construction machinery guide and planning

7/25/2019 construction machinery guide and planning

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ONSTRU TION

MA HINARY

PLANNING AND

EMPLOYMENT


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THE TERM, ENGINEER CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY COVERS A

VERY WIDE RANGE OF MACHINES. EARTH MOVING MACHINES AND

CRANES ARE GROUPED UNDER THE TERM, C VEHICLES. OTHERS

SUCH AS PAVEMENT LAYERS AND FINISHERS, COMPRESSORS, ROAD

ROLLERS, PUMPS AND CONCRETING MACHINES HAVE NO GROUP NAME.

MANUFACTURERS ARE CONTINUOUSLY IMPROVING THEIR

DESIGNS WITH THE RESULT THAT THE SPECIFICATIONS ARE

CONTINUALLY CHANGING. SELECTION OF RIGHT MACHINE FOR THE

RIGHT JOB WITH ITS OPTIMAL UTILIZATION BY TAKING CARE OF

TRAINED OPERATORS ITS PROPER SERVICES AND MAINTENANCE WILL

ALWAYS ADD POSITIVELY TOWARDS THE PROGRESS OF ENGINEER

WORKS.

INTRODUCTION


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PART I CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY CLASSIFICATION

AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS.

PART II CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY SERVICE AND

ITS MAINTENANCE.

PART III CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

SCOPE


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ONSTRU TION MA HINERY LASSIFI ATION

AND ITS HARA TERISTI S


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CLASSIFICATION

EARTH MOVING AND EXCAVATING MACHINES

DOZERS ALL TYPES

EXCAVATORS

DRAGLINES

FRONT END LOADERS

MOTOR GRADERS

SCRAPPER


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ROLLER PLAIN STEEL WHEEL

ROLLER PLAIN VIBRATORY

ROLLER TANDEM

ROLLER SHEEP FOOT VIBRATORY

ROLLER SHEEP FOOT TOWED

ROLLER PNEUMATIC TYRE

ROLLER WALK BEHIND

ROAD ROLLERS


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ASPHALT MIXING AND WEIGHING PLANT

ASPHALT PAVER

BITUMEN HEATER AND SPREADER

ASPHALT RECYCLING PLANT !HOT AND COLD"

ASPHALT LAYERS AND RELATED E#UIPMENT

CONCRETE BATCHING PLANT

CONCRETE MIXERS

CONCRETE TRANSIT MIXERS

CONCRETE SHOTCRETING MACHINES

CONCRETE VIBRATORS

CONCRETE PUMPS

CONCRETE PREPARATION AND LAYING MACHINES


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DUMP TRUCKS

CRANES

AIR COMPRESSORS

DRILL MACHINES

CRUSHING PLANTS

WATER PUMPS

TRACTORS

MISCELLANEOUS


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CHARACTERISTICS

AND

EMPLOYMENT OF MACHINES


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DOZER


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STRIPPING

FOR REMOVING TOP SOIL USE DOZERS WHERE HAULS ARE

SHORT. FOR LONG NARROW LANES $ FT TO %& FT WIDE, ANGLE DOZER

ALONG THE LANE LEAVING SPOIL AT THE EDGES OF THE

LANE.

FOR WIDER LANES BULLDOZE ACROSS THE LANE

DOZERS

DOZERS ARE AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT SIZES I.E SIZEI, SIZEII AND

SIZEIV BOTH TRACKED AND WHEEL.

USES OF DOZERS


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ANGLE DOZER IS THE MOST USEFUL TYPE OF DOZER FOR

THIS JOB AS IT CAN EXERT GREATER PRESSURE IN CUTTING

STOUT ROOTS BY ANGLING THE BLADE.

WHEN LIGHT SHRUBS AND TREES UPTO & INCH DIAMETER, KEEP

THE EDGE OF THE BLADE A FEW INCHES BELOW GROUND LEVEL.

TRAVEL AT TRACTOR SPEED IN HIGHEST POSSIBLE GEAR.

WHEN TREES ' INCH TO %& INCH DIAMETER, PUSH WITH THE

BLADE HELD HIGH APPLYING STEERING CLUTCHES TO SWAY THE

TREE TILL IT BEGINS TO FALL.

CLEARING VEGETATION


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BACK UP AND LOWER THE BLADE UNDER THE ROOTS. CLEAR

THE TREE WITH A PUSHING LIFTING ACTION OF THE BLADE.

UNDER AVERAGE CONDITIONS TIME TAKEN TO FELL A TREE IS

% TO ( MINUTES. TREES %& TO () INCH DIAMETER, CUT THE ROOTS ON THE SIDE

OPPOSITE TO THE RE#UIRED DIRECTION OF FALL, PILING

SPOIL NEAR BY. NORMAL DEPTH OF CUT IS & FEET TO &.*

FEET.

CUT THE ROOTS ON THE LEFT AND RIGHT HAND SIDES OF THE

TREE PUSHING THE SPOIL INTO THE FIRST CUT. DOZE

SURPLUS SPOIL BACK TO FORM A RAMP OVER THE FIRST CUT.

CLEARING VEGETATION


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CLIMB THE RAMP WITH BLADE HIGH SWAYING THE TREE BY

USE OF STEERING CLUTCHES UNTIL THE TREE BEGINS TO

FALL. BACK OUT #UICKLY TO AVOID ROOTS COMING UP UNDER

THE TRACTOR AND DAMAGING OR OVER TURNS IT.

WHEN THE TREE HAS FALLEN, FILL THE HOLES AS NECESSARY

AND CLEAR THE TREE BY A LIFTING AND PUSHING ACTION OF

THE BLADE UNDER THE EXPOSED ROOTS.

CLEARING VEGETATION


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SIDE HILL CUTTING

PUSH LOADING SCRAPPERS

CAMBERING

DITCHING

BATTERING AND SLOPING

BACK FILLING

SPREADING AND ROUGH GRADING

USES OF DOZERS !C+-.."


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WORK DOWN HILL WHENEVER PRACTICABLE

WHEN BULLDOZING, KEEP THE LENGTH OF HAUL WITHIN THE

ECONOMIC LIMITS/

o TRACKED DOZER/ MAXIMUM ()) FT, BETTER &)) FT

o WHEEL DOZER / MAXIMUM ')) FT

PUSH A FULL LOAD AND USE THE HIGHEST POSSIBLE GEAR.

ALWAYS AIM AT ARRIVING AT THE DUMPING AREA WITH AS FULL A

LOAD AS POSSIBLE IN FRONT OF THE BLADE.

SLOT DOZING, WHEN BULLDOZING TO MOVE LARGE #UANTITIES

OF MATERIAL, REDUCES SPILLAGE AT THE SIDES OF THE BLADE.

BULLDOZE SIDE BY SIDE, WHEN CLEARING A LARGE AREA.

SPILLAGE FROM INSIDE EDGES OF BLADES IS REDUCED.

EMPLOY WELL TRAINED OPERATORS OR DAMAGE TO TRACTORS

WILL RESULT.

AIDS TO EFFICIENT OUT PUT


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KOMATSU

CATERPILLAR

TEREX

MAIN MANUFACTURERS OF DOZERS


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EXCAVATOR


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THE BASE MACHINE CAN BE RIGGED WITH DIFFERENT FRONT END

E#UIPMENTS FOR EXCAVATING/

FACE SHOVEL

BACK ACTOR

DRAGLINE

CRAB OR CLAM SHELL

IT CAN ALSO BE RIGGED AS A CRANE OR A PILE DRIVER/

CRAWLER MOUNTED

TRUCK MOUNTED

WHEEL MOUNTED

EXCAVATORS


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CYCLE OF OPERATION IS VERY SHORT, HENCE SECONDS

SAVED IN EACH CYCLE HAVE GREAT EFFECT ON OUT PUT.

RESTRICT SWING OF EXCAVATORS TO 0) DEGREES MAXIMUM.

PROVIDE SUFFICIENT HAULAGE TRUCKS FOR REMOVAL OF

SPOIL.

ARRANGE FOR RAPID POSITIONING OF TRUCKS BOTH AT

LOADING AND DISCHARGING SITES. USE SPORTING LOGS FOR

VEHICLES WHICH HAVE TO BACK INTO POSITION.

OPERATOR SHOULD MAKE FULL USE OF ANY WAITING TIME.

AIDS TO EFFICIENT USE OF EXCAVATORS


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KEEP HAUL ROADS IN GOOD CONDITION WITH ADE#UATE

PASSING PLACES.

ENSURE EXCAVATOR IS STANDING ON A LEVEL SIDE. USE

SLEEPER MATS IF NECESSARY.

KEEP BUCKET TEETH SHARP.

KEEP CLUTCHES CORRECTLY ADJUSTED AS PER MACHINE

HAND BOOK.

AIDS TO EFFICIENT USE OF EXCAVATORS


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POSITION HAULAGE VEHICLES SO THAT BUCKET SWINGS

OVER BACK AND NOT OVER CAB.

DRIVER OF HAULAGE VEHICLE MUST DISMOUNT DURING

LOADING.

EXCAVATOR BUCKET MUST BE BROUGHT DOWN CLOSE TO

VEHICLE BEFORE DISCHARGING.

LOAD A CUSHION OF EARTH ON BED OF VEHICLE BEFORE

LOADING A BOULDER IF ANY.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS


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PRIMARY ROLE OF DRAGLINE IS BULK EXCAVATION BELOW TRACK

LEVEL IN SOFT SOILS OR LOOSE MATERIALS INCLUDING SHALE

AND SHATTERED ROCKS. THE MOST SUITABLE ROLLERS ARE

THOSE RE#UIRING LIGHT CUT OVER WIDE RADIUS 1.2. BATTERING

BANKS, CUTTING BACK LONG SLOPES AND CLEARING OUT

STREAMS AND CANALS.

DRAGLINES


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OUTPUT DEPENDS ON/

ANGLE OF SWING FROM DIG TO DISCHARGE. KEEP THIS AS

SMALL AS POSSIBLE.

DUMPING ON TO SPOIL HEAPS INSTEAD OF INTO TRANSPORT.

TIME IT TAKES TO FILL THE BUCKET

SHARPNESS OF TEETH

SKILL OF THE OPERATOR.

AIDS TO EFFICIENT USE


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WH EXCAVATOR


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EXCAVATION


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EXCAVATION


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EXCAVATION


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exx


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DRAGLINE


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DRAGLINE

DRAGLINE


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DRAGLINE

DRAGLINE


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DRAGLINE


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FE LOADER

FE LOADER


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FE LOADER

EMPLOYMENT

THE PRIMARY ROLE OF LOADER IS LOADING/

LOOSE MATERIAL FROM STOCK PILES AND SPOIL HEAPS

INTO HAULAGE VEHICLES.

AGGREGATE INTO CONCRETE MIXING AND BATCHING PLANT.

STONE IN TO CRUSHING PLANT.


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OUTPUT DEPENDS ON/

REDUCING TO A MINIMUM THE TIME TAKEN TO TRAVEL

BETWEEN LOADING AND DISCHARGING POINT AND BACK.

FOR EFFICIENT OUT PUT/

HAUL DISTANCE SHOULD NOT EXCEED &) YARDS.

AVOID TURNS

FOR FRONT LOADING AND FRONT TIPPING MACHINES, USE

THE MOBILITY OF THE HAULAGE VEHICLE TO REDUCE THE

LENGTH OF HAUL OF THE LOADER.

FOR FRONT LOADING AND REAR TIPPING MACHINES,

POSITION THE HAULAGE VEHICLE IMMEDIATELY BEHIND THE

LOADER AND AS CLOSE AS PRACTICABLE.



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FOR MACHINES LOADING FROM STOCKPILES INTO STATIC

PLANT, PLACE THE STOCK PILE CLOSE TO THE PLANT AND IN A

POSITION WHICH REDUCES MANEUVERING OF THE LOADER TO

A MINIMUM.

KEEP THE SHOVEL CLEAN.

KEEP THE TYRE PRESSURE CORRECT AND #UAL.

CHOOSE GOOD OPERATOR HAVING MATCHING APTITUDE.



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FE LOADER


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FE LOADER


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FE LOADER


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MOTOR GRADER


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EMPLOYMENT

STRIPPING

SLOPING AND BANK CUTTING

CAMBERING AND LEVELING NEW WORK

SPREADING

MAINTENANCE OF EXISTING WORK RESHAPING

DITCHING

CLEARING EXISTING DITCHES

MIXING AGGREGATES OR AGGREGATE BITUMEN

MATERIALS

CLEARING SNOW

MOTOR GRADER

MOTOR GRADERS ARE AVAILABLE WHICH MAY BE $3', IN WHICH CASE

THE FRONT WHEEL CAN BE TILTED, OR '3' WITH NONE OF THE WHEELSTILTING. THEY CAN WORK IN REVERSE AS WELL.


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WORK IN PASSES NOT LESS THAN %))) FT

PLAN THE METHOD OF WORK CAREFULLY TO REDUCE THE

NUMBER OF PASSES.

DIVIDE THE WORK INTO SECTIONS SO THAT EACH PASS IS AS

LONG AS THE NEEDS OF SUPERVISION WILL ALLOW.

WORK AT AS HIGH SPEED AS POSSIBLE

FOR MAXIMUM TRACTION, INFLATE TYRES E#UALLY AND TO

CORRECT PRESSURE. ON SOFT GROUND REDUCE TRYE

PRESSURE TO INCREASE TRACTION.

GREATER EFFICIENCY CAN BE ACHIEVED IF GRADERS WORK IN

TEAMS.



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SET THE BLADE TO SUIT THE SOIL. ON LOOSE GRANULAR

SOILS, SET THE FACE OF BLADE ALMOST VERTICAL, CAUSING

THE SOIL TO BOIL UP AND ROLL FORWARD SO EASING THE

LOAD. ON COHESIVE SOILS SET THE BLADE TO ACUTE ANGLE

TO SLICE OFF THE SOIL WITH A PLANE LIKE ACTION.

WHILE WORKING ON MAINTENANCE OF EARTH AND GRAVEL

ROADS, BEGIN AT THE FIRST SIGNS OF RUTTING. MAINTENANCE

IS OFTEN BEST DONE AFTER RAIN WHEN THE SOIL HAS CEASED

TO BE MUDDY BUT IS STILL DAMP.



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MOTOR GRADER


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MOTOR GRADER


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SINGLE DRUM ROLLER


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SINGLE DRUM ROLLER



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THE BEST WEIGHT OF ROLLER TO BE USED FOR ANY TASK WILL

DEPEND ON/

THE NATURE OF WORK.

THE NATURE OF THE MATERIAL.

THE THICKNESS OF EACH LAYER TO BE COMPACTED.

THE COARSER THE MATERIAL AND THE THICKER THE LAYER,THE HEAVIER THE ROLLER.

TOO HEAVY A ROLLER, MAY HAVE TOO GREAT A CRUSHING

EFFECT, MAY CAUSE MATERIAL TO GIVE WAY, OR MAY

S#UEEZE IT OUT IN THE FORM OF A WAVE IN FRONT OF THE

ROLLER.


SMOOTH STEEL WHEEL ROLLERS ARE USED WHEN CRUSHING ACTION

IS RE#UIRED, AND FOR THE INITIAL AND FINAL ROLLING OF WATER

BOUND MACADAM, TAR MACADAM AND BITUMINOUS MATERIAL.

WEIGHT



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MAKE FIRST PASSES ALONG THE SIDES OF THE TASK AND

SUBSE#UENT PASSES GRADUALLY WORKING TOWARDS THE

CENTRE.

EACH PASS SHOULD OVERLAP THE PREVIOUS ONE BY ABOUT

%& INCHES.

ROLL SLOWLY, STEADILY AND UNINTERRUPTEDLY THROUGH

OUT EACH PASS.

AVOID OVER ROLLING, THE NUMBER OF PASSES TO ACHIEVE

COMPACTION SHOULD BE SPECIFIED.

FURTHER ROLLING DOES NO GOOD AND IS LIKELY TO CAUSE

DAMAGE.

OPERATION

ROLLER PLAIN VIBRATORY


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IN THIS TECHNI#UE THE VIBRATING ROLLER IS IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH

ANY LAYER OF MATERIAL AND EXERTS TWO ACTIONS/

THE REDUCTION OF THE INTERNAL FRICTION OF THE

MATERIAL

THE TAMPING EFFECT

THE PROCESS OF THE REDUCTION OF THE INTERNAL FRICTION OCCURS

LIKE/ AS THE VIBRO COMPACTOR PASSES OVER THE MATERIAL, IT

BEGINS TO VIBRATE INTENTLY. THE PARTICLES DETACH THEM SELVES

ONE FROM OTHER, THUS ACHIEVING REDUCTION OF THE INTERNAL

FRICTION. IN THIS PARTICULAR PHASE THE PARTICLES MOVE ON TOP OF

EACH OTHER AND READJUST THEMSELVES WITHIN THE VOIDS, UNTIL ALL

THE VOIDS HAVE BEEN FILLED. IT HAS BEEN OBSERVED THAT VIBRATION

IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY FOR COMPACTION OF NATURAL SOIL,

GRANULAR MATERIALS, CRUSHED ROCK AND BITUMINOUS MIXERS.

VIBRO COMPACTION


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PASSES USUALLY '$ PASSES ARE ADE#UATE. COMPACTORS

ACHIEVE THEIR MAXIMUM EFFORT IN THE FIRST FEW PASSES.

THEREAFTER THE DENSITY INCREASES VERY SLOWLY. IT MAY

EVEN DECREASE DUE TO CHANGES IN THE SOIL

CHARACTERISTICS CAUSED BY OVERSTRESSING. IT IS POINTLESS

TO GO ON TRYING WITH MORE PASSES IF SPECIFIED COMPACTION

IS NOT BEING OBTAINED.

LAYER THICKNESS GENERALLY, THINNER THE LAYER THE

COMPACTION IS EASIER AND FAST AS MOISTURE CONTROL ISEASIER. %& INCH LOOSE SOIL IS IDEAL, %4 INCH THE MAXIMUM AND

&' INCH AS AN EXCEPTION. IT IS WISE TO RUN TEST STRIPS TO

DECIDE THE LAYER THICKNESS AND NUMBER OF PASSES

RE#UIRED.

AIDS TO EFFICIENT USE OUTPUT


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SPEED

o THE MAXIMUM EFFECT OF VIBRATOR IS BETWEEN %%5&

MPH AND &%5& MPH. EFFICIENCY FALLS OFF VERY

#UICKLY ABOVE &%5& MPH.

o IF THE ROLLER BEGINS TO BOUNCE, STOP ROLLING.

BOUNCING INDICATES THAT THE MAXIMUM DENSITY

HAS BEEN ACHIEVED.

TO GET A SMOOTH SURFACE, & TO ( PASSES OF STATIC

ROLLING !WITHOUT VIBRATION" SHOULD BE MADE

INCASE OF SHARP AND ABRASIVE ROCK, IT IS BETTER TO ROLL

IT TWICE WITH SMOOTH STEEL WHEEL ROLLER BEFORE

BRINGING ON THE VIBRO COMPACTOR. THIS IS RE#UIRED

ONLY TO SAVE THE RUBBER TYRES.

AIDS TO EFFICIENT USE OUTPUT


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DO NOT ROLL VERY CLOSE TO THE RETAINING WALLS AND

OTHER MASONRY STRUCTURES. THEY ARE LIABLE TO BE

DAMAGED.

STRICTLY FOLLOW THE MANUFACTURERS GUIDE REGARDING

NUMBER OF VIBRATION PER MINUTE, THEY VARY WITH EACH

MAKE.

MAKE SURE THE OPERATORS ARE WELL TRAINED OTHERWISE

THEY WILL DAMAGE THE EXPENSIVE MACHINE.

PRECAUTIONS

ROLLER SHEEP FOOT


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COMPACTION EFFECT OF SHEEP FOOT ROLLERS ON EACH

LAYER OF SOIL IS FROM THE BOTTOM UPWARDS AND IS

AFFECTED BY THE PRESSURE EXERTED BY THE FEET.

IN GENERAL SHEEP FOOT ROLLERS ARE MOST USEFUL FOR

COMPACTING COHESIVE SOILS OF LOW MOISTURE CONTENT.

THEY ARE INEFFECTIVE FOR CLEAN SANDS, GRAVEL AND

CRUSHED ROCK WITHOUT CLAY OR OTHER BINDER.

THE MAXIMUM DEPTH OF LAYER WHICH CAN BE COMPACTED IS

& INCHES GREATER THAN THE LENGTH OF FEET. TO

COMPACT A LAYER OF THIS DEPTH &' TO (& PASSES ARE

NECESSARY.

SPEED OF TRAVEL TO ACHIEVE THE BEST RESULT IS &%5& TO

(%5& MPH.

WHEN SUCCESSIVE LAYERS ARE TO BE COMPACTED ON TOP OF

EACH OTHER, LEAVE THE TOP & TO * INCHES OF EACH LAYER TO

BE COMPACTED WITH THE NEXT LAYER ABOVE IN ORDER TO

PROVIDE A KEY.

PNEUMATIC TYRE ROLLERS


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PNEUMATIC ROLLER IS MAINLY USED ON BITUMINOUS SURFACES.

COMPACTION OF BITUMINOUS SURFACE INCLUDES THREE TYPES OF

ROLLING/

BREAK DOWN ROLLINGAT &$) OF 6 %*OTEMPERATURE. THIS IS

DONE BY STEEL THREE WHEEL ROLLER. IT IS A UNIVERSAL

PRACTICE TO START ROLLING AT THE OUT SIDE EDGES OF A

NEWLY LAID MAT AND ROLLS INWARD TOWARDS THE CENTRE

OR CROWN. INCASE OF SUPER ELEVATED CURVES, ROLLING ISSTARTED AT THE LOW SIDE AND CARRIED TO THE HIGH SIDE IN

THE SAME MANNER.

PNEUMATIC TYRE ROLLING AT %$) OF 6 %*+7 IMMEDIATELY

FOLLOWING THE INITIAL ROLLING OPERATION, THE SURFACEOF THE MAT SHOULD BE CHECKED WITH A STRAIGHT EDGE

AND LEVELS ARE CORRECTED IF NECESSARY. AFTER

NECESSARY ADJUSTMENT OF SURFACE, THE PNEUMATIC TYRE

ROLLING IS UNDER TAKEN FOLLOWING THE SAME PATTERN E.Y

FROM OUTSIDE EDGE TOWARDS THE CENTRE OR CROWN.



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FINISH ROLLING AT %() OF 6 %*O .AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE

PNEUMATIC TYRE ROLLING OPERATION, THE SURFACE OF THEBITUMINOUS MAT, ALTHOUGH ALMOST TOTALLY DENSIFIED AND

COMPACTED TO THE SPECIFICATIONS MAY PRESENT AN

UNFINISHED APPEARANCE. THE APPLICATION OF A TANDEM STEEL

WHEEL FINISHING ROLLER WILL ELIMINATE ANY MARKS LEFT BY

THE PNEUMATIC TYRE ROLLING AND PROMOTE A SMOOTH UNIFORM

SURFACE TEXTURE.

THE SIZE AND WEIGHT OF THE THREE ROLLERS MOSTLY USED IN

BITUMINOUS WORK IS/

THREE WHEEL BREAK DOWN ROLLER VARY IN WEIGHT FROM

%) TO &) TON.

SELF PROPELLED PNEUMATIC TYRE ROLLERS HAVE WIDER

RANGE OF WEIGHT FROM * TO (* TONS OR MORE.

THE TANDEM AXLE ROLLERS VARY FROM 4 TO %& TONS.



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NUMBER OF PASSESHAS TO BE DETERMINED BY ACTUAL TRIALS.

GENERALLY THE PASSES OF THREE OF ROLLERS ARE/

THREE WHEEL STEEL ROLLER !%& TON" & TO ' PASSES

PNEUMATIC TYPE ROLLERS %4 TO &) TON %8 TO &* PASSES

TANDEM SMOOTH WHEEL !TWO WHEEL" $ TO 4 TONS WITH '

TO %) PASSES.



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PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLER

SINGLE DRUM


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ROLLER

ROLLER PLAIN 3


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WHEEL


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SINGLE DRUM

ROLLER PLAIN 3


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WHEEL

ROLLER SHEEP FOOT


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ROLLER SHEEPFOOT

VIBRATORY


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THESE PLANTS MAY BE EITHER BATCH MIXING OR CONTINUOUS

MIXING PLANTS. THE FORMER DELIVER A SERIES OF BATCHES

PROPORTIONED BY WEIGHT, THE LATTER A CONTINUOUS SUPPLY

PROPORTIONED BY VOLUME.

ASPHALT MIXING PLANT

BATCH MIXING PLANT


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THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF BATCH MIXING PLANTS/

SMALL MOBILE MACHINES PERMANENTLY MOUNTED AS A

SINGLE UNIT ON PNEUMATIC TYRED ROAD WHEELS READY FOR

TOWING FROM SITE TO SITE.

TRANSPORTABLE PLANTS DESIGNED FOR RAPID ERECTION AND

DISMANTLING. EACH PART CAN EITHER BE TOWED ON ITS OWN

WHEELS OR LIFTED ONTO A TRUCK.

LARGE STATIC INSTALLATIONS ASSEMBLED AND ERECTED ON

THE SITE.

BATCH MIXING PLANT

BATCH MIXING PLANT


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COMPOSITION OF TYPICAL BATCHING PLANT CONSISTS OF/

o AN AGGREGATES FEEDER

o A ROTATING CYLINDRICAL AGGREGATE DRIER AND

HEATER.

o AGGREGATE SCREENS AND BINS FOR THE HOT

AGGREGATE.

o STORAGE AND HEATING TANK FOR THE TAR OR

BITUMEN.

o WEIGH BUCKETS

o A MECHANICAL MIXER

o FILLER E#UIPMENT AND DUST COLLECTORS CAN BE

ADDED TO IF DESIRED

BATCH MIXING PLANT

BATCH MIXING PLANT


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CARE MUST BE TAKEN WHEN ERECTING THE PLANT TO ENSURE

TRUE LEVELS SO THAT THE COMPONENTS ARE TRULY ALIGNED

AND ELEVATORS VERTICAL.

IT IS ADVISABLE TO SITE THE PLANT CLOSE TO CRUSHERS IF

ITS OUTPUT IS %) TON PER HOUR OR MORE.

VERY SMALL PLANTS OF LOWER CAPACITY ARE USUALLY SITED

NEAR THE JOB, AGGREGATE BEING BROUGHT FROM THE

#UARRY STOCK PILE.

BATCH MIXING PLANT

CONTINUOUS MIXING PLANT


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THESE PLANTS USUALLY CONSIST OF A SERIES OF COMPONENT, SOME

OF WHICH ARE INDEPENDENTLY MOUNTED FOR MOVEMENT, OTHERS

HAVE TO BE DISMANTLED AND REERECTED ON A CHANGE OF SITE.

THEIR OUT PUT IS HIGH AND THEY NEED AN ADE#UATE SCALE OF

#UARRY MACHINERY, TRANSPORT FOR THE MIX AND SPREADING AND

FINISHING MACHINERY.

CONTINUOUS MIXING PLANT

ASPHALT

PLANT


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PLANT

ASPHALT

PLANT


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PLANT

ASPHALT

PLANT


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PLANT

CONCRETE WEIGH BATCHING PLANT


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WEIGH BATCHING IS PREFERRED TO BATCHING BY VOLUME ON

ACCOUNT OF ITS GREATER ACCURACY. WHEN DECIDING THE

WEIGHT OF SAND AND AGGREGATE ALLOW FOR THEIR MOISTURECONTENT. WATER CAN BE MEASURED BY WEIGHT OR BY VOLUME9

MOST MIXERS HAVE EITHER GAUGED WATER TANKS OR METERING

DEVICES. WEIGH BATCHERS ARE OF THREE TYPES:-

SMALL. USED WITH SMALL TRANSPORTABLE MIXER UPTO %)

CUBIC FEET CAPACITY. TRANSPORTABLE AND FED BY HAND.

MEDIUM. USED WITH MIXERS OF FROM %' TO &4 CUFT. CAN

BE RAPIDLY SET UP AND FED BY HAND.

LARGE STATIC PLANTS. USED FOR SUPPLYING MIX TO

TRANSPORT VEHICLES OR TO LARGE STATIC MIXERS OF %

CUYD OR LARGER. TAKES DAYS TO ERECT, FED BY

ELEVATOR OR DRAGLINE.

EMPLOYMENT OF WEIGH BATCHING PLANT


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CENTRAL BATCHING IS MORE ECONOMICAL AND SAVES

LABOR BUT RE#UIRES AN ADE#UATE DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM.

SITE BATCHING, EXCEPT FOR SMALL MIXERS IS LIKELY TO

BE UNECONOMIC.

THE USE OF OVERHEAD HOPPER TYPE OF WEIGH BATCHER

WHICH INVOLVES MECHANICAL LOADING IS USUALLY

ECONOMICAL FOR MIXERS OF %' CUFT AND LARGER.

EMPLOYMENT OF WEIGH BATCHING PLANT.

CARE OF WEIGHING DEVICES


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CHECK THE CALIBRATION OF THE DEVICE WHEN NEW AND

PERIODICALLY THERE AFTER.

KEEP THE DEVICE CLEAN AND IN REALLY GOOD CONDITION BY

FRE#UENT SERVICING.

ALWAYS LOCK THE DEVICE IN PLACE DURING MOVEMENT

CARE OF WEIGHING DEVICES

CONC BATCHING PLANT


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CONC BATCHING PLANT

CONC BATCHING PLANT


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CONC BATCHING PLANT


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ONSTRU TIO

N

MA HINERY

SERVI E AND

MAINTENAN E


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SERVICING.

THIS COVERS ALL FUNCTIONS CARRIED OUT TO KEEP THE

PARTICULAR E#UIPMENT IN AN EFFICIENT CONDITION. THESE

FUNCTIONS ARE DETAILED IN THE MAINTENANCE MANUALS OF THE

E#UIPMENT. THE INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN IN THESE MANUALS SHOULD

BE FOLLOWED VERY STRICTLY.

MAINTENANCE.

THIS INCLUDES SERVICING, INSPECTION, TESTING, ADJUSTMENTS,

REPAIR AND OVERHAUL OF THE E#UIPMENT.

SERVICE SYSTEM


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THE SYSTEM APPLIES TO ALL E#UIPMENT, MACHINERY, AND PLANT

SERVICE ON AN HOURS RUN BASIS. THE SYSTEM INCLUDES/

A PLANT SERVICING SCHEDULE FOR EACH PARTICULAR

MACHINE WHICH DETAILS THE SERVICING TASKS TO BE

CARRIED OUT AND THE LUBRICANTS TO BE USED. THIS

SCHEDULE IS LAID DOWN IN USER:S HANDBOOK OR

MAKER:S MAINTENANCE MANUAL

A PLANT DOCUMENTATION SYSTEM

SERVICE SYSTEM

SERVICE SYSTEM


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ON RECEIPT OF THE MACHINE.

AFTER THE RUNNING FOR A PERIOD OF $) HOURS OR AS

DESCRIBED IN RELEVANT MAINTENANCE MANUAL.

AT SPECIFIC INTERVALS. THESE ARE NORMALLY AS UNDER/

%) HOURS OR DAILY

$) HOURS OR WEEKLY

%&) HOURS OR FORTNIGHTLY

&') HOURS OR MONTHLY

SERVICE SYSTEM

SERVICE SYSTEM


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CLEANLINESS, EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL.

LUBRICATION.

DRAINING AND REFILLING.

TOPPING UP

CHECKING

SERVICE SYSTEM

SERVICE SYSTEM


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EXTERNAL CLEANLINESS. THIS IS IMPORTANT TO/

PERMIT ACCESS TO LUBRICATION POINTS.

REDUCE WEAR ON EXTERNAL MOVING PARTS.

AVOID DANGER TO OPERATIONS CAUSED BY SLIPPERY

MIXTURES OF OIL AND DIRT ON THE MACHINE.

HELP TO MAINTAIN THE OPERATOR:S PRIDE IN HIS MACHINE.

CRAWLER TRACKS IN PARTICULAR MUST BE CLEANED AFTER

EVERY SHIFT. THEY ARE VERY SUSCEPTIBLE TO WEAR, WHICH

IS GREATLY INCREASED BY ACCUMULATIONS OF MUD. IN

COLD CLIMATES CAKED MUD WILL FREEZE AND CLOG

TRACKS OVERNIGHT.


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INTERNAL CLEANLINESS

LUBRICATION

REFUELLING

CHECKING

SERVICE SYSTEM


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ONSTRU TION

PLANNING AND

MANAGEMENT

PLANNING


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IT IS DEVISING OF A WORKABLE SCHEME OF OPERATIONS WHICH IS

DESIGNED TO ACCOMPLISH AN ESTABLISHED OBJECTIVE WHEN PUT INTO

ACTION. IT DETERMINES THE FOLLOWING/

WHAT IS TO BE DONE !OBJECT"

WHERE IT IS TO BE DONE !VENUE"

WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DOING IT !RESPONSIBILITY"

WHEN IT IS TO BE DONE !TIME"

HOW IT IS TO BE DONE !METHODOLOGY"

PLANNING

STRATEGIC PLANNING


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STRATEGIC PLANNING

DETERMINING OVERALL POLICIES AND OBJECTIVES.

DECIDING ON ANY CHANGES IN THESE POLICIES AND OBJECTIVES.

DECIDING ON THE RESOURCES TO BE DEVOTED TO ATTAINING THESE

OBJECTIVES.

MANAGEMENT.

IT IS THE JUDICIOUS ALLOCATION AND EFFICIENT USAGE OF

RESOURCES TO ACHIEVE A DESIRED END. RESOURCES ARE MONEY,

PERSONS, E#UIPMENT, MATERIALS AND TIME.


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MANAGER

HE WHO EMPLOYS HIS RESOURCES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR

CAPABILITIES TO ACCOMPLISH SOME PURPOSE. HIS FUNCTION IS TO

PLAN, SCHEDULE, CONTROL AND COORDINATE THE WORK AND

ENSURES THAT THE TASK IS COMPLETED WITHIN THE TIME AND

COST RE#UIREMENTS. TO PERFORM THESE FUNCTIONS HE MUST

HAVE THE AUTHORITY AND POWER TO TAKE DECISIONS.

MANAGEMENT CONTROL


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.OPERATIONALCONTROL DETERMINING THE SPECIFIC MANPOWER, E#UIPMENT, MATERIAL

AND INFORMATION NECESSARY TO ACCOMPLISH THE

SUBDIVISION OF THE PLAN.

ASSIGNING THE RESOURCES SO THAT THE PLAN CAN BE

CARRIED OUT IN THE MOST EFFICIENT MANNER.

COMPARING ACTUAL RESULTS WITH PLAN AND TAKING

CORRECTIVE ACTION WHERE APPROPRIATE.

DIVIDING THE STRATEGIC PLANS INTO LOGICAL

SUBDIVISIONS.

PROVIDING FUNDS TO CARRY OUT THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE

PLAN.

ASSIGNING THE RESPONSIBILITIES FOR CARRYING OUT EACH

OF THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PLAN TO INDIVIDUALS.

FOLLOWING UP TO SEE THAT THE ASSIGNMENTS ARE BEING

SATISFACTORILY CARRIED OUT.

MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES


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REVIEWING CRITICALLY AND RESTATING THE ORGANIZATION:S

STRATEGIC AND THE SUPPORTING TACTICAL PLANS.

CLARIFYING WITH EACH MANAGER THE KEY RESULTS AND

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS HE MUST ACHIEVE, IN LINE WITH

UNIT;S AND ORGANIZATION:S OBJECTIVES, AND GAINING HIS

CONTRIBUTION AND COMMITMENT TO THESE.

AGREEING WITH EACH MANAGER A JOB IMPROVEMENT PLAN

WHICH MAKES A MEASURABLE AND REALISTIC IMPROVEMENT

TO THE UNIT;S AND ORGANIZATION:S PLANS FOR BETTER

PERFORMANCE.



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USING SYSTEMATIC PERFORMANCE REVIEW TO MEASURE AND

DISCUSS PROGRESS TOWARDS RESULTS AND POTENTIAL

REVIEW TO IDENTIFY MEN WITH POTENTIAL FOR

ADVANCEMENT.

DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT TRAINING PLANS. TO HELP EACH

MANAGER TO OVERCOME HIS WEAKNESSES, TO BUILD ON HIS

STRENGTHS AND TO ACCEPT A RESPONSIBILITY FOR SELF

DEVELOPMENT.

STRENGTHENING A MANAGER;S MOTIVATION BY EFFECTIVE

SELECTION, SALARY AND SUCCESSION PLANS.


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OBJECTIVES SETTING

PLANNING

AND

CONTROL

SETTING OF OBJECTIVES

DATA COLLECTION AND EVALUATION


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INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DATA IS COLLECTED AND SUBSE#UENTLY

EVALUATED TO DEFINE THE OBJECTIVES. WHERE SOME FACTS ARE

NOT AVAILABLE, TOP MANAGEMENT HAS TO USE ITS JUDGMENT AND

BALANCE RISKS.

INTERNAL DATA. DETAILED INFORMATION REGARDING STRENGTHS AND

WEAKNESSES OF THE ORGANIZATION, ITS PERFORMANCE ANDEXPECTATIONS OF ITS WORKERS.

EXTERNAL DATA. IT ENCOMPASSES FINANCES, PERSONNEL,

MATERIALS, TECHNOLOGY, COMPETITION AND WORKING

ENVIRONMENTS.

EVALUATION. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DATA WOULD YIELD


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.CLARIFICATION OF OBJECTIVES. OBJECTIVE MUST BE SET IN

CLEAR AND UNAMBIGUOUS TERMS TO AVOID WASTE OF EFFORT.

.SUCCESSION OF SPECIFIC GOALS. INTEGRATED SHORT RUN

OBJECTIVES MUST= BE SET ON THE WAY TO ACHIEVE A DISTANT GOAL.

SHORT RUN OBJECTIVES CAN BE ACHIEVED #UICKLY, AS, BEST

ATTENTION AND CONSISTENT EFFORT CAN BE DEVOTED TO THEM.

SUCH SMALL SUCCESSES OR THE LARGER ONE WILL ENABLE A SETUP

TO CONTINUE IN THE PURSUIT OF ITS GOALS WITH UNABATED VIGOR,

ENERGY AND INTEREST.

.DELEGATION BY OBJECTIVES. AFTER HAVING SPECIFIED THE

OBJECTIVES, AUTHORITY NEEDS TO BE DELEGATED TO THE

SUBORDINATES TO ACCOMPLISH THE ASSIGNED TASKS. THEY MUSTHAVE THE FULL POWER TO OPERATE AS THEY SEE FIT. ON THIS

AUTHORITY THE SUBORDINATES WOULD CREATE AND MAINTAIN AN

ENVIRONMENT FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF INDIVIDUAL WORKING IN A

GROUP.

PRERE#UISITES FOR SUCCESS OF THE SYSTEM


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FREEDOM TO ACT. SUBORDINATE CAN USE THEIR INITIATIVE PROVIDED

CLEAR OBJECTIVES ARE SET ALONG WITH THE AUTHORITY TO ACHIEVE

THEM. GIVEN THIS POWER, THEY WOULD BE ABLE TO READJUST,

IMPROVE SCHEME OF THINGS AND WORKING CONDITIONS FOR

ATTAINING THE GIVEN OBJECTIVE.

VERIFIABLE RESULTS.

REALISTIC APPRAISAL BECOMES POSSIBLEWHEN OBJECTIVES ARE SET #UANTITATIVELY OR #UALITATIVELY. WHEN

AN OBJECTIVE IS #UALITATIVELY DEFINED, THE EMPHASIS IS ON HOW

WELL RATHER THAN HOW MUCH.

CLEAR COMMUNICATION. IT WOULD BE POSSIBLE ONLY WHEN

OBJECTIVES ARE SPECIFIC, AGREED UPON AND AUTHORITY TO ACHIEVE

THEM IS GIVEN.



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SHARED RESPONSIBILITY. COOPERATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE

RESULTS TO BE ACHIEVED PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR A FEELING OFINCREASED RESPONSIBILITY TO ATTAIN ON THE PART OF BOTH

SUPERIOR AND SUBORDINATE.

PERSONAL ACCOUNTABILITY. APPRAISAL SHOULD BE FOLLOWED BY

PERSONAL ACCOUNTABILITY. TO DO THIS, MAKING OF ASSIGNMENT BY

RESULTS AND DELEGATION OF NECESSARY AUTHORITY ARE PRE

RE#UISITES. PERSONAL ACCOUNTABILITY WOULD RESULT IN INCREASE

IN EFFICIENCY AND ENTHUSIASM OF THE INDIVIDUALS.

WORKING ENVIRONMENTS. ALL EMPLOYEES MUST BE E#UALLY

MOTIVATED AND ONLY THEN THEY WILL DEVELOP SELF CONTROL AND

SELF DISCIPLINE RESULTING IN MINIMIZING EXTERNAL PRESSURE AND

CONSE#UENTLY CREATION OF HEALTHY AND CONGENIAL

ENVIRONMENT FOR WORK.

#


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IMPROVED MANAGEMENT ABILITY. AT EACH INTERVAL IN THE

ROUTINE APPRAISAL PROGRAMME, THE RESULTS TO BE ACHIEVED

RE#UIRE THE SUBORDINATE:S CONCENTRATION ON THE WEAKER

AREAS OF HIS PERFORMANCE. NEW TARGETS ARE SELECTED AFTER

NECESSARY CORRECTIONS ARE MADE. CONSE#UENTLY OVER A PERIOD

OF TIME ATTENTION IS DIRECTED TO SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES WHICH ARE

TO BE IMPROVED.


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