Consonant Nasalization (자음 비음화) in Pronouncing

Korean Words by Indonesian

Learners: A

Phonological Study

Ni Gusti Ayu Dhyana Widyadewi, Herniwati,

Velayeti Nurfitriana Ansas, Asma Azizah

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

August 12, 2021

Introduction FPBS UPI

• It was found that many Korean learners made pronunciation errors.

• Learners who make pronunciation errors show problems in speaking and communication.

• The most errors in Korean pronunciation were found during the nasalization process.

• There are quite a lot of differences between the rules for nasalization in Indonesian and Korean language.

Literature Review FPBS UPI

• There are several types of consonant nasalization processes in Korean. Based on Sin and Cha (2013), Sinsago (2009), and Kim (2012), the types of consonant nasalization in Korean can be concluded as follows:

Types Forms Examples

Jangae-eumeui bieumhwa (장애음의

비음화)

ㄱ(ㄲ,ㅋ,ㄳ,ㄺ),ㄷ(ㅅ,ㅆ,ㅈ,ㅊ,ㅌ,ㅎ),

ㅂ(ㅍ,ㄼ,ㄿ,ㅄ) + ㄴ,ㅁ ㅇ,ㄴ,ㅁ +

ㄴ,ㅁ

먹는[멍는], 맞는[만는], 밥물[밤물]

Seolcheukeumeui bieumhwa / yueumeui

bieumhwa (설측음의 비음화 / 유음의

비음화)

ㅁ,ㄴ,ㅇ + ㄹ ㅁ,ㄴ,ㅇ + ㄴ 담력[담녁], 결단력[결딴녁], 강릉[강능]

Jangae-eum and yueumeui bieumhwa

(장애음과 유음의 비음화) ㄱ,ㄷ,ㅂ + ㄹ ㅇ,ㄴ,ㅁ + ㄴ

막론[망논],

몇 리[면니], 십리[심니]

Method FPBS UPI

• The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive method.

• Data collecting method: literature study and interview techniques.

• Instruments: google form, 60 vocabulary words containing consonant nasalization, 60 pictures referred to 60 vocabulary words that will be used for questions and answers with participants, and interview guide.

• The recorded data of the participants answer were identified as realized consonant nasalization or not per each type by listening to it directly and assisted by reading the results of the PRAAT wave.

FPBS UPI

Findings and Discussion

• Jangae-eumeui bieumhwa type

Realized: 60.29% of participants (letter ㄱ letter ㄴ).

Not Realized: 39.71% of participants (letter ㅅ letter ㅁ).

• Seolcheukeumeui bieumhwa / yueumeui bieumhwa type

Realized: 60.88% of participants (letter ㅇ letter ㄹ).

Not Realized: 39.12% of participants (letter ㅇ letter ㄹ).

• In the jangae-eum and yueumeui bieumhwa type

Realized: 58.82% of participants (letter ㄱ letter ㄹ).

Not Realized: 41.18% of participants (letter ㄱ letter ㄹ).

Voice recordings of participants (17, 9 women + 8 men, 1020 recordings)

Findings and Discussion FPBS UPI

Factors That Cause Consonant Nasalization Not Realized

Regional Origin

Indonesian Language > Local Languages

TOPIK < TOPIK

TOPIK Level

High level < Low level

Gender

Women < Men

TOPIK > TOPIK

Knowledge of Nasalization Theory

Know < don’t really know

Knowledge of Vocabulary

Know a lot < don't know much

But

Know a lot < don't know much

(x) not correlated with:

Inaccuracy of Realized Consonant Nasalization

ㅅ and ㅌ ㅁ,

ㅅ and ㅌ ≠ ㄴ

= ㅁ

↑↓ frequency of use (사용빈도) X ↑↓ realized or not

↑↓ frequency of use (사용빈도) X know or not

NEW

Conclusion FPBS UPI

• The most realized consonant nasalization type is Seolcheukeumeui Bieumhwa / Yueumeui Bieumhwa (설측음의 비음화 / 유음의 비음화) type with a percentage of 60,88% in the form ㅇ→ㄹ.

• The most not realized consonant nasalization type is Jangae-eum and Yueumeui Bieumhwa (장애음과 유음의 비음화) type with a percentage of 41,18% in the form ㄱ→ㄹ.

• Regional origin, TOPIK level, gender, knowledge of nasalization theory, knowledge of vocabulary, and inaccuracy of realized nasalization can cause consonant nasalization not realized.

References

• Brown, H. D. (2007). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. USA: Pearson Longman.

• Jeon Na-yeong. (2015). 한국어 학습자를 위한 발음 교육 방안. 국립국어원.

• Kim Mi-hyeong. (2012). 한국어 음운의 이해.

• Kim Yong-ryeol. (2008). 중국인 학습자를 위한 발음 교육 방안: 자음동화 현상을 중심으로. (Tesis). 부산대학교, 부산.

• Kridalaksana, H. (2008). Kamus Linguistik Edisi Keempat. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Umum.

• Muslich, M. (2008). Fonologi Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.

• Nikelas, S. (1988). Pengantar Linguistik untuk Guru Bahasa. Jakarta: Proyek Pengembangan Lembaga Pendidikan Tenaga Kependidikan, Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi.

• O’Connor, J. D. (1970). Better English Pronuntiation. London: Cambridge University Press.

• Park Gi-yeong & Lee Jeong-min. (2018). 한국어 발음 어떻게 가르칠까 -외국어로서의 한국어 발음 교육론-. 서울: 도서출판 역락.

• Sin Ji-yeong & Cha Jae-eun. (2013). 우리말 소리의 체계, 국어 음운론 연구의 기초를 위하여. 서울: 한국문화사.

• Sinsago. (2009). 알찬 수업을 돕는 문법 도움 자료집. 서울: 좋은 책 신사고.

• Uk A-gyeong. (2018). 최적성이론에 의한 중국인 학습자의 음운현상과 관련된 한국어 발음 오류 분석 = An analysis of chinese learners' korean pronunciation errors based on optimality theory. (Tesis). 한양대학교 대학원, 서울.

• Verhaar, J. W. M. (1984). Pengantar Linguistik. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

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