constant n permeability report
TRANSCRIPT
PART A: CONSTANT HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine permeability of sands and gravels containing little or no silt.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this experiment, students are able to:
Describe the procedure to determine the coefficient of permeability of sands and gravels
based on ASTM D2434.
Identify the relationship between permeability and pore size of the coarse grained soils.
Measure the coefficient of permeability of sands and gravels containing little or no slit.
3.0 THEORY
The most common permeability cell (permeameter) is 75mm in diameter and is intended
for sands containing particles up to about 5mm. A larger cell, 114mm, can be used for testing
sands containing particles up to about 10mm, i.e. medium gravel size. As a general rule the
ratio of the cell diameter to the diameter of the largest size of particle in significant quantity
should be at least 12.
The constant head permeability cell is intended for testing disturbed granular soils which
are recompacted into the cell, either by using a specified compactive effort, or to achieve a
certain dry density, i.e. void ratio.
In the constant head test, water is made to flow through a column of soil under the
application of a pressure difference which remains constant, i.e. under a constant head. The
amount of water passing through the soil in a known time is measured, and the permeability of
the sample is calculated by using Equation (1).
If the connections to the cell are arranged so that water flows upwards through the
sample, the critical hydraulic gradient can be determined after measuring the steady state
permeability, and the effects of instability (boiling and piping) can be observed. It is important
that use only air-free water, and measures for preventing air bubbling out of solution during
these tests is very crucial.
………..Eqn (1)
Where: q = rate of flow,
A = area of sample,
i = hydraulic gradient,
=
h1 - h2 = head difference between 2 reference points
L = distance between 2 reference points
3.0 TEST EQUIPMENTS
1. Constant head permeability cells, fitted with loading piston, perforated plates, flow tube
connections,
2. piezometer nipples and connections, air bleed valve, sealing rings. Figure 1 shows
permeameter
3. cells that commonly used in laboratory testing.
Figure 1: Permeameter cells for constant head test: (a) 75mm, (b) 114mm
(Courtesy of ELE International, 2007)
5.0 PROCEDURES
1. Prepare permeameter cell,
a. Remove the top plate assembly from the cell.
b. Measure the following dimensions:
i. Mean internal diameter (D mm),
ii. Distance between centres of each set of manometer connection points
along the axis of the cell (L mm),
iii. Overall approximate internal length of cell (H1 mm),
c. Calculate the following based on measured dimensions:
i. Area of cross-section of sample, A = D2/4 mm2
ii. Approximate mass of soil required, to fill the permeameter cell,
V = A H1/1000 cm3
iii. Approximate mass of soil required, if placed at a density Mg/m3,
mass = A H1/1000 g
2. Select sample,
a. Air-dry the soil which the test sample is to be taken.
b. Sieve the soil sample and any particles larger than 5 mm need to be removed by
sieving.
c. The material needs to be reduced by the usual riffling process to produce several
batches of samples each about equal to the mass required to fill the
permeameter cell
3. Prepare sample,
a. The sample may be placed in the permeameter cell by one of three methods:
i. Compacting by rodding,
ii. Dry pouring,
iii. Pouring through water
4. Assemble cell
a. Place a second porous disc (if one has already been used) and the second wire
gauze disc on top of the soil, followed by about 40mm thickness of glass balls or
gravel filter material,
b. The level of the top surface of the filter should be within the limits required to
accommodate the top plate,
c. Slacken the piston locking collar on the cell top, pull the piston up as far as it will
go, and re-tighten the locking collar,
d. Fit the cell top on the cell and tighten it down into place by progressively
tightening the clamping screws,
e. Release the piston locking collar and push the piston down until the perforated
plate bears on the filter material,
f. Hold it down firmly while the locking collar is re-tightened
5. Connect up cell
a. Connect the nozzle at the base of the cell to the de-aired water supply, and close
the inlet cock,
b. Connect each piezometer point that is to be used to a manometer tube and close
with a pinchcock close to the cell,
c. Connect the top outlet of the cell to the vacuum, fitted with a water trap, using
rigid plastic or thick-walled rubber tubing
d. Close the air bleed screw on the cell top
6. Saturate and de-air sample
7. Connect up for test
8. Run test
a. Turn on the supply of de-aired water to the constant head device, which be at a
low level initially,
b. Open water supply valve that connect it to the cell, and the base outlet cock
c. Allow water to flow through the sample until the conditions appear to be steady
and the water levels in the manometer tubes remain stationary
d. Adjust valve on the supply line to the constant head device so that there is a
continuous small overflow; if this is excessive, the de-aired water will be wasted.
e. To start a test run, empty the measuring cylinder and start the timer at the instant
the measuring cylinder is placed under the outlet overflow.
f. Record the clock time at which the first run is started.
g. Read the levels of the water in the manometer tubus (h1, h2, etc) and measure
the water temperature (TC) in the outlet reservoir.
h. When the level in the cylinder reaches a predetermined mark (such as 50ml or
200ml) stop the clock, record the elapsed time to the nearest half second,
9. Repeat test
a. Emtpy the cylinder, and make four to six repeat runs at about 5 minutes
intervals.
10. Dismantle cell
11. Calculate results
12. Report
Figure 2: General arrangement for constant head permeability test (downward flow)
(Courtesy of ELE International, 2007)
6.0 RESULTS
Constant Head Permeability test
Location: Sample no:
Operator: Date:
Soil description:
Method of
preparation:
Sample diameter: 80 mm Sample length: 232 mm
Sample area, A: 5026 mm2 Sample volume: 1166 cm3
Sample dry mass: 1844 g Sample dry density: 16.19 kN/m3
S.G. measured/assumed: 2.7 Voids ratio:
Heights above datum: inlet mm
Heights above datum: outlet mm
Manometer a: 857 mm
Manometer b: mm
Manometer c: 814 mm
Head difference a to c: 43 mm Distance difference: 145 mm
Flow upwards/downwards Hydraulic gradients: 0.297
Temperature:
Reading:
Time from start
min.
Time interval, t
min.
Measured flow, Q
ml
Rate of flow, q = Q/t
ml/min
Remarks
0.30 0
0.60 0.30 200 666.67 1.83
0.90 0.30 200 666.67 1.83
1.20 0.30 200 666.67 1.83
1.52 0.32 200 625.00 1.77
1.82 0.30 200 666.67 1.83
2.12 0.30 200 666.67 1.83
2.40 0.28 200 714.29 1.89
2.73 0.33 200 606.06 1.74
7.0 CALCULATION
Permeability, k =
Hydraulic gradient, i = (h1 – h2) / L
= 0.043 / 0.145
= 0.297
Ai = 5.026 x 10-3 x 0.297
= 1.49 x 10-3 m2
q = 6.67 x 10-4 m3 / 60 s
= 1.11 x 10-5 m3/s
k = 1.11 x 10 -5 m 3 /s
1.49 x 10-3 m2
= 7.45 x 10-3 m/s
q = 6.25 x 10-4 m3 / 60 s
= 1.04 x 10-5 m3/s
k = 1.04 x 10 -5 m 3 /s
1.49 x 10-3 m2
= 6.98 x 10-3 m/s
1ml = 1cm3
1m3 = 100cm3
Average of permeability = ∑ K / number of k = 0.059 / 8
= 7.375 x 10-3 m/s
q = 7.14 x 10-4 m3 / 60 s
= 1.19 x 10-5 m3/s
k = 1.19 x 10 -5 m 3 /s
1.49 x 10-3 m2
= 7.99 x 10-3 m/s
q = 6.06 x 10-4 m3 / 60 s
= 1.01 x 10-5 m3/s
k = 1.01 x 10 -5 m 3 /s
1.49 x 10-3 m2
= 6.78 x 10-3 m/s
8.0 DISCUSSION
The coefficient of permeabilty for this sample of soil is 7.375 x 10-3 m/s. The value we
get is suitable because during test there should be no volume change in the soil and the factor
that influence the value such as size of the sample and effective air void. Therefore, the time we
have taken is fast because the water permeability of the soil is less. The rate of flow we get is
higher value.
The constant-head method is limited to disturbed granular soils containing not more than
10% passing the No. 200 sieve.
9.0 CONCLUSION
From the experiment, we get the time is found to be constant at volume of water. The
time we get is faster. This is because the permeability of the gravel soil absorbs the water is
low. This gravel soil has a large molecular space. Therefore, the water diffusion rate is low. It
appears to be a function of three factors for a constant paste amount and character: effective air
void content, effective void size and drain down. From the coefficient of permeability for the
given sample of soil value, we can say that the rate of flow the sample has get the value higher.
10.0 REFERENCE
1. http://www.slideshare.net/xakikazmi/constant-head .
PART B: FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine permeability of soils of intermediate and low permeability (less than 10 -4 m/s), i.e.
Silts and clays.
2.0 THEORY
In the falling head test a relatively short sample is connected to a standpipe which
provides both the head of water and the means of measuring the quantity of water flowing
through the sample. Several standpipes of different diameters are normally available from which
can be selected the diameter most suitable for the type of material being tested.
In permeability tests on clays, much higher hydraulic gradients than are normally used
with sands can be applied, and are often necessary to induce any measurable flow. The
cohesion of clays provides resistance to failure by piping at gradients of up to several hundred,
even under quite low confining or surcharge pressures. Dispersive clays however are very
susceptible to erosion at much lower gradient.
The falling head principle can be applied to an undisturbed sample in a sampling tube
and to a sample in an oedometer consolidation cell. The equation used in determine the
permeability of fine grained soils is given in Eqn (1).
………..Eqn (1)
The time difference (t2-t1) can be expressed as the elapsed time, t (minutes). The heights
h1 and h2 and the length, L are expressed in millimetres, and the areas A and a in square
millimetres. Eqn (1) then becomes Eqn (2).
………..Eqn (2)
To convert natural logarithms to ordinary (base 10) logarithms, multiply by 2.303. If k is
epxressed in m/s, the above equation becomes Eqn (3).
………..Eqn (3)
Where: a = area of cross-section of standpipe tube,
A = area of cross section of sample
h1 = heights of water above datum in standpipe at time t1
h2 = heights of water above datum in standpipe at time t2
L = heights of sample
t = elapsed time in minutes
3.0 TEST EQUIPMENTS
1. Permeameter cell, comprising:
Cell body, with cutting edge (core cutter), 100 mm diameter and 130 mm long.
Perforated base plate with straining rods and wing nuts.
Top clamping plate.
Connecting tube and fittings.
Figure 1: Compaction permeameter
(Courtesy of ELE International, 2007)
4.0 PROCEDURES
1. Assemble apparatus,
a. The apparatus is set up as shown in Figure 2. The volume of water passing
through a sample of low permeability is quite small and a continuous supply of
de-aired water is not necessary, but the reservoir supplying the de-airing tank
should be filled with distilled or de-ionised water
2. Calibrate manometer tubes,
a. The areas of cross-section of the three manometer tubes should be determined
as follows for each tube:
i. Fill the tube with water up to a known mark near the top of the scale,
observed to the nearest mm,
ii. Run off water from the tube into a weighted beaker, until the level in the
tube has fallen by about 500mm or more,
iii. Read the new water level on the scale, to the nearest mm,
iv. Weigh the beaker containing water from the tube (weighings should be
to the nearest 0.01g)
v. The diameter of the manometer can be calculated as follows:
mm2
If mw = mass of water (g),
h1 = initial level in tube (mm),
h2 = final level in tube (mm),
A = area of cross-section of tube (mm2)
vi. Repeat the measurements two or three times for each tube, and
average the results.
3. Prepare cell,
a. Dismantle the cell,
b. Check the cell body is clean and dry, and weigh it to the nearest 0.1g,
c. Measure the mean internal diameter (D) and length (L) to the nearest 0.5mm
4. Prepare sample,
a. Undisturbed sample can be taken by means of core cutter.
b. Make sure that the sample is a tight fit in the body and there are no cavities
around the perimeter through which water could pass,
5. Assemble cell
6. Connect cell
7. Saturate and de-air sample
8. Fill manometer system
9. Run test
a. Open screw clip at inlet to allow water to flow down through the sample, and
observe the water level in the standpipe,
b. As soon as it reaches the level h1, start the timer clock,
c. Observe and record the time when the level reaches h3, and when it reaches h2,
then stop the clock,
d. Close screw clip at inlet
10. Repeat test
11. Calculate permeability
12. Report result
Figure 2: Falling head permeability cell with manometer tubes
(Courtesy of ELE International, 2007)
5.0 RESULT
Falling Head Permeability test
Location: Sample no:
Operator: Date: 8/03/2012
Soil description: CLAY
Method of
preparation:
Sample diameter, D: 99.21 mm Sample length, L: 129.84 mm
Sample area, A: 7730.38 mm2 Sample volume, V: 1003.7 cm3
Mass of mould: 960 g Mass of sample+mould: 2820 g
Mass of sample: 1860 g
S.G. measured/assumed: Voids ratio:
Bulk density, : 16.43 kN/m3 Dry density, : 14.94 kN/m3
Mositure content: 20 % Test temperature: c
Standpipe diameter: 4.05 mm Standpipe area, a: 12.88 mm2
Reading:
Reference point
Height above
datum, y
(mm)
Height above
outlet, h
(mm)
Test
Height ratios
Permeability k
(m/s) x10-13
No. Time, t
(min)
1 900 850 3.50 0 1.059 9.82
2 850 800 7.72 4.02 1.063 4.71
3 800 750 11.98 4.26 1.067 3.24
4 750 700 16.57 4.59 1.071 2.50
6.0 CALCULATIONS
=
Example calculation for reference point 1 and 2
L = 129.84 x 10-3 m
A = 7730.38 x 10-6 m2
a = πd2 / 4
= π(4.05mm) / 4
= 12.88mm2
= 12.88 x 10-6 m2
Point 1
t = 3.50 min = 210 second
h1 = 900 mm
h2 = 850 mm
K = 2.303aL / (1000xAx60t) x log10 (h1/h2)
K = [2.303(12.88 x 10-6)( 129.84 x 10-3) / [ 1000(7730.38 x 10-6) x 60(210)] x log10
(0.90/0.85)
= 9.82 x 10-13 m/s
Point 2 t = 7.72 min = 463.2 second
h1 = 850 mm
h2 = 800 mm
K = 2.303aL / (1000xAx60t) x log10 (h1/h2)
K = [2.303(12.88 x 10-6)( 129.84 x 10-3) / [ 1000(7730.38 x 10-6) x 60(463.2)] x
log10(0.85/0.80)
= 4.71 x 10-13 m/s
Average of permeability = ∑ K / number of k = 2.027 x 10-12 / 4
= 5.068 x 10-13 m/s
7.0 DISCUSSION
The coefficient of permeability for this sample of soil is 5.068 x 10-13
m/s. The value we get is suitable because during test there should be no
volume change in the soil, there should be no compressible air present in
the voids of soil i.e. soil should be completely saturated. The flow should be
laminar and in a steady state condition. The coefficient of permeability of soil
is depend on several factor such as fluid viscosity, pore size distribution,
grain size distribution,void ratio and degree of soil saturation. In this
experiment the fluid viscosity can not be take as the factor becouse we use
the water.
Coefficient of permeability is used to assess drainage characteristics
of soil, to predict rate of settlement founded on soil bed. Generally, soils
which contain 10% or more particles passing the No.200 sieve are tested
using the falling-head method.
Several errors could have affected the test results:
air trapped in sample or sample not 100% saturated;
soil was washed from the sample;
some of the head loss occurred in the apparatus rather than in the
sample;
not starting and stopping stop watch at correct point;
sample settling during test;
sample disturbed by flowing water at inlet;
difficulty of accurately measuring heads relative to tail water and
significant figures
8.0 CONCLUSION
From the experiment, we get the time is increase at volume of water
is constant. The time we taken is slow. This is because the permeability of
the clay or silt soil absorbs the water is higher. This clay or silt soil has a
small molecular space. It is generally the pore sizes and their connectivity
that determines whether a soil has high or low permeability. Water will flow
easily through soil with large pores with good connectivity between them.
Therefore, the water diffusion rate is higher.
9.0 REFERENCE
1. http://www.civil.umaine.edu/cie366/permeability/default.htm .
APPENDICES
CONSTANT HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST