consortium leader peter pazmany catholic university...– 802.19 coexistence technical advisory...

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Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework**

Consortium leader

PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITYConsortium members

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER

The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund ***

**Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben

***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg.

PETER PAZMANY

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY

SEMMELWEIS

UNIVERSITY

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Peter Pazmany Catholic University

Faculty of Information Technology

Ad hoc Sensor Networks

Standardized wireless systems

www.itk.ppke.hu

Érzékelő mobilhálózatok

Standardizált vezeték nélküli rendszerek

Dr. Oláh András

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Ad hoc Sensor Networks: Standardized wireless systems

Lecture 7 review• Network layer functions

• Routing algorithmrequirements and strategies

• Network of networks: the Internet

• Routing in traditional networking technologies (Dijkstra, Belman-Ford routing algorithm)

• Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

• Routing as a quadratic optimization problem

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Outline• The IEEE 802 Family of Standards

• Cellular Systems (recall)

• Wireless LANs alias Wifi (recall)

• Bluetooth

• ZigBee

• Summary of– 3G standards

– WLAN standards

– WPAN standards

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Standards• Interacting systems require standardization

• Companies want their systems adopted as standard– Alternatively try for de-facto standards

• Standards determined by TIA/CTIA in US– IEEE standards often adopted

– Process fraught with inefficiencies and conflicts

• Worldwide standards determined by ITU-T

– In Europe, ETSI is equivalent of IEEE


Recall from Chapter 1


The IEEE 802 Family of Standards• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers:

– A technical, professional, and student society.

– Publishes many journals and magazines.

– Also has developed a few technical standards.

• Working Groups– 802.1 High Level Interface (HILI) Working Group (active)

– 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) Working Group (hibernating)

– 802.3 CSMA/CD Working Group (active) – Ethernet, standard for wiredLAN’s

– 802.4 Token Bus Working Group (hibernating)

– 802.5 Token Ring Working Group (hibernating)

– 802.6 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Working Group (hibernating)



The IEEE 802 Family of Standards (cont’)• Working Groups (cont’)

– 802.7 Broadband Technical Adv. Group (BBTAG) (hibernating)

– 802.9 Integrated Services LAN (ISLAN) Working Group (hibernating)

– 802.10 Standard for Interoperable LAN Security (SILS) Working Group(hibernating)

– 802.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN) Working Group (active)– 802.12 Demand Priority Working Group (hibernating)

– 802.14 Cable-TV Based Broadband Communication Network WorkingGroup (disbanded, no publications)

– 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Working Group(active)

– 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (BBWA) Working Group (active)

– 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) (active)



The IEEE 802 Family of Standards (cont’)• Working Groups (cont’)

– 802.18 Radio Regulatory Technical Advisory Group (active)

– 802.19 Coexistence Technical Advisory Group (active)

– 802.20 Mobile Wireless Access Working Group (active)




Cellular Systems (cont’)• Typically require different access and routing strategies since data

is bursty, whereas voice is continuous

• 3G features:– 384 Kbps (802.11n has 100s of Mbps).

– Standard based on wideband CDMA

– Packet-based switching for both voice and data

– 3G cellular popular in Asia and Europe

• Evolution of existing systems in US (2.5G++)– GSM+EDGE, IS-95(CDMA)+HDR

– 100 Kbps may be enough

– Dual phone (2/3G+Wifi) use growing (iPhone, Google)

• What means beyond 3G? Good question.




Cellular Systems (cont’)• 4G and Long Term Evolution (LTE) features:

– Ortgogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing/ Multiple Input Multiple Output technology (OFDM/MIMO)

– Much higher data rates (50-100 Mbps)

– Greater spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz)

– Flexible use of up to 100 MHz of spectrum

– Low packet latency (<5ms).

– Increased system capacity

– Reduced cost-per-bit

– Support for multimedia




• Wireless Multimedia (wireless HDTV, and gaming) everywhere

• Wifi features:– Streaming video

– Gbps data rates

– High reliability

• WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range)

• Breaks data into packets

• Channel access is shared (random access)

• Backbone Internet provides best-effort service(no QoS)

– Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)

Wireless LANs alias WifiRecall from Chapter 1


Wireless LANs alias Wifi (cont’)• 802.11b (Old – 1990s)

– Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)– Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)– Speeds of 11 Mbps, approx. 120m range

• 802.11a/g (1999/2003 -)– Standard for 5GHz – OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes– Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 30-50m range

802.11n (2009 - )– Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band– Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas)– Speeds up to 600Mbps, approx. 50m range




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Bluetooth idea and features


• Cable replacement RF technology (low cost)• Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)• 2.4 GHz band (crowded)• 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels, up to

3 Mbps• Widely supported by telecommunications, PC,

and consumer electronics companies• Few applications beyond cable replacement• Universal radio interface for ad-hoc wireless

connectivity• Embedded in other devices, goal: $5/device

(2005: $40 bluetooth headset)

2001

2010


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Bluetooth history• History

– 1994: Ericsson (Mattison/Haartsen), “MC-link” project– Renaming of the project: Bluetooth according to Harald “Blåtand” Gormsen[son of

Gorm], King of Denmark in the 10th century– 1998: foundation of Bluetooth SIG– 1999: erection of a rune stone at Ercisson/Lund– 2001: first consumer products for mass market, spec. version 1.1 released– Nov. 8, 2004 (Overland Park, KS): Version 2.0 + EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) is

announced. Up to 3 Mbps.

• Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)– Original founding members: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba– Added promoters: 3Com, Agere (was: Lucent), Microsoft, Motorola– > 2500 members– Common specification and certification of products

• IEEE founded IEEE 802.15 for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) and approved a Bluetooth-based standard.


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Bluetooth characteristics• 2.4 GHz ISMband, 79 RF channels, 1 MHz carrier spacing

• Channel 0: 2402 MHz … channel 78: 2480 MHz• GFSK modulation, 1-100 mWtransmit power

• FHSS and TDD• Frequency hopping with 1600 hops/s• Hopping sequence in a pseudo random fashion, determined bya master• Time division duplex for send/receive separation

• Two type of links:• Voice link – SCO (Synchronous Connection Oriented): FEC (forward error

correction), no retransmission, 64 kbit/s duplex, point-to-point, circuitswitched

• Data link – ACL (Asynchronous Connectionless): Asynchronous, fastacknowledge, point-to-multipoint, up to 433.9 kbit/s symmetric or723.2/57.6 kbit/s asymmetric, packet switched


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Bluetooth characteristics (cont’)• Topology: Overlapping piconets (stars) forming a scatternet• Advantage:

– already integrated into several products, available worldwide,– free ISM-band, several vendors,– simple system, simple ad-hoc networking, peer to peer, scatternets

• Disadvantage:– interference on ISM-band,– limited range,– max. 8 devices/network,– high set-up latency


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Bluetooth protocol stack


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Bluetooth network: piconet• Collection of devices connected in an ad hoc fashion.• One unit acts asmaster and the others asslavesfor the lifetime

of the piconet.• Master determines hopping pattern, slaves have to synchronize:

– Master gives slaves its clock and device ID Addressing (Active MemberAddress(AMA , 3 bit) andParked Member Address(PMA , 8 bit))

– Phase in hopping pattern determined by clock– Each piconet has a unique hopping pattern determined by device ID (48

bit, unique worldwide)• Participation in a piconet = synchronization to hopping

sequence:• Each piconet has one master and up to 7 simultaneous slaves (>

200 could be parked).


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Bluetooth network: piconet (cont’)


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Bluetooth network: scatternet• Linking of multiple co-located piconets through the sharing of common

master or slave devices• Devices can be slave in one piconet and master of another: as soon as a master

leaves a piconnet, all traffic within this piconet is suspended until the masterreturns.

• Communication between piconets• Devices jumping back and forth between the piconets


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Operational state of a Bluetooth device


IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Radios


• Low-Rate WPAN• Data rates of 20, 40, 250 Kbps• Support for large mesh networking

or star clusters• Support for low latency devices• CSMA-CA channel access• Very low power consumption• Frequency of operation in ISM

bands (2.4GHz)• Focus is primarily on low power

wireless sensor networks

Mesh, Star or Tree topology



IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Radios (cont’)


• ZigBee Aliance– „the software” – Network, Security & Application layers– Brand management

• IEEE 802.15.4– “the hardware” – Physical & Media Access Control layers

• What does ZigBee do?– Designed for wireless controls and

sensors– Operates in Personal Area Networks

(PAN’s) and device-to-device networks– Connectivity between small packet

devices– Control of lights, switches, thermostats,

appliances, etc.


ZigBee Mesh Networking


• Topology– Star– Cluster Tree– Mesh

• Network coordinator, routers, end devices

• States of operation– Active– Sleep

• Devices– Full Function Devices (FFD’s)– Reduced Function Devices (RFD’s)

• Modes of operation– Beacon– Non-beacon

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Summary of current wireless systems


3G standars cdma2000 W-CDMA

Subclass 1X 1XEV-D0 1xEV-DV 3X UMTS FOMA J-Phone

Bandwidth (MHz) 1.25 3.75 5

Chip Rate (Mchips/s) 1.2288 3.6864 3.84

Max. data rate (Mbps) 0.144 2.4 4.8 5-8 2.4 (8-10 with HSDPA)

Modulaton QPSK (Down link), BPSK (Up link)

Coding Convolutional (low rate), Turbo coding (high rate)

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Summary of current wireless systems (cont’)


WLAN standards 802.11 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g

Bandwidth (MHz) 83.5

Frequency 2.4 GHz 5.2GHz 2.4GHz 2.4GHz

Number of Channels 3 12 3 3

Modulation BPSK, QPSK

DSSS, FHSS

BPSK, QPSK

MQAM, OFDM

BPSK, QPSK

DSSS

BPSK, QPSK

MQAM, OFDM

Coding Convolutional Convolutional

Max. data rate (Mbps)

1.2 54 11 54

Range 27-30 75-100 30

Access CSMA/CA

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Summary of current wireless systems (cont’)


WPAN standards ZigBee

(802.15.4)

Bluetooth

(802.15.1)

UWB

(802.15.3)

Frequency Range (GHz) 2.4 -2.4835 2.4 -2.4835 3.1-10.6

Max. Data Rate (Mbps) 0.25 1 100

Range (m) 30 10 10

Modulation BPSK, OQPSK

DSSS

GFSK

FHSS

BPSK, QPSK

OFDM or DSSS

Power Consumption (mW) 5-20 40-100 80-150

Access CSMA/CS Time Division Undefined

Networking Mesh/Star/Tree Subnet Clusters Undefined

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Summary• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is

the most important technical society which publishes manyjournals and magazines and it also has developed a fewtechnical standards.

• The cellular mobile networks are developing constantly.• Wifi is also developing and capable of offering higher data

speed to a larger number of users.• Bluetooth has completed its mission: it ensures small range,

small size, integrated and cheap wireless networks• ZigBee is a protocol stack built on IEEE 802.15.4 physical and

MAC layer.• Next lecture: Communication protocols for wireless sensor

networks


consortium leader peter pazmany catholic university...– 802.19 coexistence technical advisory...

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