construction fundamentals chapter 1. chapter 1 - historical perspective architect comes from a greek...
TRANSCRIPT
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Construction FundamentalsChapter 1
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Chapter 1 - Historical Perspective
• Architect comes from a Greek word meaning – chief artifice,
– master–builder,
– director of works.
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Chapter 1 - Historical Perspective
•Architect – Romans used the Latin form
architectus - the architect’s responsibilities was to design and superintend the construction of the work.
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Chapter 1 - Historical Perspective
• Contractor – comes from the legal agreement or contract
that is negotiated and executed between the owner and the builder
• General Contractor – As there can be many builders involved on
a project a hierarchy of responsibility and authority needs to be established to insure proper coordination of the various efforts
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Construction• Engineering and
construction are a unique combination of specific need and specific design in a process that yields an engineered work.
• Civilizations are built by construction efforts.
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Construction • Civil Engineers
•Military Engineers
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Engineering Education
• L’Ecole Polytechnique –authorized in 1795 by Napoleon
• U. S. Military Academy, West Point –organized by President Thomas
Jefferson 1802
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Canals• Man-made canals were a major factor
in the development of early civilization
–Barge Canals
• Chesapeake and Ohio (1828-1850)
–Ship Canals
• Suez (1869)
• Panama (1914)
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Rail Roads
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Rail Roads• The railroads were the engine of
growth and expansion to the West
• By 1840 there were nearly three thousand miles of track in the United States
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Rail Roads• Congress passed the Pacific Railroad
Act in 1862.
–The act authorized the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Companies to build a transcontinental rail line along the 42nd parallel
–May 10, 1869 Golden spike driven home
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Golden SpikeNational Historic Site
"East Meets West" photo taken May 10, 1869 by Andrew J. Russell (National Park Service Photo)
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Golden SpikeThe web site to learn more about this historic engineering accomplishment. http://www.nps.gov/gosp/Additional reading:C.P.R.R. The Central Pacific Railroad - Charles Nordoff, Outbooks, Golden, CO 1976 (originally written 1892). Empire Express; Building the First Transcontinental Railroad - David Haward Bain, Penguin Putnam, New York, NY. 1999.
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Golden SpikeAdditional reading:History of the Union Pacific Railway - Henry K. White, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. 1895. Nothing Like It In The World- The Men Who Built The Transcontinental Railroad 1863-1869 - Stephen E. Ambrose, Simon & Schuster, New York, NY. 2000. Rails From the West: a Biography of Theodore D. Judah - Helen Hinkley, Golden West Books, San Marino, CA 1969. Ten Mile Day; And The Building of the Transcontinental Railroad – Mary Ann Fraser Henry Holt and Company, New York, NY 1993.
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Industrial Buildings
• Buildings of the mid-19th century tended to be narrow enclosures with load-bearing walls
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Industrial Buildings• Between 1874 and 1904 many
advances made– Construction methods
and materials– fire protection– steel trusses framing
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Industrial Buildings• 1920’s industrial buildings were
being constructed with skeleton framing and curtain walls
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Industrial Buildings• Concrete building systems have
also been developed. –cast-in-place– tilt-up–precast
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Highways• Appian Way
• Dwight D. Eisenhower Interstate Highway System (1956)
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I-17/I-10 Phoenix AZ
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AirportsPhoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, Phoenix, AZ
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AirportsConstruction at Dallas/Ft. Worth International Airport, 2002
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Skyscrapers
• 1800’s few buildings were more than 100 ft high
–Walls were load bearing (up to 5 feet thick)
–Doors & window penetrations were kept to a minimum
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Skyscr
aper
s
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Skyscraper
s
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Skyscrapers• Four engineering innovations had to
come together before the height of building would rise to a level where they would be called skyscrapers.– Safe elevators– Steel Framing– Fireproofing– Caisson method of foundation
construction
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Bolted steel connections
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Construction IndustryEgyptians
Greeks
Romans – corvee - Latin corrogare, to
summon together – Collegia
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Construction IndustryRomans – Collegia• Membership for skilled craftsmen
became mandatory• Workers had to follow the same
trade for life and their descendants after them
• Wages were fixed• Craftsmen could be transferred to
any location as directed by the state
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Master Builders• Reported to the owner
• Responsible for both
–Design and
–Construction
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Master Builders
• Used the principle of proportional geometry to construct complicated designs with a minimum of equipment
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Contractors• From the legal agreement or contract
that is negotiated and executed between the owner and the builder
• General contractor (GC)
• Specialty or trade contractors
–Electrical
–Plumbing
–Heating and air conditioning (HVAC)
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Assignment• Due next class• What is the largest or most famous
_____ in your state? And why!!–Canal–Road–Bridge–Skyscraper–Airport