel use is the use of fuel for trade, business, orincome producing activity. In most cases, off-highway fueluse does not include use in a highway vehicle registeredor required to be registered for use on public highways.

COST OF ON-HIGHWAY USE OF GASOLINE ANDDIESEL FUEL ($1,000)

Costs for gasoline and diesel fuel purchased during theyear to fuel highway vehicles. A highway vehicle is anyself-propelled vehicle designed to carry a load over publichighways, whether or not also designed to perform otherfunctions. Examples of vehicles designed to carry a loadover public highways are passenger automobiles, trucks,and truck tractors. If a vehicle can be used for a combina-tion of on-highway and off-highway uses and has one fueltank, the fuel use is not considered off-highway. Anexample of this is a concrete-mixer truck where the truckengine operates both the engine and the mixing unit by apower take-off and is fueled by a single tank. None of thefuel used in this vehicle is off-highway because of theon-highway use. If the vehicle has separate fuel tanks andengines, the fuel in a tank used for non-highway use maybe considered off-highway use.

COSTS OF MATERIALS, COMPONENTS, ANDSUPPLIES ($1,000)

Includes the costs for materials, components, and sup-plies used by establishments in the construction or recon-struction of buildings, structures, or other facilities andcosts for materials bought and resold to others. Alsoincludes costs made for direct purchases of materials,components, and supplies even though the purchaseswere subsequently provided to subcontractors for theiruse. Supplies include expendable tools which are chargedto current accounts. Freight and other direct charges rep-resenting only that amount paid after discounts, and thevalue of materials, components, and supplies obtainedfrom other establishments of the respondent’s company.Excluded from this item are the cost of fuels, lubricants,electric energy, industrial and other specialized machineryand equipment such as printing presses; computer sys-tems, that are not an integral part of a structure; andmaterials furnished to contractors by the owners ofprojects.

COST OF MATERIALS, COMPONENTS, SUPPLIES,AND FUELS ($1,000)

Includes the costs for materials, components, suppliesused by establishments in the construction or reconstruc-tion of buildings, structures, or other facilities and costsfor materials bought and resold to others. Also includesthe costs for fuels that include gasoline, diesel fuel, andlubricants, and electric energy purchased during the yearfrom other companies for received from other establish-ments of the company and costs for natural and manufac-tured gas, fuel oil, coal and coke products. Excluded fromthis item are industrial and other specialized machineryand equipment, such as printing presses; computer sys-tems, that are not an integral part of a structure; materialsfurnished to contractors by the owners of projects.

COST OF NATURAL GAS AND MANUFACTURED GAS($1,000)

Costs for natural gas and manufactured gas purchasedduring the year from other companies or received fromother establishments of the company.

COST OF REPAIRS TO BUILDING AND OTHERSTRUCTURES ($1,000)

Includes the cost of all repairs made to structures byoutside companies or from other establishments of thesame company. It includes only the cost of repairs neces-sary to maintain property. It excludes the cost of improve-ments that increase the value of property or the cost ofadapting it for another use. Such costs are included incapital expenditures.

COST OF REPAIRS TO MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT($1,000)

Includes the cost of all repairs made to machinery andequipment by outside companies or from other establish-ments of the same company. It includes only the cost ofrepairs necessary to maintain the machinery.

COST OF SELECTED POWER, FUELS, ANDLUBRICANTS ($1,000)

Included are costs for fuels including gasoline, dieselfuel, and lubricants, and electric energy purchased duringthe year from other companies or received from otherestablishments of the company. Also included are costsfor natural gas, manufactured gas, fuel oil, coal and cokeproducts.

DEPRECIATION CHARGES DURING YEAR ($1,000)

The depreciation expenses of the establishment in thereporting year. These expenses are charged against depre-ciable assets which are the fixed tangible property of theestablishment for which depreciation accounts are ordi-narily maintained.

A–2 APPENDIX A CONSTRUCTION


DOLLAR VALUE SIZE CLASS

Displays data for establishments with payroll that fallwithin each range of value of business done.

END-OF-YEAR GROSS BOOK VALUE OF DEPRECIABLEASSETS ($1,000)

The gross value of depreciable assets, plus any capitalexpenditures for new and use depreciable assets in thereporting year, minus the gross value of depreciable assetssold, retired, scrapped, destroyed, etc. in the reportingyear.

END-OF-YEAR INVENTORIES OF MATERIALS ANDSUPPLIES ($1,000)

The inventories of materials and supplies owned at theend of the reporting year by establishments with payroll.Includes all of the materials and supplies that are ownedregardless of where they are held. Excludes materialswhich are owned by others but held by the reportingestablishment. Builders who build on their own accountfor sale were requested to exclude work in progress andfinished units not sold from inventories. Inventories ofmultiestablishment companies were instructed to bereported by the establishment that is responsible for theinventories even if these inventories were held at a sepa-rate location.

FIRST-QUARTER PAYROLL ($1,000)

Includes the gross earnings paid in the first quarter ofthe reporting year to all employees on the payroll of con-struction establishments. The first-quarter payroll periodis January through March. Includes all forms of compensa-tion such as salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay,bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, prior to such deduc-tions as employees’ Social Security contributions, with-holding taxes, group insurance, union dues, and savingsbonds. Includes salaries of officers of these establish-ments, if a corporation, but excludes payments to the pro-prietor or partners, if unincorporated.

FRINGE BENEFITS ($1,000)

Includes expenditures made by the employer for legallyrequired and voluntary fringe benefit programs foremployees.

LEGALLY REQUIRED EXPENDITURES ($1,000)

Includes expenditures made by the employer for SocialSecurity contributions, unemployment compensation,workman’s compensation, and state temporary disabilitypayments.

LOCATION OF CONSTRUCTION WORK

Location of construction work refers to the state loca-tion where construction work is done. A constructionestablishment can be physically located in one state andperform construction activities in another state(s). Loca-tion of construction work identifies the state where con-struction work was done, not the actual physical locationof the establishment.

NET VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK ($1,000)

The value of construction work less the cost of con-struction work subcontracted out to others.

NUMBER OF CONSTRUCTION WORKERS:QUARTERLY PAY PERIOD

Refers to the number of construction workers employedduring a quarterly pay period. January to March includesthe reported number of construction workers employedduring the pay period including March 12. April to Juneincludes the reported number of construction workersemployed during the pay period including May 12. July toSeptember includes the reported number of constructionworkers employed during the pay period including August12. October to December includes the reported number ofconstruction workers employed during the pay periodincluding November 12.

NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS

Includes all establishments that were in business at anytime during the year. It covers all full-year and part-yearoperations. Construction establishments that were inac-tive or idle for the entire year were not included.

NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS NOT REPORTINGINVENTORIES

Includes all establishments with payroll that did notreport a dollar amount for inventories of materials andsupplies during the reporting year. It covers all full-yearand part-year operations. Construction establishmentsthat were inactive or idle for the entire year were notincluded.

NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS WITH INVENTORIES

Includes all establishments with payroll that reported adollar amount of inventory. Includes the number of estab-lishments that were in business at any time during theyear. It covers all full-year and part-year operations. Con-struction establishments that were inactive or idle for theentire year were not included.



NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS WITH NOINVENTORIES

Includes all establishments with payroll that reportedhaving no inventories of materials and supplies during thereporting year. Includes establishments that were in busi-ness at any time during the year. It covers all full-year andpart-year operations. Construction establishments thatwere inactive or idle for the entire year were not included.

NUMBER OF OTHER EMPLOYEES: QUARTERLY PAYPERIOD

Refers to the number of other employees employedduring a quarterly pay period. January to March includesthe reported number of other workers employed duringthe pay period including March 12. April to June includesthe reported number of other workers employed duringthe pay period including May 12. July to Septemberincludes the reported number of other workers employedduring the pay period including August 12. October toDecember includes the reported number of other workersemployed during the pay period including November 12.

NUMBER OF PROPRIETORS AND WORKINGPARTNERS

These data were not collected on the census reportforms. The data shown are based on crediting each soleproprietorship establishment with one active proprietorand each partnership establishment with two workingpartners.

OTHER BUSINESS RECEIPTS ($1,000)

Includes business receipts not reported as value of con-struction work. This includes business receipts from retailand wholesale trade, rental of equipment without opera-tor, manufacturing, transportation, legal services, insur-ance, finance, rental of property and other real estateoperations, and other nonconstruction activities. Receiptsfor separately definable architectural and engineeringwork for others are also included here. Excluded arereceipts from other business operations in foreign coun-tries, and nonoperating income such as interest and divi-dends.

OTHER EMPLOYEES

Includes payroll employees in executive, purchasing,accounting, personnel, professional, technical activities,and routine office functions. Also included are supervisoryemployees above the working foreman level.

PAYROLL ($1,000)

Includes the gross earnings paid in the reporting yearto all employees on the payroll of construction establish-ments. It includes all forms of compensation such as sala-ries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vaca-tion and sick leave pay, prior to deductions such as

employees’ Social Security contributions, withholdingtaxes, group insurance, union dues, and savings bonds.The total includes salaries of officers of these establish-ments, if a corporation, but excludes payments to the pro-prietor or partners, if unincorporated.

PAYROLL: CONSTRUCTION WORKERS ($1,000)

Includes the gross earnings paid in the reporting yearto all construction workers on the payroll of constructionestablishments. It includes all forms of compensation suchas salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses,vacation and sick leave pay, prior to deductions such asemployees’ Social security contributions, withholdingtaxes, group insurance, union dues, and savings bonds.

PAYROLL: OTHER EMPLOYEES ($1,000)

Includes the gross earnings paid in the reporting yearto all other employees on the payroll of constructionestablishments. It includes all forms of compensation suchas salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses,vacations and sick leave pay, prior to deductions such asemployees’ Social Security contributions, withholdingtaxes, group insurance, union dues, and savings bonds.Payroll of other employees excludes salaries of the propri-etor or partners, if unincorporated.

PRIMARY AND OTHER KINDS OF BUSINESSACTIVITIES

Displays dollar value of business done by primary con-struction business activity. Primary construction activity isconstruction activity that generates fifty-one percent ormore of an establishment’s dollar value of business done.Also displayed are other kinds of business activities. Otherkinds of business activities include business receipts notreported as value of construction work. This item includesbusiness receipts from retail and wholesale trade, rental ofequipment without an operator, manufacturing, transpor-tation, legal services, insurance, finance, rental of prop-erty and other real estate operations, and other noncon-struction activities. Receipts for separately definablearchitectural and engineering work for others are alsoincluded in other kinds of business activities.

PURCHASED COMMUNICATION SERVICES ($1,000)

Includes all costs for communication services pur-chased from other companies or from other establish-ments of the company.

RENTAL COSTS FOR BUILDINGS ($1,000)

Includes all costs for renting or leasing space and build-ings. It excludes costs under agreements that are in effectconditional sales contracts such as capital leases. Suchcosts are included in capital expenditures.



RENTAL COSTS FOR MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT($1,000)

Includes all costs for renting or leasing constructionmachinery and equipment, transportation equipment, pro-duction equipment, office equipment, furniture and fix-tures, and scaffolding. It excludes costs for the rental ofland. It also excludes costs under agreements that ineffect are conditional sales contracts such as capitalleases. Such costs are included in capital expenditures.

RENTAL COSTS FOR MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, ANDBUILDINGS ($1,000)

Includes all costs for renting or leasing constructionmachinery and equipment, transportation equipment, pro-duction equipment, office equipment, furniture and fix-tures, scaffolding, office space, and buildings. It excludescosts for the rental of land. It also excludes costs underagreements that in effect are conditional sales contractssuch as capital leases. Such costs are included in capitalexpenditures.

RETIREMENTS AND DISPOSITION OF DEPRECIABLEASSETS ($1,000)

Includes the gross value of depreciable assets sold,retired, scrapped, destroyed, abandoned, etc., during theyear. The values shown are the acquisition costs of theretired assets. This item also includes the value of assets(at acquisition cost rather than current market value)transferred to other establishments of the same company.

SELECTED COSTS ($1,000)

Includes the costs for materials, components, and sup-plies; costs for construction work subcontracted out toothers; and costs for selected power, fuels, and lubricants.Capital expenditures and rental costs for machinery,equipment, and structures are shown elsewhere.

SELECTED PURCHASED SERVICES ($1,000)

Includes all costs for communication and repair tobuildings and other structure services purchased fromother companies or from other establishments of the com-pany. It also includes the cost of all repairs made to struc-tures and equipment by outside companies or from otherestablishments of the same company. It includes only thecost of repairs necessary to maintain property and equip-ment. It excludes the cost of improvements that increasethe value of property or the cost of adapting it for anotheruse. Such costs are included in capital expenditures.

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

Provides data by the types of buildings, structures, orother facilities being constructed or worked on by con-struction establishments in the reporting year. Respon-dents were instructed that each building, structure, or

other facility should be classified in terms of its function.For example, a restaurant building was to be classified inthe restaurant category whether it was designed as a com-mercial restaurant building or an auxiliary unit of an edu-cational institution. If respondents worked on more thanone type of building or structure in a multibuilding com-plex, they were instructed to report separately for eachbuilding or type of structure. If they worked on a buildingthat had more than one purpose; i.e., office and residen-tial, or commercial, they were to classify the building bymajor purpose. In addition, all respondents wererequested to report the percentage of the value of con-struction work done for new construction, additions, alter-ations, or reconstruction, and maintenance and repairwork for each of these types.

Building Construction

• Single-family houses, detached. Includes all fullydetached residential buildings constructed for one fam-ily use.

• Single-family houses, attached, including town-houses and townhouse-type condominiums.Includes all residential buildings with two or more livingquarters side by side, completely independent of oneanother, and separated by an unbroken party or lot linewall from ground to roof.

• Apartment buildings, apartment type condomini-ums, and cooperatives. Includes apartment rentals,high-rise, low-rise, or any structures containing two ormore housing units other than attached single-familyhouses.

• All other residential buildings. Includes dormitories,fraternity and sorority houses, and other nonhousekeep-ing residential structures.

• Manufacturing and light industrial buildings.Includes all manufacturing and light industrial buildingsand plants that are used to house production andassembly activities. Note that industrial parks should beclassified under its primary usage such as warehouses,office space, commercial or industrial type buildings.Heavy industrial facilities such as blast furnaces, petro-leum refineries, and chemical complexes are notincluded in this category but are reported under non-building construction.

• Manufacturing and light industrial warehouses.Includes all warehouses which are intended for indus-trial activities.

• Hotels and motels. Includes hotels, motels, bed-and-breakfast inns, and tourist cabins intended for transientaccommodations. Also included are hotel and motelconference centers.



• Office buildings. Includes all buildings that are usedprimarily for office space or for government administra-tive offices. Also included are banks or financial build-ings that are three stories or more. Medical office build-ings are reported under hospitals and institutionalbuildings.

• All other commercial buildings, nec (not else-where classified) such as stores, restaurants,and automobile service stations. Includes all build-ings that are intended for use primarily in the retail andservice trades. For example, shopping centers, depart-ment stores, drug stores, restaurants, public garages,auto service stations, and one or two story bank orfinancial institutions.

• Commercial warehouses. Includes distribution build-ings and mini-storage units intended for commercialuse. Also included are storage warehouses.

• Religious buildings. Includes all buildings that areintended for religious services or functions such aschurches, synagogues, convents, monasteries, andseminaries.

• Educational buildings. Includes all buildings that areused directly in administrative and instructional activi-ties such as colleges, universities, elementary and sec-ondary schools, correspondence, commercial, and tradeschools. Libraries, museums, and art galleries, as wellas laboratories that are not a part of a manufacturing orcommercial establishment, are also included.

• Health care and institutional buildings. Includeshospitals, medical office buildings and all other build-ings that are intended to provide health and institu-tional care such as clinics, infirmaries, sanitariums,nursing homes, homes for the aged, and orphanages.

• Public safety buildings. Included detention centers,prisons, fire stations, and rescue squad buildings.

• Farm buildings, nonresidential. Includes nonresi-dential farm buildings such as barns, poultry houses,implement sheds, and farm silos.

• Amusement, social, and recreational buildings.Includes buildings that are used primarily for entertain-ment, social, and recreational activities such as sportsarenas, convention centers, theaters, music halls, golfand country club buildings, skating rinks, fitness cen-ters, bowling alleys, and indoor swimming pools.

• Other building construction. Includes all types ofresidential and nonresidential building construction notshown elsewhere.

Nonbuilding Construction

• Highways, streets, and related work such asinstallation of guardrails, highway signs, andlighting. Includes streets, roads, alleys, sidewalks,

curbs and gutters, culverts, right-of-way drainage, ero-sion control, and lighting. Also includes earthwork pro-tective structures when used in connection with roadimprovements.

• Airport runways and related work. Includes run-ways, taxiways, aprons, and related work.

• Private driveways and parking areas. Includes allnonstructural parking areas and private driveways of allsurface types.

• Bridges and elevated highways. Includes viaductsand overpasses, roads, highways, railroads, and cause-ways built on structural supports.

• Tunnels. Includes highway, pedestrian, railroad, andwater distribution tunnels.

• Sewers, sewer lines, septic tanks, and relatedfacilities. Includes sanitary and storm sewers, pump-ing stations, septic systems, and related facilities.

• Water mains and related facilities. Includes watersupply systems, pumping stations, and related facilities.

• Pipeline construction other than sewer or water-lines. Includes pipelines for the transmission of gas,petroleum products, and liquefied gases.

• Power and communication transmission lines,towers, and related facilities. Includes electricpower lines, telephone and telegraph lines, fiber opticcables, cable television lines, television and radio tow-ers, and electric light and power facilities.

• Power plants and cogeneration plants, excepthydroelectric. Includes electric and steam generatingplants, cogenerating plants, and nuclear plants.

• Power plant, hydroelectric. Includes all types ofhydroelectric power generating plants.

• Blast furnaces, petroleum refineries, chemicalcomplexes, etc. Includes coke ovens and miningappurtenances such as tipples and washeries.

• Sewage treatment plants. Includes sewage treatmentand waste disposal plants.

• Water treatment plants. Includes water filtration andwater softening plants.

• Urban mass transit. Includes subways, street cars,and light rail systems.

• Railroad construction. Includes the construction ofrailroad beds, tracks, freight yards, and signal towersfor systems other than urban mass transit.

• Conservation and development construction.Includes land reclamation, irrigation projects, drainagecanals, levees, jetties, breakwaters, and flood controlprojects.



• Dam and reservoir construction. Includes hydroelec-tric, water supply, and flood control dams and reser-voirs.

• Dry/Solid waste disposal. Includes all dry/solidwaste disposal sites where non hazardous waste is bur-ied.

• Harbor and port facilities. Includes docks, piers, andwharves.

• Marine construction. Includes dredging, underwaterrock removal, breakwaters, navigational channels, andlocks.

• Outdoor swimming pools. Includes wading pools andreflecting pools.

• Water storage facilities. Includes aqueducts, watertowers, and water tanks.

• Tank storage facilities other than water. Includesgasoline and oil storage tanks.

• Fencing. Includes all types of fencing.

• Recreational facilities. Includes athletic fields, golfcourses, outdoor tennis courts, trails, and camps.

• Billboards. Includes all type of billboards.

• Heavy military construction. Includes all militarynonbuilding such as missile sites and testing facilities,launch sites and underground command centers.

• Ships. Includes special trade contractors working onships and boats such as painters, carpenters, joiners,electricians, etc.

• Oilfields. The majority of construction work occurringin oil fields is classified in Sector 21, Mining. Forexample, pipeline construction on oil and gas leases areclassified in mining only up to the point where the dis-tribution company takes over. At that point, pipelineconstruction activity is classified in Sector 23, Construc-tion. Some secondary mining construction activities areclassified in the construction sector. Examples of thisinclude: road construction; land clearing contracting;land drainage contracting; and land leveling contract-ing.

• Other nonbuilding construction, nec. Includes alltypes of nonbuilding construction not elsewhere classi-fied.

VALUE ADDED ($1,000)

Value added is equal to value of business done, lesscosts for construction work subcontracted out to othersand costs for materials, components, supplies, and fuels.

VALUE OF BUSINESS DONE ($1,000)

Value of business done is the sum of value of construc-tion work and other business receipts.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK ($1,000)

Includes the value of construction work done by gen-eral contractors, heavy construction contractors, and spe-cial trades contractors. Included are new construction,additions, alterations or reconstruction, and maintenanceand repair construction work. Also includes the value ofany construction work done by the reporting establish-ments for themselves. Speculative builders wereinstructed to include the value of buildings and otherstructures built or being built for sale in the reportingyear, but not sold. They were to include the costs of suchconstruction plus normal profit. Also included is the costof construction work done on buildings for rent or lease.Establishments engaged in the sale and installation of con-struction components such as plumbing, heating, and cen-tral air-conditioning supplies and equipment; lumber andbuilding materials; paint, glass, and wallpaper; and electri-cal and wiring supplies, elevators or escalators wereinstructed to include both the value for the installationand the receipts covering the price of the items installed.Excluded are the cost of industrial and other specialmachinery and equipment that are not an integral part of astructure, and value of work done from business opera-tions in foreign countries.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK: ADDITIONS,ALTERATIONS, OR RECONSTRUCTION ($1,000)

Includes construction work which adds to the value oruseful life of an existing building or structure or thatadapts a building or structure to a new or different use.Included are major replacements of building systems,such as the installation of a new roof or heating systemand the resurfacing of streets or highways. This contraststo the repair of a hole in a roof or the routine patching ofhighways and streets that would be classified as mainte-nance and repair.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK DONE IN THISSTATE ($1,000)

Includes the value of construction work done in a stateby general contractors, heavy construction contractors,and special trades contractors.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK FORESTABLISHMENTS WITH INVENTORIES ($1,000)

The value of construction work for establishments withpayroll that reported a dollar amount of inventory in thereporting year.



VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK FORESTABLISHMENTS WITH NO INVENTORIES ($1,000)

The value of construction work for establishments withpayroll that reported having no dollar amount of inventoryin the reporting year.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK: FORSPECIALIZED TYPE ($1,000)

Includes value of construction work for one of two spe-cialized categories: types of construction; and kind-ofbusiness activity. A construction establishment specializesin a type of construction when fifty-one percent or more ofthe construction work done is in one construction indus-try. The construction establishment reports each type ofconstruction it performs as a percent of value of construc-tion work. Types of construction refers to the types ofbuildings, structures, or facilities constructed or workedon by construction establishments in the reporting year.Specialization in types of construction displays data forestablishments with payroll that falls within each percentrange of specialization. A construction establishment spe-cializes in a kind-of-business activity when fifty-one per-cent or more of the construction work done by the estab-lishment is performed in one type of business activity. Theconstruction establishment reports each kind-of-businessactivity engaged in as a percent of value of constructionwork. Kind-of-business activity refers to the kinds of busi-ness activities construction establishments performthroughout the reporting year. The following are examplesof kind-of-business activity: highway and street construc-tion; electrical contracting; carpentry contracting; and con-crete contracting. Specialization in kind-of-business-activity displays data for establishments with payroll thatfall within each percent range of specialization.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK: MAINTENANCEAND REPAIR ($1,000)

Includes incidental construction work that keeps aproperty in ordinary working condition. Excluded are trashand snow removal, lawn maintenance and landscaping,cleaning and janitorial services.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK: NEWCONSTRUCTION ($1,000)

Includes the complete, original building of structuresand essential service facilities and the initial installation ofintegral equipment such as elevators and plumbing, heat-ing, and air-conditioning supplies and equipment.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK ON FEDERALLYOWNED PROJECTS ($1,000)

The value of construction work for projects owned bythe Federal government.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK ON GOVERNMENTOWNED PROJECTS ($1,000)

The value of construction work for the sum total of allprojects owned by Federal, state, and local governments.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK ON PRIVATELYOWNED PROJECTS ($1,000)

The value of construction work for constructionprojects other than government owned projects.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK ON STATE ANDLOCALLY OWNED PROJECTS ($1,000)

The value of construction work for the sum total of allprojects owned by state and local governments.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK SUBCONTRACTEDIN FROM OTHERS ($1,000)

Includes the value of construction work done by report-ing establishments as subcontractors to other contractorsor builders. Establishments were asked to report theapproximate percent of total value of construction workaccounted for by such work, and the percentages reportedwere applied to the reported value of construction work todevelop a value for this item.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK FORESTABLISHMENTS NOT REPORTING INVENTORIES($1,000)

The value of construction work for establishments thatdid not report a dollar amount for inventories of materialsand supplies, and the value of construction work forestablishments that did not complete a census form.

VOLUNTARY EXPENDITURES ($1,000)

Includes expenditures made by the employer for lifeinsurance premiums, pension plans, insurance premiumson hospital and medical plans, welfare plans, and unionnegotiated benefits.



Appendix B.NAICS Codes, Titles, and Descriptions

23 CONSTRUCTION

The Construction sector comprises establishmentsprimarily engaged in the construction of buildings andother structures, heavy construction (except buildings),additions, alterations, reconstruction, installation, andmaintenance and repairs. Establishments engaged indemolition or wrecking of buildings and other structures,clearing of building sites, and sale of materials fromdemolished structures are also included. This sector alsoincludes those establishments engaged in blasting, testdrilling, landfill, leveling, earthmoving, excavating, landdrainage, and other land preparation. The industrieswithin this sector have been defined on the basis of theirunique production processes. As with all industries, theproduction processes are distinguished by their use ofspecialized human resources and specialized physicalcapital. Construction activities are generally administeredor managed at a relatively fixed place of business, but theactual construction work is performed at one or moredifferent project sites.

This sector is divided into three subsectors of construc-tion activities: (1) building construction and land subdivi-sion and land development; (2) heavy construction (exceptbuildings), such as highways, power plants, and pipelines;and (3) construction activity by special trade contractors.

Establishments classified in Subsector 233, Building,Developing, and General Contracting and Subsector 234,Heavy Construction, usually assume responsibility for anentire construction project, and may subcontract some orall of the actual construction work. Operative builders whobuild on their own account for sale, and land subdividersand land developers, who engage in subdividing real prop-erty into lots for sale, are included in Subsector 233, Build-ing, Developing, and General Contracting. (Special tradecontractors are included in Subsector 234, Heavy Con-struction, if they are engaged in activities primarily relat-ing to heavy construction, such as grading for highways.)Establishments included in these subsectors operate asgeneral contractors, design-builders, engineer-constructors, joint-venture contractors, and turnkeyconstruction contractors. Establishments identified asconstruction management firms are also included.

Establishments classified in Subsector 235, SpecialTrade Contractors, are primarily engaged in specializedconstruction activities, such as plumbing, painting, andelectrical work, and work for builders and general contrac-tors under subcontract or directly for project owners.Establishments engaged in demolition or wrecking of

buildings and other structures, dismantling of machinery,excavating, shoring and underpinning, anchored earthretention activities, foundation drilling, and grading forbuildings are also included in this subsector.

‘‘Force account’’ construction is construction work per-formed by an establishment primarily engaged in somebusiness other than construction, for its own account anduse, and by employees of the establishment. This activityis not included in this industry sector unless the construc-tion work performed is the primary activity of a separateestablishment of the enterprise.

The installation of prefabricated building equipmentand materials, such as elevators and revolving doors, isclassified in the Construction sector. Installation work inci-dental to sales by employees of a manufacturing or retailestablishment is classified as an activity of those estab-lishments.

233 Building, Developing, and General Contracting

Industries in the Building, Developing, and General Con-tracting subsector comprises establishments primarilyresponsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,additions, alterations, and repair) of building projects.Builders, developers, and general contractors, as well asland subdividers and land developers are included in thissubsector. Establishments identified as construction man-agement firms for building projects are also included. Theconstruction work may be for others and performed bycustom builders, general contractors, design builders,engineer-constructors, joint-venture contractors, and turn-key contractors, or may be on their own account for saleand performed by speculative or operative builders.

2331 Land Subdivision and Land Development

This NAICS Industry Group includes establishmentsclassified in NAICS Industry 23311, Land Subdivision andLand Development.


This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in subdividing real property into lots and/ordeveloping building lots for sale.


This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in subdividing real property into lots and/ordeveloping building lots for sale.

APPENDIX B B–1CONSTRUCTION


The data published with NAICS code 233110 includethe following SIC industries:

6552 Land subdividers and developers, exceptcemeteries

2332 Residential Building Construction

This NAICS Industry Group includes establishmentsclassified in the following NAICS Industries: 23321, Single-Family Housing Construction; and 23322, MultifamilyHousing Construction.

23321 Single-Family Housing Construction

This industry comprises establishments primarilyresponsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,additions, alterations, and repairs) of single family resi-dential housing units (e.g., single family detached houses,town houses, or row houses where each housing unit isseparated by a ground-to-roof wall and where no housingunits are constructed above or below). This industryincludes establishments responsible for additions andalterations to mobile homes and on-site assembly ofmodular and prefabricated houses. Establishments identi-fied as single family construction management firms arealso included in this industry. Establishments in this indus-try may perform work for others or on their own accountfor sale as speculative or operative builders. Kinds ofestablishments include single family housing custombuilders, general contractors, design builders, engineer-constructors, joint-venture contractors, and turnkeycontractors.

233210 Single-Family Housing Construction

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyresponsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,additions, alterations, and repairs) of single family resi-dential housing units (e.g., single family detached houses,town houses, or row houses where each housing unit isseparated by a ground-to-roof wall and where no housingunits are constructed above or below). This industryincludes establishments responsible for additions andalterations to mobile homes and on-site assembly ofmodular and prefabricated houses. Establishments identi-fied as single family construction management firms arealso included in this industry. Establishments in this indus-try may perform work for others or on their own accountfor sale as speculative or operative builders. Kinds ofestablishments include single family housing custombuilders, general contractors, design builders, engineer-constructors, joint-venture contractors, and turnkey con-tractors.


1521 General contractors—single-family houses

1531 Operative builders (pt)8741 Management services (pt)

23322 Multifamily Housing Construction

This industry comprises establishments primarilyresponsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,additions, alterations, and repairs) of multifamily residen-tial housing units (e.g., highrise, garden, and town houseapartments where each unit is not separated by a ground-to-roof wall). The units may be constructed for sale ascondominiums or cooperatives, or for rental as apart-ments. Establishments identified as multifamily construc-tion management firms are also included in this industry.Establishments in this industry may perform work forothers or on their own account for sale as speculative oroperative builders. Kinds of establishments include multi-family housing general contractors, design builders,engineer-constructors, joint-venture contractors, andturnkey contractors.

233220 Multifamily Housing Construction

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyresponsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,additions, alterations, and repairs) of multifamily residen-tial housing units (e.g., highrise, garden, and town houseapartments where each unit is not separated by a ground-to-roof wall). The units may be constructed for sale ascondominiums or cooperatives, or for rental as apart-ments. Establishments identified as multifamily construc-tion management firms are also included in this industry.Establishments in this industry may perform work forothers or on their own account for sale as speculative oroperative builders. Kinds of establishments include multi-family housing general contractors, design builders,engineer-constructors, joint-venture contractors, andturnkey contractors.


1522 General contractors—residential buildings,other than single-family (pt)

1531 Operative builders (pt)

8741 Management services (pt)

2333 Nonresidential Building Construction

This NAICS Industry Group includes establishmentsclassified in the following NAICS Industries: 23331, Manu-facturing and Industrial Building Construction; and 23332,Commercial and Institutional Building Construction.

23331 Manufacturing and Industrial BuildingConstruction

This industry comprises establishments primarilyresponsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,additions, alterations, and repairs) of manufacturing andindustrial buildings (e.g., plants, mills, factories). Estab-lishments identified as manufacturing and industrial build-ing construction management firms are also included in

B–2 APPENDIX B CONSTRUCTION


this industry. Kinds of establishments include manufactur-ing and industrial building general contractors, designbuilders, engineer-constructors, joint-venture contractors,and turnkey contractors.

233310 Manufacturing and Industrial BuildingConstruction

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyresponsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,additions, alterations, and repairs) of manufacturing andindustrial buildings (e.g., plants, mills, factories). Estab-lishments identified as manufacturing and industrial build-ing construction management firms are also included inthis industry. Kinds of establishments include manufactur-ing and industrial building general contractors, designbuilders, engineer-constructors, joint-venture contractors,and turnkey contractors.


1531 Operative builders (pt)

1541 General contractors—industrial buildings andwarehouses (pt)


23332 Commercial and Institutional BuildingConstruction

This industry comprises establishments primarilyresponsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,additions, alterations, and repairs) of commercial andinstitutional buildings (e.g., stores, schools, hospitalsoffice buildings, public warehouses). Establishments iden-tified as commercial and institutional building construc-tion management firms are also included in this industry.Kinds of establishments include commercial and institu-tional building general contractors, design builders,engineer-constructors, joint-venture contractors, andturnkey contractors.

233320 Commercial and Institutional BuildingConstruction

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyresponsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,additions, alterations, and repairs) of commercial andinstitutional buildings (e.g., stores, schools, hospitalsoffice buildings, public warehouses). Establishments iden-tified as commercial and institutional building construc-tion management firms are also included in this industry.Kinds of establishments include commercial and institu-tional building general contractors, design builders,engineer-constructors, joint-venture contractors, andturnkey contractors.


1522 General contractors—residential buildings,other than single-family (pt)

1531 Operative builders (pt)1541 General contractors—industrial buildings and

warehouses (pt)1542 General contractors—nonresidential buildings,

except industrial buildings and warehouses8741 Management services (pt)

234 Heavy Construction

Industries in the Heavy Construction subsector groupestablishments that engage in the construction of heavyengineering and industrial projects (except buildings), forexample, highways, power plants, and pipelines. The con-struction work performed may include new work, recon-struction, or repairs. Establishments identified as heavyconstruction management firms are also included. Estab-lishments in this subsector usually assume responsibilityfor entire nonbuilding projects but may subcontract someor all of the actual construction work. Special trade con-tractors are included in this group if they are engaged inactivities primarily related to heavy construction, forexample, grading for highways. Kinds of establishmentsinclude heavy construction general contractors, designbuilders, engineer-constructors, and joint-venture contrac-tors.

2341 Highway, Street, Bridge, and TunnelConstruction

This NAICS Industry Group includes establishmentsclassified in the following NAICS industries: 23411, High-way and Street Construction; and 23412, Bridge and Tun-nel Construction.

23411 Highway and Street Construction

This industry comprises: (1) establishments primarilyresponsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,reconstruction, or repairs) of highways (except elevated),streets, roads, or airport runways; (2) establishments iden-tified as highway and street construction managementfirms; and (3) establishments identified as special tradecontractors engaged in performing subcontract work pri-marily related to highway and street construction (e.g.,grading for highways, installing guardrails, public side-walk construction). Establishments in this industry maysubcontract some or all of the actual construction work.Kinds of establishments include highway and street gen-eral contractors, design builders, engineer-constructors,and joint-venture contractors.

234110 Highway and Street Construction

This U.S. industry comprises: (1) establishments prima-rily responsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,reconstruction, or repairs) of highways (except elevated),



streets, roads, or airport runways; (2) establishments iden-tified as highway and street construction managementfirms; and (3) establishments identified as special tradecontractors engaged in performing subcontract work pri-marily related to highway and street construction (e.g.,grading for highways, installing guardrails, public side-walk construction). Establishments in this industry maysubcontract some or all of the actual construction work.Kinds of establishments include highway and street gen-eral contractors, design builders, engineer-constructors,and joint-venture contractors.


1611 Highway and street construction contractors,except elevated highways


23412 Bridge and Tunnel Construction

This industry comprises: (1) establishments primarilyresponsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,reconstruction, or repairs) of bridges, viaducts, elevatedhighways, and tunnels; (2) establishments identified asbridge and tunnel construction management firms; and (3)establishments identified as special trade contractors pri-marily engaged in performing subcontract work related tobridge and tunnel construction. Establishments in thisindustry may subcontract some or all of the actual con-struction work. Kinds of establishments include bridgeand tunnel general contractors, design builders, engineer-constructors, and joint-venture contractors.

234120 Bridge and Tunnel Construction

This U.S. industry comprises: (1) establishments prima-rily responsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,reconstruction, or repairs) of bridges, viaducts, elevatedhighways, and tunnels; (2) establishments identified asbridge and tunnel construction management firms; and (3)establishments identified as special trade contractors pri-marily engaged in performing subcontract work related tobridge and tunnel construction. Establishments in thisindustry may subcontract some or all of the actual con-struction work. Kinds of establishments include bridgeand tunnel general contractors, design builders, engineer-constructors, and joint-venture contractors.


1622 Bridge, tunnel, and elevated highwayconstruction contractors


2349 Other Heavy Construction

This industry group comprises establishments primarilyengaged in heavy nonbuilding construction (except high-way, street, bridge, and tunnel construction).

23491 Water, Sewer, and PipelineConstruction

on This industry comprises: (1) establishments prima-rily responsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,reconstruction, rehabilitation, or repairs) of water mains,sewers, drains, gas mains, natural gas pumping stations,and gas and oil pipelines; (2) establishments identified aswater, sewer, and pipeline construction managementfirms; and (3) establishments identified as special tradecontractors engaged in activities primarily related towater, sewer, and pipeline construction. Establishments inthis industry may subcontract some or all of the actualconstruction work. Kinds of establishments include water,sewer, and pipeline general contractors, design builders,engineer-constructors, and joint-venture contractors.

234910 Water, Sewer, and Pipeline Construction

This U.S. industry comprises: (1) establishments prima-rily responsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,reconstruction, rehabilitation, or repairs) of water mains,sewers, drains, gas mains, natural gas pumping stations,and gas and oil pipelines; (2) establishments identified aswater, sewer, and pipeline construction managementfirms; and (3) establishments identified as special tradecontractors engaged in activities primarily related towater, sewer, and pipeline construction. Establishments inthis industry may subcontract some or all of the actualconstruction work. Kinds of establishments include water,sewer, and pipeline general contractors, design builders,engineer-constructors, and joint-venture contractors.


1623 Water, sewer, pipeline, and communicationsand power line construction (pt)


23492 Power and Communication TransmissionLine Construction

This industry comprises: (1) establishments primarilyresponsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,reconstruction, or repairs) of electric power and communi-cation transmission lines and towers, radio and televisiontransmitting/receiving towers, cable laying, and cable tele-vision lines; (2) establishments identified as power andcommunication transmission line construction manage-ment firms; and (3) establishments identified as specialtrade contractors engaged in activities primarily related topower and communication transmission line construction.Establishments in this industry may subcontract some orall of the actual construction work. Kinds of establish-ments include power and communication transmissionline general contractors, design builders, engineer-constructors, and joint-venture contractors.



234920 Power and Communication TransmissionLine Construction

This U.S. industry comprises: (1) establishments prima-rily responsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,reconstruction, or repairs) of electric power and communi-cation transmission lines and towers, radio and televisiontransmitting/receiving towers, cable laying, and cable tele-vision lines; (2) establishments identified as power andcommunication transmission line construction manage-ment firms; and (3) establishments identified as specialtrade contractors engaged in activities primarily related topower and communication transmission line construction.Establishments in this industry may subcontract some orall of the actual construction work. Kinds of establish-ments include power and communication transmissionline general contractors, design builders, engineer-constructors, and joint-venture contractors.


1623 Water, sewer, pipeline, and communicationsand power line construction (pt)


23493 Industrial Nonbuilding StructureConstruction

This industry comprises: (1) establishments primarilyresponsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,reconstruction, or repairs) of heavy industrial nonbuildingstructures, such as chemical complexes or facilities,cement plants, petroleum refineries, industrial incinera-tors, ovens, kilns, power plants (except hydroelectricplants), and nuclear reactor containment structures; (2)establishments identified as industrial nonbuilding con-struction management firms; and (3) establishments iden-tified as special trade contractors engaged in activitiesprimarily related to industrial nonbuilding construction.Establishments in this industry may subcontract some orall of the actual construction work. Kinds of establish-ments include industrial nonbuilding general contractors,design builders, engineer-constructors, and joint-venturecontractors.

234930 Industrial Nonbuilding StructureConstruction

This U.S. industry comprises: (1) establishments prima-rily responsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,reconstruction, or repairs) of heavy industrial nonbuildingstructures, such as chemical complexes or facilities,cement plants, petroleum refineries, industrial incinera-tors, ovens, kilns, power plants (except hydroelectricplants), and nuclear reactor containment structures; (2)establishments identified as industrial nonbuilding con-struction management firms; and (3) establishments iden-tified as special trade contractors engaged in activities pri-marily related to industrial nonbuilding construction.

Establishments in this industry may subcontract some orall of the actual construction work. Kinds of establish-ments include industrial nonbuilding general contractors,design builders, engineer-constructors, and joint-venturecontractors.


1629 Heavy construction, n.e.c. (pt)


23499 All Other Heavy Construction

This industry comprises: (1) establishments primarilyresponsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,reconstruction, or repairs) of heavy nonbuilding construc-tion projects (except highway, street, bridge, tunnel, waterlines, sewer lines, pipelines, power and communicationtransmission lines, and industrial nonbuilding structures);(2) establishments identified as all other heavy construc-tion management firms; (3) establishments primarilyengaged in construction equipment rental with an opera-tor; and (4) establishments identified as special trade con-tractors engaged in activities related primarily to all otherheavy construction. Typical projects constructed by estab-lishments in this industry include athletic fields, dams,dikes, docks, drainage projects, golf courses, harbors,parks, reservoirs, canals, sewage treatment plants, watertreatment plants, hydroelectric plants, subways, and othermass transit projects. Establishments in this industry maysubcontract some or all of the actual construction work.Kinds of establishments include heavy construction gen-eral contractors, design builders, engineer-constructors,and joint-venture contractors.

234990 All Other Heavy Construction

This U.S. industry comprises: (1) establishments prima-rily responsible for the entire construction (i.e., new work,reconstruction, or repairs) of heavy nonbuilding construc-tion projects (except highway, street, bridge, tunnel, waterlines, sewer lines, pipelines, power and communicationtransmission lines, and industrial nonbuilding structures);(2) establishments identified as all other heavy construc-tion management firms; (3) establishments primarilyengaged in construction equipment rental with an opera-tor; and (4) establishments identified as special trade con-tractors engaged in activities related primarily to all otherheavy construction. Typical projects constructed by estab-lishments in this industry include athletic fields, dams,dikes, docks, drainage projects, golf courses, harbors,parks, reservoirs, canals, sewage treatment plants, watertreatment plants, hydroelectric plants, subways, and othermass transit projects. Establishments in this industry maysubcontract some or all of the actual construction work.Kinds of establishments include heavy construction gen-eral contractors, design builders, engineer-constructors,and joint-venture contractors.




1629 Heavy construction, n.e.c. (pt)

7353 Heavy construction equipment, rental andleasing (pt)


235 Special Trade Contractors

Industries in the Special Trade Contractors subsectorengage in specialized construction activities, such asplumbing, painting, and electrical work. Those establish-ments that engage in activities primarily related to heavyconstruction, such as grading for highways, are classifiedin Subsector 234, Heavy Construction. The activities ofthis subsector may be subcontracted from builders or gen-eral contractors or it may be performed directly for projectowners. The construction work performed may includenew work, additions, alterations, or maintenance andrepairs. Special trade contractors usually perform most oftheir work at the job site, although they may have shopswhere they perform prefabrication and other work.

2351 Plumbing, Heating, and Air-ConditioningContractors

This NAICS Industry Group includes establishmentsclassified in NAICS Industry 23511, Plumbing, Heating,and Air-Conditioning Contractors.


This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in one or more of the following: (1) installingplumbing, heating, and air-conditioning equipment; (2)servicing plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning equip-ment; and (3) the combined activity of selling and install-ing plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning equipment.The plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning work per-formed includes new work, additions, alterations, andmaintenance and repairs. The activities performed bythese establishments range from duct fabrication andinstallation at the site to installation of refrigeration equip-ment, installation of sprinkler systems, and installation ofenvironmental controls.


This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in one or more of the following: (1) installingplumbing, heating, and air-conditioning equipment; (2)servicing plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning equip-ment; and (3) the combined activity of selling and install-ing plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning equipment.The plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning work per-formed includes new work, additions, alterations, and

maintenance and repairs. The activities performed bythese establishments range from duct fabrication andinstallation at the site to installation of refrigeration equip-ment, installation of sprinkler systems, and installation ofenvironmental controls.

The data published with NAICS code 235110 includethe following SIC industry:

1711 Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning specialtrade contractors

This definition comes from the 1997 NAICS manual.However, for this industry, the 1997 Economic Census--Construction did not fully implement the conversion toNAICS. Data for NAICS industry 235110 do not includeestablishments whose primary activity is boiler cleaning.The NAICS definitions will be fully implemented with the2002 Economic Census.

2352 Painting and Wall Covering Contractors

This NAICS Industry Group includes establishmentsclassified in NAICS Industry 23521, Painting and WallCovering Contractors.


This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in interior or exterior painting and interior wallcovering. The painting and wall covering work performedincludes new work, additions, alterations, and mainte-nance and repairs. Activities performed by these establish-ments range from bridge, ship, and traffic lane painting topaint and wall covering removal.


This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in interior or exterior painting and interior wallcovering. The painting and wall covering work performedincludes new work, additions, alterations, and mainte-nance and repairs. Activities performed by these establish-ments range from bridge, ship, and traffic lane painting topaint and wall covering removal.


1721 Painting and paper hanging special tradecontractors

1799 Special trade contractors, n.e.c. (pt)

2353 Electrical Contractors

This NAICS Industry Group includes establishmentsclassified in NAICS Industry 23531, Electrical Contractors.


This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in one or more of the following: (1) performingelectrical work at the site (e.g., installing wiring); (2) ser-vicing electrical equipment at the site; and (3) the com-bined activity of selling and installing electrical equip-ment. The electrical work performed includes new work,additions, alterations, and maintenance and repairs.




This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in one or more of the following: (1) performingelectrical work at the site (e.g., installing wiring); (2) ser-vicing electrical equipment at the site; and (3) the com-bined activity of selling and installing electrical equip-ment. The electrical work performed includes new work,additions, alterations, and maintenance and repairs.


1731 Electrical work special trade contractors

2354 Masonry, Drywall, Insulation, and TileContractors

This NAICS Industry Group includes establishmentsclassified in the following NAICS Industries: 23541,Masonry and Stone Contractors; 23542, Drywall, Plaster-ing, Acoustical, and Insulation Contractors; and 23543,Tile, Marble, Terrazzo, and Mosaic Contractors.

23541 Masonry and Stone Contractors

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in masonry work, stone setting, and other stonework. The masonry work, stone setting, and other stonework performed includes new work, additions, alterations,and maintenance and repairs. Activities performed byestablishments in this industry range from the construc-tion of foundations made of block, stone, or brick to glassblock laying; exterior marble, granite and slate work; andtuck pointing.

235410 Masonry and Stone Contractors

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in masonry work, stone setting, and other stonework. The masonry work, stone setting, and other stonework performed includes new work, additions, alterations,and maintenance and repairs. Activities performed byestablishments in this industry range from the construc-tion of foundations made of block, stone, or brick to glassblock laying; exterior marble, granite and slate work; andtuck pointing.


1741 Masonry, stone setting, and other stone workspecial trade contractors

23542 Drywall, Plastering, Acoustical, andInsulation Contractors

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in drywall, plaster work, acoustical, and buildinginsulation work. The drywall, plaster work, acoustical, andinsulation work performed includes new work, additions,

alterations, and maintenance and repairs. Plaster workincludes applying plain or ornamental plaster, includinginstallation of lathing to receive plaster.

235420 Drywall, Plastering, Acoustical, andInsulation Contractors

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in drywall, plaster work, acoustical, and buildinginsulation work. The drywall, plaster work, acoustical, andinsulation work performed includes new work, additions,alterations, and maintenance and repairs. Plaster workincludes applying plain or ornamental plaster, includinginstallation of lathing to receive plaster.


1742 Plastering, drywall, acoustical, and insulationwork special trade contractors

1743 Terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic work specialtrade contractors (pt)

1771 Concrete work special trade contractors (pt)

23543 Tile, Marble, Terrazzo, and MosaicContractors

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in (1) setting and installing ceramic tile, marble(interior only), terrazzo, and mosaic and/or (2) mixingmarble particles and cement to make terrazzo at the jobsite. The tile, marble, terrazzo, and mosaic work per-formed includes new work, additions, alterations, andmaintenance and repairs.

235430 Tile, Marble, Terrazzo, and MosaicContractors

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in (1) setting and installing ceramic tile, marble(interior only), terrazzo, and mosaic and/or (2) mixingmarble particles and cement to make terrazzo at the jobsite. The tile, marble, terrazzo, and mosaic work per-formed includes new work, additions, alterations, andmaintenance and repairs.


1743 Terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic work specialtrade contractors (pt)

2355 Carpentry and Floor Contractors

This NAICS Industry Group includes establishmentsclassified in the following NAICS Industries: 23551,Carpentry Contractors; and 23552, Floor Laying and OtherFloor Contractors.

23551 Carpentry Contractors

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in framing, carpentry, and finishing work. Thecarpentry work performed includes new work, additions,



alterations, and maintenance and repairs. Activities per-formed by establishments in this industry range from theinstallation of doors and windows to paneling, steel fram-ing work, and ship joinery.

235510 Carpentry Contractors

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in framing, carpentry, and finishing work. Thecarpentry work performed includes new work, additions,alterations, and maintenance and repairs. Activities per-formed by establishments in this industry range from theinstallation of doors and windows to paneling, steel fram-ing work, and ship joinery.


1751 Carpentry work special trade contractors

23552 Floor Laying and Other Floor Contractors

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in the installation of resilient floor tile, carpeting,linoleum, and wood or resilient flooring. The floor layingand other floor work performed includes new work, addi-tions, alterations, and maintenance and repairs.

235520 Floor Laying and Other Floor Contractors

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in the installation of resilient floor tile, carpeting,linoleum, and wood or resilient flooring. The floor layingand other floor work performed includes new work, addi-tions, alterations, and maintenance and repairs.


1752 Floor laying and other floor work special tradecontractors, n.e.c.

2356 Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Contractors

This NAICS Industry Group includes establishmentsclassified in NAICS Industry 23561, Roofing, Siding, andSheet Metal Contractors.

23561 Roofing, Siding, and Sheet MetalContractors

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in the installation of roofing, siding, sheet metalwork, and roof drainage-related work, such as down-spouts and gutters. Activities performed by these estab-lishments also include treating roofs (i.e., by spraying,painting, or coating), copper smithing, tin smithing,installing skylights, installing metal ceilings, flashing, ductwork, and capping. The roofing, siding, and sheet metalwork performed includes new work, additions, alterations,and maintenance and repairs.

235610 Roofing, Siding, and Sheet MetalContractors

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in the installation of roofing, siding, sheet metalwork, and roof drainage-related work, such as down-spouts and gutters. Activities performed by these estab-lishments also include treating roofs (i.e., by spraying,painting, or coating), copper smithing, tin smithing,installing skylights, installing metal ceilings, flashing, ductwork, and capping. The roofing, siding, and sheet metalwork performed includes new work, additions, alterations,and maintenance and repairs.


1761 Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work specialtrade contractors

2357 Concrete Contractors

This NAICS Industry Group includes establishmentsclassified in NAICS Industry 23571, Concrete Contractors.


This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in the use of concrete and asphalt to produceparking areas, building foundations, structures, andretaining walls, and in the use of all materials to producepatios, private driveways, and private walks. Activitiesperformed by these establishments include grout andshotcrete work. The concrete work performed includesnew work, additions, alterations, and maintenance andrepairs.


This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in the use of concrete and asphalt to produceparking areas, building foundations, structures, andretaining walls, and in the use of all materials to producepatios, private driveways, and private walks. Activitiesperformed by these establishments include grout andshotcrete work. The concrete work performed includesnew work, additions, alterations, and maintenance andrepairs.


1771 Concrete work special trade contractors (pt)

2358 Water Well Drilling Contractors

This NAICS Industry Group includes establishmentsclassified in NAICS Industry 23581, Water Well DrillingContractors.


This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in drilling, tapping, and capping of water wells,and geothermal drilling. The water well drilling work per-formed includes new work, servicing, and maintenanceand repairs.




This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in drilling, tapping, and capping of water wells,and geothermal drilling. The water well drilling work per-formed includes new work, servicing, and maintenanceand repairs.


1781 Water well drilling special trade contractors

2359 Other Special Trade Contractors

This industry group comprises establishments primarilyengaged in specialized construction activities (exceptplumbing, painting, electrical, masonry, drywall, insula-tion, tile, carpentry, flooring work, roofing, siding, sheetmetal, concrete, and water well drilling).

23591 Structural Steel Erection Contractors

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in one or more of the following: (1) erectingmetal, structural steel, and similar products of prestressedor precast concrete to produce structural elements, build-ing exteriors, and elevator fronts; (2) setting rods, bars,rebar, mesh, and cages, to reinforce poured-in-place con-crete; and (3) erecting cooling towers and metal storagetanks. The structural steel erection work performedincludes new work, additions, alterations, reconstruction,and maintenance and repairs.

235910 Structural Steel Erection Contractors

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in one or more of the following: (1) erectingmetal, structural steel, and similar products of prestressedor precast concrete to produce structural elements, build-ing exteriors, and elevator fronts; (2) setting rods, bars,rebar, mesh, and cages, to reinforce poured-in-place con-crete; and (3) erecting cooling towers and metal storagetanks. The structural steel erection work performedincludes new work, additions, alterations, reconstruction,and maintenance and repairs.


1791 Structural steel erection special tradecontractors

23592 Glass and Glazing Contractors

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in installing glass (i.e., glazing work) and/or tint-ing glass. The glass work performed includes new work,additions, alterations, and maintenance and repairs.235920 Glass and Glazing Contractors This U.S. industrycomprises establishments primarily engaged in installing

glass (i.e., glazing work) and/or tinting glass. The glasswork performed includes new work, additions, alterations,and maintenance and repairs.


1793 Glass and glazing work special tradecontractors


23593 Excavation Contractors

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in preparing land for building construction.Activities performed by these establishments are drillingshafts, foundation digging, foundation drilling, and grad-ing. The excavation work performed includes new work,additions, alterations, and repairs.

235930 Excavation Contractors

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in preparing land for building construction.Activities performed by these establishments are drillingshafts, foundation digging, foundation drilling, and grad-ing. The excavation work performed includes new work,additions, alterations, and repairs.


1794 Excavation work special trade contractors

23594 Wrecking and Demolition Contractors

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in the wrecking and demolition of buildings andother structures, including underground tank removal andthe dismantling of steel oil tanks, except those for hazard-ous materials. The establishments engaged in wreckingand demolition work may or may not sell materialsderived from demolishing operations.

235940 Wrecking and Demolition Contractors

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in the wrecking and demolition of buildings andother structures, including underground tank removal andthe dismantling of steel oil tanks, except those for hazard-ous materials. The establishments engaged in wreckingand demolition work may or may not sell materialsderived from demolishing operations.


1795 Wrecking and demolition work special tradecontractors

23595 Building Equipment and Other MachineryInstallation Contractors

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in one or more of the following: (1) the installa-tion or dismantling of building equipment, machinery or



other industrial equipment (except plumbing, heating, airconditioning or electrical equipment); (2) machine rigging;and (3) millwriting. Types of equipment installed includeautomated and revolving doors, conveyor systems, dumb-waiters, dust collecting equipment, elevators, small incin-erators, pneumatic tubes systems, and built-in vacuumcleaning systems. The building equipment and othermachinery installation work performed includes newwork, additions, alterations, and maintenance and repairs.

235950 Building Equipment and Other MachineryInstallation Contractors

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in one or more of the following: (1) the installa-tion or dismantling of building equipment, machinery orother industrial equipment (except plumbing, heating, airconditioning or electrical equipment); (2) machine rigging;and (3) millwriting. Types of equipment installed includeautomated and revolving doors, conveyor systems, dumb-waiters, dust collecting equipment, elevators, small incin-erators, pneumatic tubes systems, and built-in vacuumcleaning systems. The building equipment and othermachinery installation work performed includes newwork, additions, alterations, and maintenance and repairs.


1796 Installation or erection of building equipment,special trade contractors, n.e.c.

23599 All Other Special Trade Contractors

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in specialized construction work, (except plumb-ing, painting, electrical, masonry, drywall, insulation, tile,carpentry, flooring, roofing, siding, sheet metal work, con-crete work, glass and glazing, structural steel erection,excavation, wrecking and demolition, and building equip-ment installation work). Activities undertaken by these

establishments include constructing swimming pools andfences, house moving, waterproofing, dewatering, damp-proofing, fireproofing, and sandblasting; installing anten-nas, artificial turf, awnings, countertops, fire escapes,forms for poured concrete, gasoline pumps, lightning con-ductors, ornamental metal, shoring systems, and signs (onbuildings); and specialized activities, such as bathtubrefinishing, coating and glazing of concrete surfaces, gasleakage detection, insulation of pipes and boilers, mobilehome site setup and tie-down, posthole digging, radonremediation, scaffolding work, and on-site welding. Theother special trade work performed includes new work,additions, alterations, and maintenance and repairs.

235990 All Other Special Trade Contractors

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in specialized construction work, (except plumb-ing, painting, electrical, masonry, drywall, insulation, tile,carpentry, flooring, roofing, siding, sheet metal work, con-crete work, glass and glazing, structural steel erection,excavation, wrecking and demolition, and building equip-ment installation work). Activities undertaken by theseestablishments include constructing swimming pools andfences, house moving, waterproofing, dewatering, damp-proofing, fireproofing, and sandblasting; installing anten-nas, artificial turf, awnings, countertops, fire escapes,forms for poured concrete, gasoline pumps, lightning con-ductors, ornamental metal, shoring systems, and signs (onbuildings); and specialized activities, such as bathtubrefinishing, coating and glazing of concrete surfaces, gasleakage detection, insulation of pipes and boilers, mobilehome site setup and tie-down, posthole digging, radonremediation, scaffolding work, and on-site welding. Theother special trade work performed includes new work,additions, alterations, and maintenance and repairs.





Appendix C.Coverage and Methodology

THE SAMPLE FRAME

The universe for the construction sector includesapproximately 650,000 establishments. This includes onlythose construction establishments with at least one paidemployee in 1997. Census reports were mailed to asample of approximately 130,000 establishments.

The sample frame consisted of the entire constructionuniverse; there were no subpopulations that were explic-itly removed from the sample frame. The sample framewas compiled from a list of all construction companies inthe active records of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) andthe Social Security Administration (SSA) which are subjectto the payment of Federal Insurance Contributions Acttaxes. Under special arrangements to safeguard their con-fidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau obtains information onthe location and classification of the companies, as well astheir payroll and receipts data from these sources. Unfor-tunately, these sources do not provide establishment levelinformation for companies with multiple locations. Formultilocation companies, the establishment level informa-tion is directly obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau’sCompany Organization Survey.

While the IRS-SSA list usually provided sufficient classifi-cation information to assign a company to the proper eco-nomic sector, there were cases for which the informationwas incomplete or missing. A classification form wasmailed to companies with insufficient information to beassigned to an industry. This form requested informationon the nature of the company’s activities. Companiesdetermined to be in scope of the construction sector sub-sequent to the census mailout were treated as a supple-ment to the universe rather than part of the sample frame.

SAMPLE SELECTION

The major objective of the sample design was to pro-vide a sample that would provide reliable estimates foreach state and construction industry. A stratified randomsample was designed. Within each state by industry cell,six strata were defined.

• Stratum 1 was comprised of approximately 12,000establishments of companies that had operations of anytype at more than one location. These establishments ofmultiunit companies were included in the constructionsample with certainty.

• Strata 2-6 were comprised of single-location companies.For each industry, payroll cut-offs were determined atthe U.S. level and used to define the payroll ranges foreach of the strata 2-6 across all states.

All establishments in stratum 2 were included in theconstruction sample with certainty. These consisted ofthe largest single-location construction companies.

For strata 3-6, a random sample of establishmentswas selected. The general strategy was to sample thestrata containing larger establishments at a higher ratethan those containing small establishments. The mini-mum sample rate was 1 in 20.

For five industries, the U.S. population in the sampleframe was quite small. For these industries, all establish-ments in the sample frame were included in the samplewith certainty. These industries were as follows:

• SIC 1622: Bridge, Tunnel, and Elevated Highway Con-struction Contractors

• SIC 1795: Wrecking and Demolition Work

• SIC 1796: Installation or Erection of Building Equipment,Not Elsewhere Classified

• SIC 7353: Equipment Rental with Operators

• SIC 8741: Construction Management

ESTIMATION AND VARIANCES

Based on the response data, establishments wereassigned to the appropriate NAICS industry. At each levelof tabulation, unbiased estimates were derived by sum-ming the weighted establishment data where the estab-lishment sample weight was equal to the inverse of itsprobability of selection for the construction sample.

Variances of the estimated items were derived at thestate level, industry, and by stratum using standard strati-fied random sample formulas. Variances were then aggre-gated to the publication levels for the computation of therelative standard errors.

RELIABILITY OF THE ESTIMATES

The estimates developed from the sample can differsomewhat from the results of a survey covering all compa-nies in the sample lists but are otherwise conducted underessentially the same conditions as the actual sample sur-vey. The estimates of the magnitude of the samplingerrors (the difference between the estimates obtained andthe results theoretically obtained from a comparable,complete-coverage survey) are provided by the standarderrors of estimates.

APPENDIX C C–1CONSTRUCTION


The particular sample selected for the construction sec-tor is one of many similar probability samples that, bychance, might have been selected under the same specifi-cations. Each of the possible samples would yield some-what different sets of results, and the standard errors aremeasures of the variation of all the possible sample esti-mates around the theoretically, comparable, complete-coverage values.

Estimates of the standard errors have been computedfrom the sample data. They are presented in the form ofrelative standard errors which are the standard errorsdivided by the estimated values to which they refer.

In conjunction with its associated estimate, the relativestandard error may be used to define confidence intervals,or ranges, that would include the comparable, complete-coverage value for specified percentages of all the pos-sible samples.

The complete-coverage value would be included in therange:

• From one standard error below to one standard errorabove the derived estimate for about two-thirds of allpossible samples.

• From two standard errors below to two standard errorsabove the derived estimate for about 19 out of 20 of allpossible samples.

• From three standard errors below to three standarderrors above the derived estimate for nearly all samples.

An inference is that the comparable complete-surveyresult would fall within the indicated ranges and the rela-tive frequencies shown. Those proportions, therefore, maybe interpreted as defining the confidence that the esti-mates from a particular sample would differ fromcomplete-coverage results by as much as one, two, orthree standard errors, respectively.

For example, suppose an estimated total is shown at50,000 with an associated relative standard error of 2 per-cent, that is, a standard error of 1,000 (2 percent of50,000). There is approximately 67 percent confidencethat the interval 49,000 to 51,000 includes the complete-coverage total, about 95 percent confidence that the inter-val 48,000 to 52,000 includes the complete-coveragetotal, and almost certain confidence that the interval47,000 to 53,000 includes the complete-coverage total.

In addition to the sample errors, the estimates are sub-ject to various response and operational errors: errors ofcollection; reporting; coding; transcription; imputation fornonresponse, etc. These operational errors also wouldoccur if a complete canvass were to be conducted underthe same conditions as the survey. Explicit measures oftheir effects generally are not available. However, it isbelieved that most of the important operational errorswere detected and corrected during the U.S. CensusBureau’s review of the data for reasonableness and consis-tency. The small operational errors usually remain. To

some extent, they are compensating in the aggregatedtotals shown. When important operational errors weredetected too late to correct the estimates, the data weresuppressed or were specifically qualified in the tables.

As derived, the estimated standard errors included partof the effect of the operational errors. The total errors,which depend upon the joint effect of the sampling andoperational errors, are usually of the order of size indi-cated by the standard error, or moderately higher. How-ever, for particular estimates, the total error may consider-ably exceed the standard errors shown. Any figures shownin the tables of this publication having an associated stan-dard error exceeding 75 percent may be combined withhigher level totals, creating a broader aggregate, whichthen may be of acceptable reliability.

INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION OF ESTABLISHMENTS

Each establishment covered in the construction sectorwas classified in one of twenty eight industries in accor-dance with the industry definitions in the 1997 NAICS(North American Industry Classification System) manual.The U.S. Census Bureau first used NAICS to classify indus-tries for 1997 economic census data. Prior to this the U.S.Census Bureau used SIC (Standard Industrial Classification)for industry classification. The differences between NAICSand SIC are outlined in Appendix A of the 1997 NAICSmanual.

In the NAICS system, an industry is generally defined asa group of establishments that use similar processes orhave similar business activities. To the extent practical,the system uses supply-based or production-oriented con-cepts in defining industries. The resulting group of estab-lishments must be significant in terms of number, valueadded, value of business, and number of employees.

The coding system works in such a way that the defini-tions progressively become narrower with successiveadditions of numerical digits. In the construction sectorfor 1997, there are 3 subsectors (three-digit NAICS), 14industry groups (four-digit NAICS), and 28 NAICS indus-tries (five- and six-digit NAICS). The five-digit NAICS issupposed to be the level at which there is comparabilitywith the Canadian and Mexican classification systems.However, agreement had not been reached with thesecountries at the time of the 1997 Economic Census regard-ing the classification of construction industries. The 28five- and six-digit NAICS construction industries are theresult of an expansion and a restructuring of the 26 four-digit SIC industries of 1987.

ESTABLISHMENT BASIS OF REPORTING

The construction sector is conducted on an establish-ment basis. A construction establishment is defined as arelatively permanent office or other place of businesswhere the usual business activities related to construction

C–2 APPENDIX C CONSTRUCTION


are conducted. With some exceptions, a relatively perma-nent office is one which has been established for the man-agement of more than one project or job and which isexpected to be maintained on a continuing basis. Suchestablishment activities include, but are not limited to,estimating, bidding, purchasing, supervising, and opera-tion of the actual construction work being conducted atone or more construction sites. Separate constructionreports were not required for each project or constructionsite.

Companies with more than one construction establish-ment were required to submit a separate report for eachestablishment operated during any part of the censusyear. The construction sector figures represent a tabula-tion of records for individual establishments rather thanfor companies.

If an establishment was engaged in construction andone or more distinctly different lines of economic activityat the same place of business, it was requested to file aseparate report for each activity, provided that the activitywas of substantial size and separate records were main-tained. If a separate establishment report could not beprepared for each activity, then a construction report was

requested covering all activities of that establishment pro-viding that the value of construction work exceeded thegross receipts from each of its other activities.

DUPLICATION IN VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK

The aggregate of value of construction work reportedby all construction establishments in each of the industry,geographic area, or other groupings contains varyingamounts of duplication. This is because the constructionwork of one firm may be subcontracted to other construc-tion firms and may also be included in the subcontractors’value of construction work. Also, part of the value of con-struction results from the use of products of nonconstruc-tion industries as input materials. These products arecounted in the nonconstruction industry as well as part ofthe value of construction. Value added avoids this duplica-tion and is, for most purposes, the best measure for com-paring the relative economic importance of industries orgeographic areas. Value added for construction industriesis defined as the dollar value of business done less costsfor construction work subcontracted to others and pay-ments for materials, components, supplies, and fuels.

APPENDIX C C–3CONSTRUCTION


Appendix D.Geographic Notes

Not applicable for this report.

APPENDIX D D–11997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


Appendix E.Metropolitan Areas

Not applicable for this report.

APPENDIX E E–11997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


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