Version 2: 24 May 2006

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ORGANISATIONS PARTICIPATING IN CONSOLIDATED APPEALS DURING 2006:

AARRECAASAAABSAbt AssociatesACF/ACH/AAHACTEDADRAAfricareAGROSPHEREAHAANERAARCIARMAVSICADICAMCARECARITASCCFCCIJDCEMIR Int’lCENAP

CESVICHFICINSCIRIDCISVCLCONCERNCOOPICORDCPARCRSCUAMMCWDCADRCEMSFERMEQUIPFAOGAA (DWH)GH

GSLGHDOHIHISAN - WEPAHorn ReliefINTERSOSIOMIRCIRDIRINJVSFMALAOMCIMDAMDMMENTORMERLINNANNANRCOA

OCHAOCPHODAGOHCHRPARACOMPARCPHGPMRSPRCSPSIPURFEPSADOSC-UKSECADEVSFCGSNNCSOCADIDOSolidaritésSPSTFTerra Nuova

UNAIDSUNDPUNDSSUNEPUNESCOUNFPAUN-HABITAT UNHCRUNICEFUNIFEMUNMASUNODCUNRWAUPHBVETAIDVIAVTWFPWHOWVIWRZOARC

Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP)

The CAP is much more than an appeal for money. It is an inclusive and coordinated programme cycle of:

Strategic planning leading to a Common Humanitarian Action Plan (CHAP); Resource mobilisation (leading to a Consolidated Appeal or a Flash Appeal); Coordinated programme implementation; Joint monitoring and evaluation; Revision, if necessary; and Reporting on results.

The CHAP is a strategic plan for humanitarian response in a given country or region and includes the following elements:

A common analysis of the context in which humanitarian action takes place; An assessment of needs; Best, worst, and most likely scenarios; Stakeholder analysis, i.e. who does what and where; A clear statement of longer-term objectives and goals; Prioritised response plans; and A framework for monitoring the strategy and revising it if necessary.

The CHAP is the foundation for developing a Consolidated Appeal or, when crises break or natural disasters strike, a Flash Appeal. Under the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator, the CHAP is developed at the field level by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Country Team. This team mirrors the IASC structure at headquarters and includes UN agencies and standing invitees, i.e. the International Organization for Migration, the Red Cross Movement, and NGOs that belong to ICVA, Interaction, or SCHR. Non-IASC members, such as national NGOs, can be included, and other key stakeholders in humanitarian action, in particular host Governments and donors, should be consulted.

The Humanitarian Coordinator is responsible for the annual preparation of the consolidated Appeal document. The document is launched globally each November to enhance advocacy and resource mobilisation. An update, known as the Mid-Year Review, is to be presented to donors in July 2006.

Donors provide resources to appealing agencies directly in response to project proposals. The Financial Tracking Service (FTS), managed by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), is a database of donor contributions and can be found on www.reliefweb.int/fts

In sum, the CAP works to provide people in need the best available protection and assistance, on time.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...............................................................................................................1Table I: Summary of Requirements – By Sector and By Appealing Organisation.....................1

Table I: Somalia Requirements, Commitments/Contributions and Pledges per Appealing Organisation.............................................................................................................................. 3

Table II: Somalia Requirements, Commitments/Contributions and Pledges per Sector............4

2. PASTORALISM AND DROUGHT.................................................................................................5

3. THE COMMON HUMANITARIAN ACTION PLAN........................................................................73.1 THE CONTEXT AND ITS HUMANITARIAN CONSEQUENCES.............................................................7

3.1a The Context...................................................................................................................... 73.1b Humanitarian Consequences............................................................................................9

Table A. Number of People Affected by Country in the Horn of Africa.....................................11

3.2 SCENARIO............................................................................................................................. 11

3.3 STRATEGIC PRIORITIES FOR HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE..........................................................12

3.4 SECTOR RESPONSE PLANS....................................................................................................12

3.5 RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER RESOURCE MOBILISATION MECHANISM AND STRATEGIC PLANS INCLUDING GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES......................................................................................25

4. STRATEGIC MONITORING PLAN.............................................................................................28

Table II: Listing of Project Activities – By Sector......................................................................30

ANNEX I: GREATER HORN OF AFRICA, CURRENT FOOD SECURITY STATUS (MARCH 2005).................35

ANNEX II: INTEGRATED FOOD SECURITY AND HUMANITARIAN PHASE CLASSIFICATION REFERENCE TABLE................................................................................................................................................. 36

ANNEX III. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................38

PROJECT SUMMARY SHEETS ARE IN A SEPARATE VOLUME ENTITLED “PROJECTS”

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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIn November 2005, early warning systems indicated that erratic and insufficient rainfall trends throughout the Horn of Africa were likely to lead to reduced water, pasture and food availability in a number of areas in the region. Pastoralist or agro-pastoralist communities, who remain among the region’s poorest and most vulnerable due to successive shocks and structural problems, were identified to be most at risk. By early 2006, it became increasingly evident that the situation was as serious if not worse than initial predictions. Assessments revealed that both the scale and severity of the situation escalated dramatically in a few months. To date the number of people estimated to be at risk in the Horn of Africa is over 15 million, of which more than 8 million have been identified as being in need of urgent emergency assistance.

The current situation is the result of a combination of contextual and structural factors that have contributed to chronic livelihood insecurity, asset depletion and long-term vulnerability to shocks. The situation varies in its specificities between countries and areas but largely exhibits the same characteristics and requires similar response. The border areas of southern Ethiopia, northern and northeastern Kenya, and southern Somalia – areas linked by ethnic affiliations, livelihood structures, and fluid population and livestock movements – are the worst-hit areas in terms of both severity and scale. This zone has been identified as being at moderate to high risk of famine within the next six months.1 In Djibouti and some coastal areas of Eritrea, insufficient rainfall has also had a significant impact.

In response to the deep concern of the international community over the current drought situation, the UN Secretary General appointed Mr. Kjell Magne Bondevik as the Special Humanitarian Envoy for the Horn of Africa in February 2006. During a visit to the region from 22-23 February 2006, Mr. Bondevick met with representatives from the United Nations (UN) country teams in the drought-affected countries, whereupon it was decided that a regional approach to the drought situation was urgently required. As a first step, a regional Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP) was launched to complement country-level resource mobilisation and strategic plans. The regional approach recognises the need for equity of response between all of the affected countries in order to minimise pull factors between countries. It seeks to develop regional coordination mechanisms and to spur international attention and support to the current situation in the region.

The regional CAP was developed by UN agencies, international non-governmental organisations (INGOs), and international organisations in consultation with the concerned governments and donors both at country and regional levels. The strategy outlined in this document aims to respond to urgent life-saving needs for those currently affected, while at the same time reflecting the growing recognition of the need to address structural causes of vulnerability to recurrent drought and food insecurity. Regional response plans have been elaborated across nine sectors in an effort to build a holistic and collaborative approach. Country teams have been encouraged to use the cluster approach, where appropriate, to respond and coordinate the drought response.

The 2006 CAP for the Horn of Africa requests $ 444,389,0652 for 2006 of which $ 117,671,025 is in support of regional programmes and country-specific projects in Djibouti, Eritrea, and Kenya in nine sectors, and $326.7 million reflect requirements in the revised Somalia CAP.3 Generous support from donor countries has already facilitated a response to the current crisis in the region through an allocation of $30 million from the recently enhanced Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF), with an initial tranche of $13.6 million, an additional $11.4 million in the pipeline, and $5 million in reserve for unforeseen needs. Funds have been allocated for initiatives in water and sanitation, health and nutrition, and food and livelihood security in the drought-affected countries. The requirements in this CAP take into account the CERF allocation of $30 million.

Table I: Summary of Requirements – By Sector and By Appealing Organisation

1 The characteristics of famine include an excess of 5,000 deaths, crude mortality rates of 4 per 10,000 per day, complete asset loss and livelihood collapse. See Annex II: FAO/FSAU Integrated Food Security Phase Classification Table for more information. 2 All dollar figures in this document are United States dollars. Funding for this appeal should be reported to the Financial Tracking Service (FTS, fts@reliefweb.int), which will display its requirements and funding on the CAP 2006 page. (The revised Somalia requirements and funding will be displayed under “Somalia 2006”on FTS.)3 Outside the Consolidated Appeals Process, the Joint Government/Humanitarian Partners’ Appeal for Ethiopia, launched in January 2006, is requesting $166 million in emergency food and non-food assistance. In Kenya, the government in collaboration with UN agencies launched an Appeal for Emergency Assistance whose food requirement is $222 million.

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Table I: Somalia Requirements, Commitments/Contributions and Pledges per Appealing Organisation

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Table II: Somalia Requirements, Commitments/Contributions and Pledges per Sector

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2. PASTORALISM AND DROUGHT

The Horn of Africa countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia exhibit a variety of livelihoods but pastoralist production dominates in more than 58% of the total area and occupies more than 15 million people4. Yet pastoralism is a poorly understood and often misrepresented lifestyle. As the region is caught in another devastating drought, it is evident that pastoralists are bearing the brunt of the impact, that a number of factors renders them increasingly vulnerable to each cycle of climatic shock and that aid agencies and the world at large need to look at pastoralism with a better understanding, applying new paradigms of response to old and familiar problems.

Pastoralism itself is defined as a way of life wherein more than half of household income derives from the keeping of livestock. There is considerable research to support the view that pastoralism is the lifestyle that is most adapted to the harsh environment of the arid and semi arid lands (ASALs). For centuries, pastoralists have developed sophisticated systems to optimise the use of the land and to deal with the effects of cyclical droughts by moving animals, sharing and exchanging them, and selling them into extensive market networks. Nevertheless, this way of life is very fragile and given the structural vulnerabilities facing pastoralists, traditional coping strategies are under enormous stress. About 41% of the pastoralists in the Horn of Africa live on income of less than $1/day 5 and their vulnerability to famine is excessively high. Their production is restricted by border closures and insecurity, their development is limited by low economic investment, a lack of effective basic services and by unhelpful politics, and their trade is hampered by poor infrastructure and restrictive policies.

Primary requirements for the pastoral economy are physical, economic and social mobility. Pastoralists need to access vital natural resources of water and pasture when these are temporarily

exhausted in one area, through mobility and full involvement in land and water management across large tracts of territory. They should be able to move their stock to distant markets and to obtain fair prices even

at times of stress. Pastoralists need support to diversify their economy, by accessing education, credit and technology. They need better designed, more innovative and effectively implemented social protection not just to provide a safety net in times of crisis, but to provide reassurance of security. Above all, pastoralists will need to continue asserting themselves in order to realize good governance for themselves, in order to help deliver on all the above.

Each periodic shock, although expected and accepted in the pastoralist context, serves to worsen the precarious situation and pastoralists are forced into distress coping mechanisms, which in turn exacerbate the consequences. Migrating herds and herders, trekking over long distances, are plagued by shortages of water, pasture and fodder, and also by livestock diseases, to which exhausted and malnourished livestock easily fall prey. During the drought from 1995 to 1997 in the Horn of Africa, diseases killed about one-third to one-half of the all cattle of pastoral communities of southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya. Obvious solutions to relieve some of the pressure on scarce resources - reducing livestock numbers, for example - are unacceptable to pastoralists who are only too aware that their recovery depends on them being able to weather the shock with the basic elements of a herd.

Although pastoralists supply most of the meat and milk products in all five countries, contributing substantially to the national economies of the region, they are marginalised from national policymaking and economic development. There are occasional attempts to redress this imbalance but most

4 Field, Chris R., Where There is no Development Agency: A Manual for Pastoralists and their Promoters, Natural Resources International, 2005.5 Source: Thornton et al, ILRI publication 2002.

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Source: ILRI 2004

Endemic poverty underlies pastoralist vulnerabilities. Nearly half of the pastoralists in the Horn of Africa live below the poverty line.

Our obligation therefore is to support the change on pastoralists’ terms, not ours.

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pastoralist societies are run by governments of non-pastoralist origin, who are unfamiliar with the pastoralist lifestyle and needs. Often, governments simply lack the expertise to rectify the situation, designing policies and disaster response plans that are sometimes harmful to pastoralism. Interventions by relief and development actors often face the same challenges and well-intentioned assistance can at times undermine recovery and long-term development.

There are ways to tackle the structural vulnerabilities and build resilience to future shocks. Improved communications – among pastoralists, government policy makers, and the aid community - will foster understanding of the roles of each in the development spectrum. Early-warning systems could help herders prepare for drought by enabling them to sell animals in a coordinated fashion rather than in distress sales. Improved livestock health care could save many animals stressed by drought. Working together, pastoralists could manage their herds to avoid over-grazing. Advocacy must recognize at all levels that pastoralism is a valuable contributor to national economic development. These are but some of the ways that can truly support pastoralists and support the pastoral economy as a dynamic livelihood. Improved communications and advocacy should promote appropriate relief and development by all actors so that programmes that are put in place to help pastoralists can achieve their goals and not further undermine the very institution and people they set out to assist. Where aid is to be given, it should be appropriate to pastoralists’ circumstances and the design of relief and development should make their realities paramount. While this conceptual framework has been appreciated and accepted by some governments in the region, there is yet to be a strong policy framework and institutional capacities that entrench these priorities into government’s ways of working and relating to pastoralist societies, including resource allocation, access and usage.

Change in pastoralism is inevitable. An additional 2.5 billion people will live on this planet in 20 years and analysts predict that the demand for meat and milk will more than double in developing countries. Livestock production will offer vulnerable crop and livestock

producers increasing opportunities to raise their living standards. The globalisation of trade and improvements in tele-communications mean that today’s pastoralist is in tune with the outside world more than ever before. Ever adept at coping with uncertainty, pastoralists are aligning their coping mechanisms to set-up trading ventures at all levels of interaction - community, region, international - and they are, in fact, diversifying their income and livelihood sources. As a lifestyle, traditional pastoralism is changing even if, for the poorest and most vulnerable, change is not as easy to effect or to understand.

International actors have sophisticated tools and new technologies at their disposal, whether for early warning, trade and marketing, or health and nutrition. There is an obligation therefore to support the change on pastoralists’ terms, even as the international community provides safety nets to the most vulnerable and to ensure that these communities have the means to build their resilience to future shocks. Pastoralism must be mainstreamed into national, regional and global economies in a meaningful way.

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3. THE COMMON HUMANITARIAN ACTION PLAN

3.1 THE CONTEXT AND ITS HUMANITARIAN CONSEQUENCES

3.1a The Context Fluctuating rainfall and the occurrence of drought are intrinsic features of arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) in the Horn of Africa. During the past decade, the frequency of drought has been increasing with shorter recovery periods, having more intense impact on vulnerable populations. Undoubtedly, global warming trends and climate change have had an impact on the frequency of drought, which in turn manifests itself through resource–scarcities, primarily of water. Drought has become a chronic emergency with cycles of varying intensity so that it is no longer a slow-onset disaster but one that is ever present in this region of Africa. Its impact is felt variably across countries but one trend is clear: it is the most vulnerable populations who are affected most severely. Of the more than 8 million people identified as in need of immediate humanitarian assistance in the Horn of Africa, 1.6 million are children below the age of five years, threatened mainly by malnutrition and compounded by preventable diseases, which are the main causes of illness and death during drought. Drought for the population at large is a shock additional to other vulnerabilities that they face: poverty, socio-economic marginalisation, political disenfranchisement, poor access to education, high morbidity and mortality rates, inadequate health services and the threat of conflict.

Pastoralists in the ASALs are most affected by the droughtThe areas worst affected by the current drought have some similarities across the region. The lands range from arid or semi-arid. Pastoralism is the dominant livelihood of rural populations in the Horn of Africa and it is these pastoralist populations that are most vulnerable to drought and its effects. They are almost always far away from political and economic centres and their population densities are often too low to merit large-scale investment in infrastructure and development. These areas are often lowest on the political and development agenda and the population typically has low political representation at central levels. The resulting situation is one of socio-economic and political marginalisation. Poverty rates are high and most development indicators are far below national averages. Insecurity, poor basic services, and low coverage against diseases such as measles, all combine with drought to worsen a precarious situation for all the vulnerable groups but primarily for children and women in the region.

Pastoralist coping strategiesPastoralists have learned that the ability to move their herds rapidly and over long distances improves the chances of survival for the animals. Nevertheless, mobility is increasingly curtailed by clan, ethnic, national and international boundaries as several factors make long-distance opportunistic movement progressively less practical. The establishment of national frontiers, the expansion of cultivation even in very dry areas, growing sedentarisation, and continuing encroachment by farming and other populations are forcing pastoralists into ever more marginal areas that cannot sustain their traditional lifestyle. The creation of forest or wildlife reserves and the installation of irrigation schemes avail more land to wildlife or to farmers, thereby denying it to pastoralists. The rationale of each individual herder is to keep a maximum number of animals as a necessary buffer against the impact of disease or drought. As total livestock and population numbers increase and compete for ever-diminishing resources, the carrying capacities of the land are exceeded and there are too few resources to support greater and growing numbers of people and animals. It is evident that each cycle of rain failure reinforces the consequences of drought giving rise to significant humanitarian problems and long-term impoverishment among pastoralists.

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Source: Peter Holdsworth, ECHO

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Crop farmers in marginal areas Crop farmers in marginal agricultural areas are also badly affected by the drought. The majority of these are farmers who, like pastoralists, have been pushed into increasingly marginal lands for various reasons such as population pressure and the lack of farmland in the high rainfall areas. Due to uncertain rainfall or other agricultural shocks including pest infestations or crop blight, farmers are prompted to more intensive usage of available land. Traditional farming methods and the choice of crops that are planted are not always optimal for the environment and this creates an additional layer of vulnerability to each climatic shock. Crops fail and food insecurity increases as degraded ASALs become more susceptible to poor rainfall and drought.

Conflict and droughtConflict is a major feature of pastoralist areas as insecurity and community boundaries constrain population and livestock movements and hinder the deployment of traditional coping strategies to deal with climatic shocks. Inevitable tensions among pastoralists6 and/or between herdsmen and farmers give rise to water and resource-based conflicts. Insecurity, as the threat of conflict rises, further curtails pastoral mobility and erodes the capacity to cope with climatic shocks. Inter-ethnic conflict associated with access to grazing and water points as well as cattle raiding are all common features in the pastoralist areas of the Horn of Africa. For example, frequent localised conflict has been a significant contributing factor to the humanitarian crises in southern Somalia, and cross border cattle raids between Ethiopia and Kenya, are regular occurrences. Often the least numerous or powerful groups have their animals stolen and are forced to flee their gazing lands, pushing them into displaced camps. Unmarked landmines in pastoral areas can render entire regions inaccessible to pastoralists and even affect the delivery of humanitarian assistance.

Marginalized populationsEach cycle of drought creates new pastoral dropouts, effectively consigning thousands to urban or peri-urban poverty and continuous dependence on charity and relief. Precarious livelihoods are at further risk from other threats such as communicable diseases and periodic flooding. The ability to cope with one season of poor rainfall declines correspondingly. Diminishing resource availability sometimes leads to women and children being left behind as the men herd the livestock in search of water and pasture. The more vulnerable members of the household and animals are left to manage in a difficult environment and often have no remaining strategy for survival other than waiting for rain, relief aid, or other forms of support. Governance issues are brought to bear as countries grapple with the need for land reform and for development programming that could transform the lives and livelihoods of the most vulnerable. Conditions of structural under-development exacerbate the effect of drought; likewise, recurrent drought erodes important gains in national development.

Food and livelihood insecurityThe current drought has led to deterioration in food and livelihood security for the pastoralist populations in the region. The Greater Horn of Africa map, depicting the current food security status as of March 2005 (see Annex I), reflects the humanitarian emergency and acute food and livelihood crisis that features in Djibouti, Kenya, Somalia and Ethiopia; results of the Government of Eritrea Harvest Assessment, have as yet not been released. The structural vulnerabilities that have been further exacerbated by the repeated shocks of drought in these areas put millions at risk. Food security prospects at this stage are not very favorable due to the increased likelihood of below normal rainfall during the 2006 long rainy season. A concerted effort must be made to provide urgent relief and development assistance to millions of vulnerable people at risk of starvation.

6 Cross border clashes occur with increasing frequency during times of resource scarcity. Cattle raiding, which is always a threat, likewise is more frequent.

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Source: Andrew Heavens, UNICEF

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Rationale for a regional approachASALs do not end at national borders nor do pastoralists and livestock recognise political boundaries. Management of the crisis in the Horn of Africa from a regional perspective avoids disparate responses and consequent pull factors. Strategic priorities for drought response in the Horn of Africa benefit most from regional programming in the short and long term. Further, the links between short-term emergency approaches to drought response and longer term ASAL development have to be carefully considered in order to avoid reinforcing the consequences of future drought cycles. Unless there is more effective strategic thinking about the long-term consequences of present drought response strategies, the cycle of crises is likely to continue. Without factoring the regional dimensions in national planning, it is possible to undermine gains in one sector, by uncoordinated investments in other sectors.

3.1b Humanitarian ConsequencesImmediate consequencesThe most urgent consequence of the drought is the lack of water for human and animal consumption. Water scarcities lead to severe dehydration in animals and humans and poor rainfall leads to failed crops and lack of pasture. There is no water for cooking and, in general, food for both humans and animals becomes increasingly scarce. Inevitably, morbidity and mortality rates increase, sometimes dramatically, as the impact of the drought worsens. Malnutrition increases and, as health deteriorates, communicable diseases such as measles, meningitis, diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections and polio, are more easily spread. Experience from previous droughts has shown that measles, when combined with malnutrition, is the biggest risk for children, sometimes accounting for up to 50% of under-five mortality. Animals, prime sources of meat and milk and main financial assets of the pastoralists, fall prey to diseases during drought and weakened animals easily succumb to disease. Each of these consequences then reinforces others in a spiralling cycle that erodes the resilience of the affected populations.

The pattern of cyclical drought is such that each episode arrives with increasing intensity and frequency, and with shorter recovery times. Each successive emergency results in more pastoralists leaving their nomadic lifestyle and settling in and around urban centres but with fewer livelihood options available to them. This growing sedentarisation encourages a dependence on charity and relief as livelihood opportunities shrink. During the recovery periods, pastoralists strive to recover their herds as a means of survival. Carrying capacities of the land and natural resources are diminishing. Yet human and livestock population growth and increasing encroachment has placed pressure on the resources that are available. Chronic vulnerabilities due to pervasive insecurity or the heightened threats of conflict further exacerbate the impact of drought on fragile populations.

Socio-economic consequencesStructural vulnerabilities created by the lack of development, chronic and escalating poverty lead to further decline in human development indicators. These are also consequences of the socio-economic and political marginalisation that characterize pastoralist areas. Pastoralist areas are often regarded as low economic return areas and therefore low investment priority. Lack of infrastructure development makes it increasingly difficult for pastoralists to effectively engage with the national development agenda. For these vulnerable people living under such precarious conditions, recurring climatic shocks erodes their resilience to near disastrous levels.

It is incumbent on governments to address the needs for basic services and development in these regions as part of their national agendas, so populations are better placed to deal with drought when it sets in. In general, there is poor socio-cultural understanding about the pastoralists and agro-pastoralists that are the most affected by the drought. The result is that the lessons learned from past droughts and the impact on pastoralists does not translate into concrete actions for emergency

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Source: Andrew Heavens, UNICEF

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preparedness and response or longer-term development. Inappropriate responses can reinforce structural vulnerabilities to future droughts and puts pastoralists at greater risk. Rain failure also impacts on other agricultural production in high potential areas and other commercial activities. In Kenya, one of the highest global producers of tea, the government has announced a 30% drop in the tea crop, thus accounting for a significant reduction of national income. The lack of water is also being felt in urban areas and electricity is being rationed due to low water levels in the dams and hydroelectric facilities. Aquifer levels may reduce to alarming levels as emergency interventions increase the use of boreholes and wells.

Reduced resiliencePastoralists have traditional strategies to cope with drought effects and one of the first of these is mobility. As the impact of the drought worsens, there may be abnormal population and livestock movements across clan, ethnic, district and national boundaries. Insecurity and access to pasture and water become key preoccupations, increasing the risk of conflict as conditions deteriorate. Agro-pastoralists are less mobile but are still insecure as pastoralists move across or into their farmlands, sometimes destroying crops or using their water and pasture. Livelihoods are lost along with domestic assets as households struggle to cope with declining resource availabilities.

Access is a paramount issue not only for humanitarian agencies seeking to deliver much needed assistance but also for populations, who sometimes have difficulty accessing needed resources, because of insecurity, poor infrastructure or long trekking distances. Communications and logistics are also more difficult in the drought-affected areas because of their distance from urban centres

Regional scope and impactAcross national borders, recurring drought also impacts on the delicate co-existence of pastoral populations. All of the border areas are centres for informal cross-border trade; heightened mobility during drought affects this trade, often in a negative way. In the search for pasture and water, migratory movements across long distances cause deterioration in livestock body condition. Reports from southern Ethiopia suggest that the biggest losses are being experienced by the migratory herds. Population movements towards water sources and pasture contribute to growing insecurity both internally and across borders (e.g. Kenya-Ethiopia, and Ethiopia-Somalia). The epicentre of the current drought is at the border area between Kenya, Somalia and Ethiopia. Thus the regional impact of the drought limits coping mechanisms.

Inequitable responses on different sides of the border create pull-factors as affected populations converge on areas where services are being provided. Up to 50% of their pupils or patients from boarding schools and health facilities, respectively, in north-eastern Kenya come from neighbouring regions in Somalia, where such facilities are not available. Similarly, nutritional centres in Mandera are treating patients from all three countries. Humanitarian response that is designed on a country-by-country basis may be inadequate unless due consideration is given to these factors.

Drought-induced migration has implications for those left behind (often women and children) because valuable sources of meat and milk are lost. As water sources dry up, women may be forced to walk longer distances in search of water, which puts them at added risk of violent attacks or rape. When tensions escalate, the risk of sexual violence and sexual exploitation and abuse also increases. Reports indicate that in the northeast of Kenya, all the elements are in place for the increase of sexual abuse and exploitation. HIV/AIDS also features as an added vulnerability in the Horn and drought not only provides greater opportunity for transmission as populations move but also negatively affects health and makes people living with AIDS more vulnerable to opportunistic diseases.

Drought represents one of several natural hazards that affect people in the Horn of Africa but its impact overpowers the populations’ ability to withstand these other shocks. Diseases such as polio, meningitis and measles are present throughout the affected region and their spread is facilitated by the drought conditions. A resurgence of animal diseases is

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Source: Damien Gugliermina, OCHA

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also possible and could further reduce herds already decimated by the drought. The threats posed by the Avian Flu virus or locust invasions are examples of additional shocks that could affect livelihoods.

Table A. Number of People Affected by Country in the Horn of Africa Country Total number at risk (including those in

need of immediate humanitarian assistance)

Number in need of immediate humanitarian assistance.

Djibouti 150,000 88,000Eritrea Unknown UnknownEthiopia 9.8 million (including 7.2m under PSNP) 2.6 million7

Kenya 3.5 million 3.5 millionSomalia 2.1 million 2.1 million8

Total 15,550,000 8,288,000

3.2 SCENARIO

The scenario for the drought crisis in the Horn of Africa outlined in this section has been developed in consultation with representatives from each of the country teams and regional level partners and is based on technical analysis from a number of sources, including the conclusions of the Climatic Outlook Forum, the Food Security and Analysis Unit (FSAU) of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET). In March, the Climate Outlook Forum for the Greater Horn of Africa held their Seventeenth Forum to discuss the outlook for the coming rainy season. The scenario outlined is based on an increased likelihood9 of near normal to below normal rainfall in Djibouti, Eritrea, Southern Ethiopia, north and eastern Kenya and Somalia. Despite this probability, the possibility of episodes of intense rainfall and flash flooding in these areas remains. Even in the case of normal or above normal rainfall, emergency needs are likely to remain due to overstretched coping capacities, the cumulative nature of the problem and the increase in human and livestock health problems, as a result of rain and wet conditions.

In the case of near to below normal rainfall, a continued intensification of drought conditions over the course of the rest of the year is expected with some temporary pasture and water regeneration during the long rainy season and during the short rainy season towards the end of the year. However, this level of rainfall will be insufficient to adequately replenish water sources and pasture conditions and to provide satisfactory crop yields. Even in the case of good rains, precipitation is unlikely to be sufficient to counteract successive years of poor rainfall in some of the hardest hit areas. Overall it is expected that the severity of the situation for drought-affected communities is likely to increase further. FSAU has reported the possibility of growing numbers of people moving from a situation of acute food and livelihood crisis towards a situation of humanitarian emergency and famine in southern Somalia. In worst affected areas it is expected that livestock losses could reach up to 100% and that moderate and severe malnutrition rates will increase as well as morbidity and mortality. Reduced nutrition status is likely to heighten vulnerability to diseases including measles and meningitis, particularly amongst children under five years. It is also expected that rainfall (whether below or above normal) will be accompanied by the threat of additional epidemics such as malaria and cholera.

The protection environment is also expected to deteriorate if rainfall is below normal. Growing competition for resources and associated movements of pastoralists and their livestock are likely to contribute to an escalation in insecurity and localised conflict. Any rainfall received and consequent water and pasture availability during the long rainy season may further intensify the situation as pastoralists seek to protect resources. In turn access to affected populations and the provision of relief assistance is likely to remain a challenge particularly in the conflict prone areas of southern Somalia, parts of northern Kenya, and southern Ethiopia. Urban migration and associated destitution, is another trend expected to rise in the coming months. The declining protection environment associated with the current crisis situation and the increased incidence of gender based violence (GBV), such as has been noted in northern Kenya, may become an increasingly prevalent trend. Growing livelihood insecurity is also expected to contribute to an increased incidence in harmful coping practices such as prostitution and transactional sex. Likewise for the most vulnerable groups, including those affected by HIV/AIDS, the situation is likely to contribute to increased vulnerability both in the immediate and longer term. The current trend of declining school attendance as well as the closure of schools due to lack of access to water and food is also expected to increase with particular

7 This figure includes 1.7 million drought-affected peoople in Somali and Oromiya regions. 8 This figure includes an estimated 400,000 IDPs. 9 The conclusions of the 17th Climate Outlook Forum indicated a 75% probability of near normal (40%) or below normal (35%) rainfall.

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implication for girls. In the case of normal to above normal rains it is anticipated that improvements in the protection environment would be likely in the medium term as access to water and food improves; however in the short term, needs are expected to remain in this area and possibly even increase.

In relation to the number of people in need of emergency assistance, in the case of nearly normal to below normal rainfall, the numbers of people affected would likely rise. At the same time it is anticipated that the severity of the situation for those already affected will intensify. In the case of normal to above normal rainfall some quantitative and qualitative reduction in needs would be anticipated.

3.3 STRATEGIC PRIORITIES FOR HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE

Stakeholders to the Horn of Africa inter-agency Appeal have worked together to develop a common humanitarian strategy based on one overarching goal and three related objectives. The strategy aims to address the critical life-saving needs of populations in need of emergency assistance while at the same time building the resilience of those either in need of emergency assistance and/or chronically at risk. The third element of the strategy focuses on protecting and sustaining livelihoods among both these groups by linking, where appropriate and feasible, with development priorities and mitigation efforts. The approach aims to ensure, to the extent possible, that critical and immediate needs are addressed within a perspective of longer-term need. Simply stated, humanitarian partners will work together both at country and at regional levels to:

Save lives and restore livelihoods. Specifically to:o Provide effective and timely humanitarian assistance and ensure protection to

populations affected by the current emergency;o Provide immediate livelihoods assistance, build resilience and reduce vulnerability in

the medium term;o Support and reinforce national, regional and international efforts to foster sustainable

development and mitigate against future crises.

The strategy focuses on all the countries in the Horn of Africa, except for Ethiopia and Somalia, which issued country-specific appeals to which the international community is request to continue supporting. Although the appeals for Somalia and Ethiopia are available separately, this regional Appeal recognises the overall regional context and the need for coherence in response, as indicated earlier in this document.

3.4 SECTOR RESPONSE PLANS

The current drought situation in the Horn of Africa necessitates a multi-sector and holistic approach in order to adequately address the needs of those in need of emergency assistance and to prevent further deterioration in the situation of those at risk. While a lack of access to water and to food are urgent priorities for assistance, action towards improving health and nutrition, protecting livelihoods, improving protection and supporting education are all essential activities for effective assistance. Humanitarian partners have committed to working together to ensure effective and immediate action in alleviating the current situation.

The response plans summarised below were developed through consultation between country teams and regional partners and provide details of objectives within each sector and proposed initiatives to support the goals.

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HORN OF AFRICA

Water and sanitationThe current lack of access to water in drought-affected areas is the result of both contextual and structural causes. Poor water management, lack of storage facilities and insufficient sanitation infrastructure are some of the factors contributing to critical shortages and poor quality of water in some areas. Providing potable water for both human and livestock consumption has been identified as a key life-saving activity as well as a means to prevent disease and illness from water contamination and poor hygiene. Agencies will provide immediate assistance through emergency water trucking activities as well as borehole and well rehabilitation or creation, increase in water points, and rehabilitation of storage facilities. The objectives identified are in line with strategic priorities to save lives and rebuild livelihoods. UNICEF Country Offices will assume their water and sanitation cluster coordination and leadership responsibilities, including supporting common assessments, strengthening technical expertise, agreeing on sector standards and benchmarks, monitoring performance, improving service levels and pre-positioning supplies to meet current and future needs.

Sector objectives: Ensure adequate and safe access to water for drought affected populations; Reduce the risk of water contamination from point of collection to point of consumption.

Objective Country Activity Partners

Ens

ure

adeq

uate

and

saf

e ac

cess

to

wat

er fo

r dro

ught

affe

cted

pop

ulat

ions

;

Djibouti Support and strengthen coordination capacity at national and district levels Water trucking and provision of water storage Repair of water infrastructure Support supervision and response capacity of Ministry of Agriculture and affected districts Support strategic thinking on rural water management Build rural community capacity to protect to protect and maintain water points

UNICEF, MoAUNICEF, MoA, WFPUNICEF, MoA, WFPUNICEF, MoA, WFPUNICEF, MoA, WFPUNICEF, MoA, WFP

Eritrea Support and strengthen coordination capacity at national and district levels Water trucking and emergency storage Water source development, rehabilitation and construction

UNICEF, MoA UNICEF, MoHUNICEF, MoH

Kenya Water tankering and emergency water supply Water source construction, and rehabilitation Support the maintenance and operation of water supplies Strengthen coordination and water management, and capacity at national and district

levels

UNICEF, CARE, AAHUNICEF, CARE, AAH, CU, Oxfam GB, FAOUNICEF, Oxfam, GBUNICEF, AAH, CU, Oxfam GB

Regional Rehabilitate water supply Technical and surge support to Country Offices for cluster leadership and program

response

FAO, INGOsUNICEF

Red

uce

the

risk

of

wat

er c

onta

min

atio

n fro

m p

oint

of

colle

ctio

n to

poi

nt o

f co

nsum

ptio

n.

Djibouti Support and strengthen coordination capacity at national and district levels Provide water testing and treatment materials Promotion of basic environmental and personal hygiene practices Cholera prevention and preparedness

UNICEF, MoA, WFPUNICEF, MoA, WFP

Eritrea Support and strengthen coordination capacity at national and district levels Establish / strengthen WASH committees WASH promotion including building latrines and interventions in schools and health

centres Cholera prevention and preparedness

UNICEF, MoH, MoEUNICEF, MoH, MoEUNICEF, MoH, MoE

15

HORN OF AFRICA

Objective Country Activity PartnersKenya Water testing treatment

Hygiene promotion and awareness Latrine construction Strengthen coordination at national and district levels Training on hygiene and sanitation Cholera prevention and preparedness

UNICEFUNICEF, CARE, AAHUNICEF, CARE, CUUNICEFCU

Regional Technical and surge support to Country Offices for cluster leadership and program response

Develop and support IEC water and sanitation packages

UNICEFUNESCO

Food and livelihoods security At the epicentre of the current emergency situation is the impact on food and livelihood security and, in turn, the impact on human and animal health, protection and human rights, and the environment. The cumulative effect of drought is characterised by a general erosion of livelihoods, particularly among the chronically poor and vulnerable. There have been widespread livestock deaths as a result of scarce forage and water, and abnormal migration patterns, frequently across international borders. In addition, significant livestock losses can also occur following the first rains when animals that are already weakened by malnutrition succumb to parasites, dysentery and disease.

Rain fed crop production is particularly at risk from the highly erratic rainfall with localised droughts occurring every three to five years, and three to four major droughts every century. Poor rural households produce between 20% and 60% of their own food requirements in any given year and the balance is either purchased or obtained through barter. Individual production and the ability of households to purchase food, therefore, are key determinants of food security in the area. The failure of the recent rains in marginal agricultural areas has resulted in complete or near complete crop failure, placing these communities at risk of livelihood collapse.

The immediate priority in this area is to save lives and to protect the assets of populations in need of emergency assistance. At the same time interventions are urgently required to facilitate recovery and build resilience by improving food security and restoring livelihoods. In order to maintain a perspective on the longer term needs and sustainable solutions, interventions aimed at strengthening preparedness and response are also key activities in the sector response plan.

Sector objectives: Save lives and protect assets; Improve food security and rebuild livelihoods to include alternate livelihood options; Strengthen drought preparedness and response capacities.

Source: Damien Gugliermina, OCHA

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HORN OF AFRICA

Objective Country Activity Partners

Sav

e liv

es a

nd p

rote

ct a

sset

Djibouti Undertake targeted animal health interventions Provide emergency fodder Implement livestock off take / de-stocking interventions Establish cash for work programmes

FAO, VSF-CH, AAHFAOOxfam GB, district authorities

Kenya Implement livestock off take interventions Undertake targeted animal health interventions Provide animal fodder Distribute supplementary food packages

FAO, VSF-B, VSF-S, Terra NuovaFAO, VSF-S, Terra Nuova, Practical ActionFAO, AAH, Practical ActionFAO, AAH

Regional Undertake targeted animal health interventions Implement livestock off take / de-stocking interventions Provide emergency fodder Increase access to seed and farm inputs Monitoring of pastoral livelihoods

FAO, NGOs, Practical ActionFAO, NGOsFAO, Practical ActionFAO, NGOsFAO, NGOs

Impr

ove

food

sec

urity

and

rebu

ild li

velih

oods

to

incl

ude

alte

rnat

e liv

elih

ood

optio

ns

Djibouti Undertake targeted vaccination campaigns Develop veterinary and animal health care capacity Strengthen capacity to apply drought resilient agricultural practices and land

management Provide training and awareness raising on drought resistant food and fodder production Facilitate access to markets Provide labour intensive community works Develop monitoring mechanisms Provide re-stocking interventions

FAOFAOFAO, IRCFAO, AAHFAO, AAH, UNDPAAHFAOUNDP, KVA, MoL

Kenya Contribute to conflict mitigation Develop and pilot safety nets approach Support income generation through labour intensive community works Provide drought resistant seeds Establish Farmers field schools focusing on resilient agricultural practices and land

management Establish Herder Field Schools supporting capacity building in animal health Monitor pastoral livelihoods Improve terms of trade through market interventions Assess the situation of people who have lost their livelihoods to determine and

implement appropriate activities for rebuilding livelihoods

VSF-B, Terra Nuova, Practical actionFAO, NGOsAAH, Terra NuovaFAO, AAHFAO, NGOs

FAO, NGOsFAO, NGOsTerra NuovaTerra Nuova

Regional Promote and increase access to resilient crops Develop monitoring mechanisms

FAO, NGOs, Practical ActionFAO, NGOs

17

HORN OF AFRICA

Objective Country Activity Partners

Stre

ngth

en d

roug

ht p

repa

redn

ess

and

resp

onse

cap

aciti

es

Djibouti Strengthen capacity at national and local levels Establish National Emergency Response Teams Provide technical support to ONARS

VSF-CHUNDP, MoIUNDP, MoI

Kenya Strengthen drought preparedness Develop monitoring mechanisms Develop community level capacity in animal health Strengthen information and early warning systems Undertake conflict prevention and resolution initiatives

FAO, VSF-BFAOFAO, Practical ActionFAO, ALRMPTerra Nuova

Regional Support and coordination of regional Food Security and Nutrition working group Strengthen capacity in drought prone countries Facilitate appropriate information dissemination Provide technical support for implementation Strengthen community based early warning

FAO, UN agencies, NGOsFAO, UN agencies, NGOsFAO, UN agencies, NGOsFAO, UN agencies, NGOsPractical ActionBCPR

Health and nutrition Populations affected by drought are even more prone to illness and disease as a result of the diminished availability of food and water. The health surveillance system is weak and given the potential threat of pandemic influenza and the current cases of Avian Influenza in humans, it is important that surveillance systems in drought affected areas are strengthened to detect potential human cases as early as possible. The already high and further rising incidence of malnutrition among children makes them even more vulnerable to opportunistic diseases such as measles, diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections and polio. Furthermore, drought coping mechanisms may expose people, especially women and children, to unsafe practices, which can increase the risk of diseases such as HIV/AIDS. The onset of rain following drought often brings a number of additional health risks – such as malaria and cholera - which take a particularly firm hold within an already weakened population. Health services in many areas perennially affected by drought are often inadequate or absent and activities outlined in this Appeal fit into a strategy that also aims to improve the health of people at risk and strengthen health-care systems in general. UNICEF and WHO will assume the cluster coordinator and leadership responsibilities for the clusters of nutrition and health, respectively.

Sector objectives: To identify and address the main causes of mortality and morbidity taking health and nutrition care as close as possible to the affected populations; To strengthen the existing health and nutrition care system including surveillance and monitoring of the situation; To strengthen the capacity of communities and institutions to cope with health issues due to drought and empower populations on their human rights

concerning health and nutrition problems. Support the implementation of cluster approach at country and regional level.

18

HORN OF AFRICA

Objective Country Activity Partners

To id

entif

y an

d ad

dres

s th

e m

ain

caus

es o

f mor

talit

y an

d m

orbi

dity

taki

ng h

ealth

and

nut

ritio

n ca

re a

s cl

ose

as p

ossi

ble

to th

e af

fect

ed p

opul

atio

ns

Djibouti Support and strengthen nutrition coordination capacity at national and district levels Provide equipment and supplies for supplementary and therapeutic feeding. Finalise therapeutic and supplementary feeding protocols Provide equipment and technical kits for reproductive health Supervise and monitor therapeutic feeding Provide parental education on appropriate nutrition and basic health practices Strengthen immunisation response

UNICEF, MoHUNICEF, MoH, WHO, WFPUNICEF, MoH, WHO, WFPUNFPA, MoH, NGOsUNICEF, MoH, WHO, WFPUNICEF, MoH, WHO, WFP

Eritrea Support and strengthen nutrition coordination capacity at national and district levels Provide supplementary and therapeutic feeding Conduct nutrition assessments Conduct retrospective mortality surveys to identify major causes of death Strengthen immunisation response Develop preventative measures against Malaria Improve access to HIV/AIDS and GBV services Strengthen immunisation response

UNICEF, MoHUNICEF, WFP, MoHUNICEF, WFP, MoHWHO, UNICEF, MoHWHO, UNICEF, MoHWHO, UNICEF, MoHWHO, UNFPA, MoH

Kenya Support and strengthen nutrition coordination capacity at national and district levels Provide/support supplementary and therapeutic feeding Undertake nutritional surveys Provide integrated outreach services (including screening, management of malnutrition,

vitamin a, management of childhood illnesses, immunisation and Vitamin A provision) Carry out a nationwide immunisation campaign Strengthen immunisation response

UNICEF, MoHACFACFUNICEF, MoH, NGOS, WFP, GTZUNICEF, MoH, NGOS, WFP, GTZUNFPA, WHO

To s

treng

then

the

exis

ting

heal

th a

nd

nutri

tion

care

sys

tem

incl

udin

g su

rvei

llanc

e an

d m

onito

ring

of th

e si

tuat

ion

Djibouti Support and strengthen nutrition coordination capacity at national and district levels Provide training in supplementary / therapeutic feeding protocols Provide training in reproductive health including Prenatal care, family planning,

essential obstetrical care, and GBV management Establish and strengthen epidemiological and nutrition surveillance Strengthen immunisation response

UNICEF, MoHUNICEF, MoH, WHO, WFPUNFPA, MoH, NGOsWHO, MoH, NGOs

Eritrea Support and strengthen nutrition coordination capacity at national and district levels Train local health workers Provide information for improved targeting Strengthen supervision, monitoring and evaluation Improve surveillance Strengthen immunisation response

UNICEF, MoHUNICEFWHO, UNICEF, MoH, UNFPAWHO UNICEF, MoH, UNFPAWHO. UNICEF, MoH, UNFPA

Kenya Support and strengthen nutrition coordination capacity at national and district levels Strengthen and establish health and nutrition coordination Provide support to feeding programmes and field monitoring Provide support to surveillance Undertake retrospective mortality survey

UNICEF, MoHFAO, UNICEF, MoH, WFP, GTZ, NGOs, WHO, UNFPAFao, UNICEF, MoH, OPUNICEF, MoH, OP, WHO, UNFPAWHO, UNFPA

19

HORN OF AFRICA

Objective Country Activity PartnersRegional Develop surveillance and strengthen health information management

Develop analysis of current situation Strengthen health coordination Strengthen immunisation response Update analysis of child nutrition trends and identify determining factors for strategic

response Technical and surge support to Country Offices for cluster leadership and program

response

WHO, FAO, UNFPAUNICEF, FAO, NGO, regional and national partnersWHO, UNFPA, FAOUNICEF, FAO, UN agencies, NGOs, national partnersUNICEF

To s

treng

then

the

capa

city

of

com

mun

ities

and

inst

itutio

ns in

cop

ing

with

hea

lth is

sues

due

to d

roug

ht a

nd

empo

wer

pop

ulat

ions

on

thei

r hum

an

right

s co

ncer

ning

hea

lth a

nd n

utrit

ion

prob

lem

s

Djibouti Support national health coordination capacity and establish coordination platforms Evaluate health interventions for lessons learned Provide support for improved emergency health preparedness Support creation of national health crisis team in the MoH

WHO, MoH, NGOsWHO, MoH, NGOsWHO, MoH, NGOsWHO, MoH, NGOs

Kenya Support and strengthen coordination capacity at national and district levels Develop health and nutrition capacity for government counterparts Develop preventative measures for malaria and scaling up universal access to

HIV/AIDS and GBV services

UNICEF, MoHUNICEF, MoH, GTZ, NGOs, WHO, UNFPAWHO, UNFPA, MoH, UNICEF, UNAIDS, NGOs

Regional Promote the use of common / compatible protocols for health management Harmonise health messages Support to strengthen nutritional and epidemiological surveillance and analysis Strengthen national capacity for nutrition information analysis and response Maintain functional linkages with research bodies to provide critical to promote drought

based research Technical and surge support to Country Offices for cluster leadership and program

response

WHO, UNFPAWHO, UNFPAWHO, FAO, NGOs, regional and national partnersUNICEF, UN agencies, NGOs, national partnersWorld VisionUNICEF

20

HORN OF AFRICA

Food Aid Subsequent droughts have had a severe effect on the capacity of both farmers and pastoralists to produce sufficient food to support themselves as recovery periods have repeatedly diminished. The pastoralist livelihood is in many places no longer sustainable as traditional coping mechanisms are inadequate or impossible due to conflict and inadequate resources. Many people are abandoning this way of life, becoming sedentary and, as a result, more reliant on food aid assistance. There are ongoing food aid assistance programmes throughout the region. Existing programmes in the form of general food distributions, school feeding and supplementary feeding projects will be augmented and expanded in order to mitigate the impact of drought-associated food insecurity. The strategy for the food aid sector incorporates activities to ensure that the most vulnerable are targeted to benefit in the short as well as in the longer-term.

Sector objectives: Provide immediate and appropriate food assistance to save lives and protect the most vulnerable; Use food to protect livelihoods and increase resilience to shocks; Support and reinforce sub-national, national and regional capacity to design, implement and monitor food-assistance activities.

Objective Country Activity Partners

Pro

vide

im

med

iate

and

ap

prop

riate

food

as

sist

ance

to

save

live

s an

d pr

otec

t the

mos

t vu

lner

able

Djibouti Provide general food distribution to drought affected people Monitor and evaluate food assistance

WFP, ONARSWFP, ONARS

Kenya Provide supplementary food AAH

Protection, human rights and rule of law As already highlighted, a decline in the physical humanitarian environment is often accompanied by a corresponding degeneration in the protection environment resulting from death, disease and increased population movement. Incidences of localised conflict as a result of growing competition for resources have occurred in a number of drought affected areas of the region, and protection and health practitioners have also noted increased incidences of GBV and other human rights violations. Vulnerable groups, such as Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), those living with or affected by HIV/AIDS, children, women and girls or the elderly experience even greater levels of physical, psychological and social risk. In the longer term, the effects of decreased access to education, the increased threat of GBV, including sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA), inadequate health and nutrition and many other negative consequences of the current humanitarian context further contribute to vulnerability and chronic poverty. Improving the infrastructure to monitor and address the protection environment is an essential step towards mitigating and addressing protection issues.

Sector objective: Establish and implement regional and country protection strategies to enhance the protection environment.

21

HORN OF AFRICA

Objective Country Activities Partners

Est

ablis

h an

d im

plem

ent r

egio

nal a

nd

coun

try p

rote

ctio

n st

rate

gies

to e

nhan

ce

the

prot

ectio

n en

viro

nmen

t

Djibouti Identify IDP locations and register beneficiaries Ensure issuance of birth certificates to babies born in their new locations Ensure security of vulnerable groups

ONARS, APEF, AMDA, UNESCOONARS, APEF, AMDA, UNESCO, UNICEFONARS, APEF, AMDA, UNESCO

Eritrea Provide household items to IDP families Provide training for teachers on psychosocial care Develop alternative income generating activities for child/female headed households Deliver mine awareness messages

UNICEF, MoLHWUNICEF, MoLHWUNICEF, MoLHWUNICEF, MoLHW

Kenya Establish a child protection working group Establish three child friendly emergency protection centres Establish reunifications systems for children and family members Contribute to conflict prevention, reconciliation and peace building efforts through

technical support, training and communications

UNICEF, DSD, NGOsUNICEF, DSD, NGOsUNICEF, DSD, NGOs, ICRCUNDP, Practical Action

Regional Increase child protection capacity Strengthen child protection sector coordination Provide technical support for and training on the implementation of the UN SG’s bulletin

on prevention of SEA Contribute to conflict prevention, reconciliation and peace building efforts

UNICEF, OCHA, IASC members UNICEF, OCHA, IASC members UNICEF, OCHA, IASC membersPractical Action

Coordination and support services The need for continued and improved coordination of emergency relief activities at both country and regional level has been repeatedly highlighted in the current drought situation. At country level, large numbers of actors and often-difficult operating environments necessitate systematic and thorough monitoring and information sharing in order to avoid gaps as well as duplication in response activities. In addition, the multi-country nature of the crisis also necessitates coordination at regional level, to ensure equity of assistance between countries and across borders, to help raise the profile of the crisis and to minimise competition for resources. Cross border coordination is also needed to ensure consistency between the type and amount of assistance being provided in border areas to avoid unnecessary push/pull factors. The complementarity of the different sectoral responses has also been highlighted and requires the full implementation of the cluster approach.

Sector objectives: Support the Special Humanitarian Envoy and UN Resident/Humanitarian Coordinators to coordinate the collective efforts of the international

community, in particular members of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC); Support the implementation of the cluster approach, through the provision of coordination functions at the regional and national level; Improve capacity for decision-making and analysis through strengthened collection, processing and dissemination of timely information on the

humanitarian situation and response.

22

HORN OF AFRICA

Objective Country Activities PartnersS

uppo

rt th

e S

peci

al H

uman

itaria

n E

nvoy

an

d U

N H

Cs

to c

oord

inat

e th

e co

llect

ive

effo

rts o

f the

inte

rnat

iona

l com

mun

ity a

nd

supp

ort t

he i

mpl

emen

t the

clu

ster

ap

proa

ch, t

hrou

gh th

e pr

ovis

ion

of

coor

dina

tion

func

tions

at t

he re

gion

al a

nd

natio

nal l

evel

Eritrea Support and advocate for joint programming Support the HC on the implementation of the cluster approach and

establishment of IASC forum

OCHA, MoLHW, UNCT, NGOs, Red CrossOCHA, MoLHW, UNCT, NGOs, Red Cross

Regional Develop regional inter-agency mechanisms to reflect the cluster approach Develop the regional IASC Provide support to country offices to strengthen inter-agency coordination and

the cluster approach

OCHA OCHAOCHA, UN agencies

Impr

ove

cap

acity

for d

ecis

ion

mak

ing

and

anal

ysis

th

roug

h st

reng

then

ed, c

olle

ctio

n, p

roce

ssin

g an

d di

ssem

inat

ion

of ti

mel

y in

form

atio

n on

the

hum

anita

rian

situ

atio

n an

d re

spon

se

Djibouti Develop early warning systems Develop communication tools Increase awareness among key decision makers

UNDP, MoIUNDP, MoIUNDP, MoI

Eritrea Increase awareness on needs Enhance quality of information Ensure that strategic information for decision making in the WES and Nutrition

Sectors is collected, managed and disseminated.

OCHA, MoLHW, UNCT, NGOs, Red CrossOCHA, MoLHW, UNCT, NGOs, Red CrossUNICEF

Kenya Create a central repository for information within the office of the President UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, FAO, Oxfam, FEWS-NET, DMCN

Regional Support data and information sharing between humanitarian partners Establish helpdesk facility to provide technical assistance in information

management Establish a humanitarian web portal Provide support to in-country response through technical support, training,

surge capacity and information management Strengthen coordination for disaster risk reduction Support national and regional institutions in disaster risk reduction Strengthen understanding of and access to climate early warning information

and products Coordinate lessons learned and best practices information exchange Mainstream gender in emergency preparedness and response

OCHA, FAO OCHA OCHA UNICEF, FAOUN/ISDR, ICPAC, UNEPUN/ISDR, ICPAC, UNEP,national governments ISDR, ICPAC, UNDP, IGADUNDP, ISDR, national platformsBCPROCHAUNIFEM

23

HORN OF AFRICA

Family shelter and non-food items In the current context, displacement resulting from localised conflicts as well as migration due to loss of livelihoods and asset depletion, is affecting growing numbers of people. At the same time, additional stress on households among the wider affected population are contributing to inadequate hygiene because of lack of potable water. In order to respond to the basic needs of those who have been displaced or are otherwise in need of emergency assistance, the objective and activities within this sector aim to ensure the availability of essential household and hygiene supplies.

Objective: Ensure availability of appropriate household items for affected populations.

Objective Country Activities Partners

Est

ablis

h an

d im

plem

ent

regi

onal

and

cou

ntry

pr

otec

tion

stra

tegi

es to

en

hanc

e th

e pr

otec

tion

envi

ronm

ent

Djibouti Identify affected areas and register beneficiaries Provide essential shelter materials and household items Monitor the situation, identify and assist new cases

ONARS, APEF, AMDA, UNESCOONARS, APEF, AMDA, UNESCOONARS, APEF, AMDA, UNESCO

Eritrea Provide household items and family kits to IDP families UNICEF, MoLHW

Education A rapid decline in school attendance has been noted in a number of drought affected areas in the region, including southern Somalia and northern Kenya, as pastoralist families move in search of water and grazing. Livelihood stress has left many families unable to afford fees. In addition, a number of schools have closed down, lacking sufficient water to operate. In order to restore school enrolment and to facilitate the continued operation of schools, humanitarian actors will work together with national counterparts to provide basic educational resources.

Sector Objectives: Maintain enrolment / retention for basic education, especially for younger children and girls; Ensure minimum quality of education.

24

HORN OF AFRICA

Objective Country Activities PartnersM

aint

ain

enro

lmen

t /

rete

ntio

n fo

r bas

ic

educ

atio

n, e

spec

ially

for

youn

ger c

hild

ren

and

girls

Eritrea Support and strengthen coordination capacity at national and district levels Provide school feeding and take home rations Provide support to water and sanitation in schools Create /expand safe temporary learning spaces Train teachers and community facilitators to provide psycho social support Mobilise communities to participate in providing education

UNICEF, MoEUNICEF, MoE, WFP, UNDP, and NGOsUNICEF, MoE, WFP, UNDP, and NGOsUNICEF, MoE, WFP, UNDP, and NGOsUNICEF, MoE, WFP, UNDP, and NGOsUNICEF, MoE, WFP, UNDP, and NGOs

Kenya Support and strengthen coordination capacity at national and district levels Provide school feeding Ensure availability of water in schools Provide safe learning spaces Provide supplies to boarding schools Mobilise community members to participate in education

UNICEF, MoEUNICEF, MoE, ALRMP, WFP, WESCOORDUNICEF, MoE, ALRMP, WESCOORDUNICEF, MoE, ALRMP, UNICEF, MoE, ALRMP, UNICEF, MoE, ALRMP,

Ens

ure

min

imum

qu

ality

of

educ

atio

n

Djibouti Support and strengthen coordination capacity at national and district levels Provide essential educational materials

UNICEF, MoEUNICEF

Kenya Support and strengthen coordination capacity at national and district levels Provide essential learning materials

UNICEF, MoEUNICEF, MoE, ALRMP

Economic recovery, infrastructure and environment In order to assist recovery and increase resilience to future shocks among populations currently in need of emergency assistance as well as those chronically at risk in the medium term, stakeholders have identified the need to support and facilitate economic recovery, to develop infrastructure and to contribute to environmental rehabilitation. In relation to economic recovery, activities will be undertaken in conjunction with livelihood related interventions in order to link with longer-term economic development among vulnerable populations. The lack of infrastructure in areas most acutely affected by drought has also been identified as a contributing factor to the particular vulnerability faced by resident populations. In addition, increasing levels of environmental degradation are both a consequence of, and contributing factor to, drought and vulnerability. Specific objectives in this sector focus primarily on the medium-term and link into resilience building and restoration of livelihoods.

Sector objectives: Protect livelihoods and assets and contribute to economic recovery efforts; Develop essential regional infrastructure; Prevent further depletion of natural resources, contribute to environmental rehabilitation and facilitate sustainable use of resources;

25

HORN OF AFRICA

Objective Country Activities Partners

Pro

tect

live

lihoo

ds a

nd

asse

ts a

nd c

ontri

bute

to

econ

omic

reco

very

effo

rts

Djibouti Implement sustainable livelihood interventions by up scaling equipment and skills Support Community Development Centres

UNDP, MoI, ONARS, NGOsUNDP, MoI, ONARS, NGOs

Kenya Strengthen Arid Lands policy formulation capacity and implementation Create effective means of information flow Provide training in business skills and social enterprise Provide access to micro-finance Establish district business solution centres Scale up traditional bee keeping practices Build national and local level capacity for coordination and implementation of

development activities Upscale identified coping strategies of communities living in food deficient districts

UNDP, OCHA, FAOUNDP, OCHA, FAOUNDP, NGOsUNDP, NGOsUNDP, NGOsUNDP, MoL, NGOsUDNP, GoK, private sector partnersUNDP, MoAFAO

Dev

elop

es

sent

ial

regi

onal

in

frast

ruct

ure

Djibouti Rehabilitate public facilities including energy supply systems Train staff on maintenance of public utilities

UNDP, MoI, ONARS, NGOsUNDP, MoI, ONARS, NGOs

Kenya Construct and rehabilitate key trunk roads Contribute to the expansion of telecommunications services

UNDP, GoKUNDP, GoK, private sector partners

Pre

vent

furth

er d

eple

tion

of n

atur

al

reso

urce

s, c

ontri

bute

to e

nviro

nmen

tal

reha

bilit

atio

n an

d fa

cilit

ate

sust

aina

ble

use

of re

sour

ces

Kenya Provide drought affected populations with affordable alternative energy sources Support education on energy use Contribute to sustainable water management by developing water storage capacity and

promoting water harvesting techniques

UNDP, NGOs, FreeplayUNDP, NGOsUNDP, GoK, NGOs, private sector partners

Regional Undertake environmental impact assessments Identify far reaching interventions Facilitate good practices and lessons learned information sharing Assess the capacities of national environmental institutions Prepare a ten-year action plan Promote the mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction in longer term environmental and

development progermmes

UNEP,NGOs,National Environmenal InstitutionsUNEP,NGOs,National Environmenal InstitutionsUNEP,NGOs,National Environmenal InstitutionsUNEP,NGOs,National Environmenal InstitutionsUNEP,NGOs,National Environmenal Institutions UNDP-BCPR

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Cross Cutting Themes

Gender: It is well understood and documented that, women and girls often face additional vulnerability and risk in emergency situations. Girls have less access to education, to basic social services and to the public domain than their male counterparts, and have, therefore, fewer survival mechanisms. In addition the risk of GBV is likely to increase in humanitarian emergency situations as is sexual exploitation and abuse and harmful coping mechanisms such as transactional sex and early/unwanted marriage.

In developing response plans, stakeholders have agreed to mainstream gender issues into their programming to ensure that the needs and rights of women and girls are addressed. Agencies will use guidelines including the IASC guidelines on GBV Interventions in Humanitarian Settings as well as agency specific gender mainstreaming policies in the development and implementation of their interventions.

HIV/AIDS: HIV/AIDS and its compounding effects on food insecure populations is a central challenge for humanitarian response. The increased and frequent movement of populations within and across borders associated with the current situation may contribute to increased infection rates. In addition, loss of livelihood can be accompanied by a rise in prostitution and other harmful coping mechanisms, leaving women and children vulnerable to exploitation. For those infected, poor nutritional status due to lack of access to food and lack of medical treatment increase the risk of mortality and morbidity. In turn, increased mortality deprives children of parents and households of income generators, contributing to long-term vulnerability. Using existing guidelines, including the IASC guidelines on HIV/AIDS interventions in emergency situations, agencies and organisations will work with partners to the extent possible to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS on those affected by the current emergency situation.

3.5RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER RESOURCE MOBILISATION MECHANISM AND STRATEGIC PLANS INCLUDING GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

The regional CAP aims to work in conjunction with existing response plans, resource mobilisation efforts and poverty reduction strategies. It provides a regional perspective on the current humanitarian problems related to drought in the region and aims at enhancing much needed regional and cross border coordination. The multi-country approach also provides a platform to represent needs in each country based on consistent criteria. Below is a country-by-country breakdown of existing efforts in each drought-affected country and their relationship with this Appeal.

DjiboutiFollowing the Government of Djibouti’s public appeal for support in January 2006, a rapid multi-sectoral assessment was conducted by the government with support from the UN. The team estimated that 88,000 people are directly affected by the drought and a further 150,000 are at risk. The main areas affected are the rural areas of the five districts of Djibouti (Tadjourah, Dikhil, Ali Sabieh, Arta and Obock). Food and non-food relief items have been distributed in affected districts by civil society organisations and the government. The World Food Programme (WFP) in Djibouti extended its emergency intervention targeting some 47,500 pastoralists up to September 2006. A separate UN appeal for the drought in Djibouti has not been launched this year. Projects identified by the UN Country Team are included in the regional Appeal.

EritreaWhile the findings of the Government of Eritrea’s Harvest assessment for 2005 have not yet been released, preliminary indications show that in country food supplies from the harvest, from traders and from existing relief supplies are sufficient to meet the immediate food needs. However, in the Northern and Southern Red Sea zones there have been reports of below average rains and wilting of winter crops and consequently of limited food availability in some coastal areas. Although access to food is believed to be sufficient to address food needs in the coming months, UN agencies are seeking support through the regional Appeal for health and nutrition, water and sanitation, education, child protection, and coordination activities.

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EthiopiaThis regional Appeal acknowledges that in January 2006, the Ethiopian Government, United Nations and humanitarian partners launched the 2006 Joint Government/Humanitarian Partners' Appeal for Ethiopia requesting $166 million in emergency food and non-food assistance. The majority of the funds requested (67%) are for life-saving non-food interventions in health and nutrition, water and sanitation, and agriculture, which collectively amounts to about $111 million. This is the largest non-food appeal since the drought emergency of 2003 in Ethiopia, while it is the smallest in terms of emergency food assistance in years.

More specifically, the emergency food needs for the country are comparatively low this year with an estimated 2.6 million people requiring 340,000 tonnes of food valued at approximately $145 million. In addition, $11.6 million is needed for supplementary food. Due to a large carryover from last year valued at $127 million, the net requirement being appealed for in emergency food, including supplementary food, is $54.6 million. To date, the response to the Humanitarian Appeal has been poor.

Of the 2.6 million people requiring emergency food assistance in Ethiopia, as of the end of January 2006, 1.7 million (69 %) are in the critically affected pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of Somali and Oromiya Regions. 614,000 are under close monitoring. These areas are affected by the same drought as the neighbouring parts of Kenya and Somalia. In the other parts of the country, the food security outlook for 2006 is generally positive in most crop growing areas of the country due to an overall good performance of the meher rainy season; however, some pockets require close follow-up and immediate assistance. Poor rain in other areas is also beginning to have an impact. The Afar Region and lowlands of Oromiya, in particular, require close monitoring as they could rapidly face a crisis situation similar to the other pastoral areas of the country.

The Government’s Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP)10, which addresses the chronically food insecure populations, has been significantly expanded in 2006 to assist 8.29 million people (1.1 million of this number, however, is initially being covered under the emergency appeal in the drought stricken Somali Region). Therefore, a total of about 9.8 million (8.29 – 1.1 + 2.6 million) will be provided with food or cash assistance either through the PSNP or the Ethiopian emergency appeal.

Current emergency food aid estimates are based on the assumption that the forthcoming belg rainy season and the major gu rain in pastoral areas in 2006 (between March and May) are normal resulting in average belg production and improved pasture and water availability in pastoral areas. However, current forecast information for the March – May season indicates a possibility for below normal rainfall. A poor or failed belg production could push another 2 million people into acute food insecurity for the second half of the year.

KenyaIn February 2006, the Government of Kenya, in collaboration with WFP, UNICEF, FAO and UNDP issued an Appeal for Emergency Assistance for over $240 million. The bulk of the appeal ($225 million) is for food aid for 3.5 million people – 3,000,000 general population and 500,000 school children - for the period March 2006 to February 2007. The Government of Kenya, a main contributor to WFP’s emergency operations (EMOPs) pledged 60,000 MT of food to the EMOP but funding for vital logistical needs is still scarce. To date, $78 million has been confirmed for food assistance, leaving a 65% shortfall of $147 million.

Other sectors account for the remaining $22 million of the Kenyan appeal. Non-food interventions have included a ramped up de-stocking programme and have concentrated much more on the health and water sectors, both hampered by poor infrastructure. Interventions in the education sector have focused on the provision of water and food to schools in an attempt to reduce alarming drop-out rates noted since January.

This regional CAP includes complementary projects and programmes to the joint Government of Kenya/UN appeal and aims to link emergency relief interventions with ongoing development efforts and to pay attention to recovery programming. In addition, the Kenya Red Cross launched an appeal for funds in December 2005 for $10.5 million to assist some 329,000 beneficiaries for 12 months.

10 The PSNP is part of the Government’s joint initiative with donors and other partners called the New Coalition for Food Security, which aims to provide food security to the most vulnerable districts in the country and also includes the Resettlement Programme.

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Meanwhile, the UN and the Government of Kenya have been working together to develop policies and strategies to tackle structural vulnerabilities to drought in the medium and longer-term. The draft National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Arid and Semi Arid Lands (ASAL) of Kenya was formulated in December 2004. This policy is pending parliamentary approval and when it is passed, it should provide a framework for sustainable action for the ASALs, including improved mitigation, preparedness and recovery from drought and other natural hazards. The UN has also worked with the Government of Kenya and other partners to develop a Disaster Management Strategy that should link with the ASAL policy and assist the government to better mitigate, prepare for and recover from natural disasters.

SomaliaThe effects of the drought in Somalia are of particular concern as the country has endured fifteen years of armed conflict and generalised violence, which has resulted in widespread human rights abuses, the destruction of public infrastructure, and the disintegration of basic health and social services. Immediate concerns include not only the deteriorating food security, livelihood, health, nutrition, water, and sanitation conditions, but also the possibility of increased needs if the upcoming Gu (long) rainy season fails. Humanitarian actors are responding to the crisis following a two-track approach - providing life-saving assistance as well as supporting livelihoods – in order to discourage relief dependency and prevent those in a state of Acute Food and Livelihood Crisis11, from falling into a Humanitarian Emergency. Coordination mechanisms have been enhanced with the establishment of an IASC for Somalia and the adoption of a cluster approach to ensure an integrated response to the growing needs.

Under the IASC, UN agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) will continue to work closely with local authorities and communities toward the three strategic objectives of the CAP: (1) increase access to basic humanitarian services for vulnerable populations, in particular 1.7 million in a state of Humanitarian Emergency or an Acute Food and Livelihood Crisis, 370,000-400,000 IDPs, and those living in areas of return and resettlement; (2) enhance the protection of and respect for the human rights and dignity of affected populations; and (3) strengthen local capacity for social service delivery and response to natural or conflict-related disaster. The objectives have remained the same, as the effects of the complex humanitarian situation have not changed. They also continue to maintain links to the Joint Needs Assessment (JNA).12

The revised Consolidated Appeal for Somalia seeks $326,718,040 for 92 projects for the remainder of the year. Requirements for Somalia are not reflected in the budget for the regional CAP. A table of projects included in the revised Somalia CAP, grouped by sector, can be found in Annex I of the project section of this Appeal.

As of 21st March 2006, donors have committed or pledged $79,703,293. Improvement in the humanitarian situation will depend largely on the appropriateness and timeliness of emergency assistance and on support from the international community to enable aid organizations and Somali partners to respond. If assistance is not provided in a timely manner, a continuation of the dry spell may result in a widening of the population affected and a deepening of the humanitarian crisis to a generalised famine situation. This may serve to undermine the political process and the ongoing, local reconciliation initiatives.

Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF)On 9 March 2006, the UN Secretary General launched the newly enhanced Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) as a move towards ensuring a more predictable and timely response to humanitarian crises. The Fund is composed of a grant facility of up to $450 million and a loan facility of up to $50 million that will be used to ensure that funding is immediately available to support rapid response to humanitarian crises and address critical humanitarian needs in under-funded emergencies. The CERF is one of the key elements in the overall humanitarian reform package.

11 FSAU developed the Integrated Food Security and Humanitarian Phase Classification in order to improve linkages between the areas of food, nutrition and livelihood security, and response. The five phase classifications – Generally Food Insecure, Chronically Food Insecure, Acute Food and Livelihood Crisis, Humanitarian Emergency, and Famine/Humanitarian Catastrophe – are based on consistent and internationally accepted criteria, such as crude mortality rates, malnutrition, disease prevalence, dietary diversity, water access/availability, livelihood assets, etc. 12 The objective of the JNA is to help Somalia achieve sustained reconstruction and development through the assessment of needs and subsequent elaboration of a long-term reconstruction and development program.

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Generous support from donor countries has already facilitated a response to the current crisis in the region through an allocation of $30 million from the recently enhanced Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF), with an initial disbursement of $13.6 million. An additional $11.4 million is in the pipeline, with $5 million in reserve for unforeseen needs. Funds have been allocated for initiatives in water and sanitation, health and nutrition, and food and livelihood security in the drought-affected countries. In order to avoid duplication, projects included in this Appeal are those in which activities have not been or have only been partially resourced through the CERF. Where CERF funding has been allocated against the budget of a particular project, this has been reflected in the project budget under available funds.

4. STRATEGIC MONITORING PLAN

Monitoring of the implementation of the Common Humanitarian Action Plan (CHAP) will be undertaken at country, regional and headquarters levels. At country level, humanitarian partners, including UN agencies, NGOs and international organisations will use existing monitoring mechanisms to assess progress against the implementation of the regional CHAP. These mechanisms include assessment missions, coordination structures and regular reporting in addition to CAP processes such as the Mid-Year Review. In the case of Eritrea and Somalia, OCHA will ensure monitoring of the overall humanitarian context and project implementation. In the case of Djibouti, where there is currently no OCHA office, the office of the Resident Coordinator will assume primary responsibility for reporting on these issues. For Kenya, OCHA is in the process of deploying a Humanitarian Affairs Officer and national staff member to support the Resident Coordinator’s Office and the UNCT. The 2006 Joint Government/Humanitarian Partners' Appeal for Ethiopia provides for the monitoring arrangements, which are in sync with the provisions of this plan.

At the regional level, monitoring will again be undertaken in collaboration with stakeholders to evaluate progress in the implementation of sectoral activities and to identify constraints and gaps. In line with CAP processes, an evaluation of developments in the humanitarian context, progress in implementation of the strategy and impact on humanitarian needs will be undertaken at the time of the global Mid-Year Review.

Evaluation of developments in the region, their impact on populations and the implementation of the CHAP will take place through:

CAP consultations and reporting: A number of consultations will be organised to review changes in the context and humanitarian needs, implementation of the regional strategy, the funding status of sectors and projects and gaps and constraints;

Regional Inter-Agency Working Group and other inter-agency groups: The regional Inter-Agency Working Group provides an inter-agency forum to discuss issues related to preparedness and response. A number of sub-working groups focus on specific issues including logistics and training and provide a platform for detailed discussion on specific technical issues. In addition thematic inter-agency groups include the task force on gender based violence and sexual exploitation and abuse; the regional inter-agency working group on HIV/AIDS, the food security and nutrition working group, and the child protection group;

Information exchange meetings: This is a monthly information sharing forum which bring together UN, NGO, Red Cross, donor and other organisations to share information on developments in the region;

Special steering committee meetings: These monthly, OCHA Regional Support Office for Central and East Africa (OCHA RSO-CEA) facilitated meetings provide a forum for analysis of key issues in the region. Specialist experts provide information for decision-making and humanitarian action;

Ad hoc briefings and information dissemination: Regional and country partners will help to monitor the situation by disseminating situation reports, analytical papers and humanitarian updates;

Communication with country offices: Regional level partners will liaise with country offices and participate in country level monitoring and evaluation to assess progress in the implementation of projects and progress towards sectoral objectives. This information will also be shared among partners at the regional level.

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At headquarters level, OCHA Geneva will monitor the funding status of the Appeal, using the Financial Tracking Service (FTS), and provide support to the appeal process.

In the event that there is a significant change in the humanitarian context and an shift in humanitarian needs, the CHAP and Appeal can be adjusted at any time. A systematic review will be undertaken during the Mid Year Review process.

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Table II: Listing of Project Activities – By Sector

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ANNEX I:

GREATER HORN OF AFRICA, CURRENT FOOD SECURITY STATUS (MARCH 2005)13

13 Source: FAO/FSAU, WFP, FEWS Net

Phase Classification5 Generally Food Secure

2 Humanitarian Emergency

3 Acute Food and Livelihood Crisis

4 Chronically Food Insecure

Areas not icluded in analysis

1 Famine/Humanitarian Catastrophe

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ANNEX II:

INTEGRATED FOOD SECURITY AND

HUMANITARIAN PHASE CLASSIFICATION REFERENCE TABLE

PhaseClassification

Key Reference Characteristics Strategic Response Framework

(current or imminent outcomes on lives and livelihoods; based on convergence of evidence)

(mitigate immediate outcomes, support livelihoods, and address

underlying/structural causes)

5

Gen

eral

lyFo

od S

ecur

e

Crude Mortality Rate < 0.5 / 10,000 / day

Wasting <3 % (w/h <-2 z-scores) Strategic assistance to pockets of food insecure groups

Stunting <20% (w/age <-2 z-scores) Investment in food and economic production systems

Food Access/ Availability

Usually adequate (> 2,100 kcal ppp day), stable

Enable development of livelihood systems based on principles

Dietary Diversity Consistent quality and quantity of diversity

of sustainability, justice, and equity

Water Access/Avail. Usually adequate (> 15 litres ppp day), stable

Prevent emergence of structural hindrances to food security

Hazards Moderate to low probability and vulnerability

Advocacy

Civil Security Prevailing and structural peace

Livelihood Assets Generally sustainable utilisation (of 5 capitals)

 

4

Chr

onic

ally

Food

Inse

cure

Crude Mortality Rate 0.5-1/10,000/day; U5MR<= 2/10,000/day

Wasting >3% but <10 % (w/h <-2 z-score), usual range, stable

Design & implement strategies to increase stability, resistance

Stunting 20-40% (w/age <-2 z-scores) and resilience of livelihood systems, thus reducing risk

Food Access/ Availability

Borderline adequate (2,100 kcal ppp day); unstable

Provision of ‘safety nets’ to high risk groups

Dietary Diversity Chronic dietary diversity deficit Interventions for optimal and sustainable use of livelihood assets

Water Access/Avail. Borderline adequate (15 litres ppp day); unstable

Create contingency plan

Hazards Recurrent, with high livelihood vulnerability

Redress structural hindrances to food security

Civil Security Unstable; disruptive tension Close monitoring of relevant outcome and process indicators

Coping ‘Insurance strategies’ Advocacy

Livelihood Assets Stressed and unsustainable utilisation (of 5 capitals)

Structural Pronounced underlying hindrances to food security

3

Acu

te F

ood

and

Live

lihoo

d C

risis

Crude Mortality Rate 1-2 /10,000/day, >2x reference rate; U5MR 2-4/10,000/dy

Support livelihoods and protect vulnerable groups

Wasting 10-15 % (w/h <-2 z-score), > than usual, increasing

Strategic and complimentary interventions to immediately ↑ food

Disease Endemic outbreak; increasing access/availability AND support livelihoods

Food Access/ Availability

Lack of entitlement; 2,100 kcal ppp day via asset stripping

Selected provision of complimentary sectoral support (e.g.,

Dietary Diversity Acute dietary diversity deficit water, shelter, sanitation, health, etc.)

Water Access/Avail. 15 litres ppp day accessed via asset stripping,

Strategic interventions at community to national levels to create,

Destitution/Displacement Emerging; diffuse stabilize, rehabilitate, or protect priority

livelihood assets

Civil Security Limited spread, low intensity conflict

Create or implement contingency plan

Coping ‘Crisis strategies’; CSI > than reference; increasing

Close monitoring of relevant outcome and process indicators

Livelihood Assets Accelerated and critical depletion or loss of access

Use ‘crisis as opportunity’ to redress underlying structural causesAdvocacy

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PhaseClassification

Key Reference Characteristics Strategic Response Framework

(current or imminent outcomes on lives and livelihoods; based on convergence of evidence)

(mitigate immediate outcomes, support livelihoods, and address

underlying/structural causes)

2

Hum

anita

rian

Emer

genc

yCrude Mortality Rate 2-4 / 10,000 / day, increasing;

U5MR > 4/10,000/day

Wasting >15 % (w/h <-2 z-score), > than usual, increasing Urgent protection of vulnerable groups

Disease Pandemic outbreak Urgently ↑ food access through complimentary interventions

Food Access/ Availability

Severe entitlement gap; unable to meet 2,100 kcal ppp day

Selected provision of complimentary sectoral support (e.g.,

Dietary Diversity Regularly 2-3 or fewer main food groups consumed water, shelter, sanitation, health, etc.)

Water Access/Avail. < 7.5 litres ppp day (human usage only)

Protection against complete livelihood asset loss and/or

Destitution/Displacement Concentrated; increasing advocacy for access

Civil Security Widespread, high intensity conflict Close monitoring of relevant outcome and process indicators

Coping ‘Distress strategies’; CSI significantly > than reference

Use ‘crisis as opportunity’ to redress underlying structural causes

Livelihood Assets Near complete & irreversible depletion or loss of access Advocacy

1

Fam

ine

/ Hum

anita

rian

Cat

astr

ophe

Crude Mortality Rate > 4 /10,000 /day (example: 6,000/500,000/30 days)

Critically urgent protection of human lives and vulnerable groups

Wasting > 30 % (w/h <-2 z-score) Comprehensive assistance with basic needs (e.g. food, water,

Disease Pandemic outbreak shelter, sanitation, health, etc.)Food Access/

AvailabilityExtreme entitlement gap; much below 2,100 kcal ppp day

Immediate policy/legal revisions where necessary

Water Access/Avail. < 4 litres ppp day (human usage only)

Negotiations with varied political-economic interests

Destitution/Displacement Large scale, concentrated Use ‘crisis as opportunity’ to redress

underlying structural causesCivil Security Widespread, high intensity conflict Advocacy

Livelihood Assets Effectively complete loss; collapse  

Early Warning Levels

Probability / Likelihood of Worsening

PhaseSeverity Key Reference Characteristics Implications for

Action

WatchAs yet unclear Not applicable

Hazard: occurrence of, or predicted event stressing livelihoods; with low or uncertain vulnerability

Close monitoring and analysis

Process Indicators: small negative change from normal

Moderate Risk

Elevated probability / likelihood Color of diagonal

lines on map match predicted

Phase Class

Hazard: occurrence of, or predicted event stressing livelihoods;

Close monitoring and analysis

with moderate vulnerability Contingency planningProcess Indicators: large negative change from normal

Step-up current Phase interventions

High Risk

High probability; ‘more likely

than not’

Hazard: occurrence of, or strongly predicted major event stressing livelihoods; with high vulnerability

Preventative interventions--with increased urgency for High Risk populations

Process Indicators: large and compounding negative changes

Advocacy

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ANNEX III.

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AAG Africa Advisory Group AAH Action Against HungerACF Action Contre La FaimALRMP Arid Lands Resource Management ProjectASALs Arid and semi arid lands

BCPR Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

CAP Consolidated Appeal ProcessCCPP Contagious Caprine Pleuro PneumoniaCHAP Common Humanitarian Action Plan CARE CARE InternationalCAHWs Community Animal Health WorkersCEDRP Cross-border Emergency Drought and Recovery ProjectCERF Central Emergency Response Fund CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CMCoord Civil Military CoordinationCMR Crude Mortality RateCU Concern Universal UK

DFID Department for International DevelopmentDMCN Disaster Management Coordination NetworkDPPC Disaster Prevention and Preparedness CommissionDSG District Steering GroupsDVS Department of Veterinary Services

ECOWAS Economic Community of West African StatesEOC Essential Obstetrical Care EPI Extended Programme of Immunisation

FAO Food and Agricultural OrganizationFEWSNET Famine Early Warning Systems Network FFS Farmers Field SchoolFP Family Planning FSAU Food Security and Analysis Unit FTS Financial Tracking Service

GAM Global Acute MalnutritionGEWS Global Early Warning SystemGIS Geographical Information System GBV Gender based violenceGoK Government of KenyaGSB Growing Sustainable Business GTZ German Technical Cooperation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Tecnische

Zusammenrarbeit)

HAPCO HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control OfficeHAPER Horn of Africa Programme for Environmental Recovery HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno-Deficiency SyndromeHOA Horn of Africa

IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee ICPAC IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications CentreIGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on DevelopmentINGOs International Non-Governmental OrganisationsIDP Internally Displaced PersonITN Insecticide-treated Nets IRC International Rescue CommitteeIRS Indoor-residual spraying

JNA Joint Needs Assessment

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KDC Kenya Disaster Concern KFSADU Kenya Food Security Analysis and Dissemination UnitKFSM Kenya Food Security Meeting

LWG Livestock Working Group

MoA Ministry of AgricultureMoE Ministry of Environment MoH Ministry of HealthMoL Ministry of Labour

NGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNEPAD New Partnership for African DevelopmentNORDA Northern Organization Development AgencyNRM Natural Resource Management

OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian AffairsOCHA RSO-CEA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – Regional Support Office for

Central and East AfricaONARS National Office for Assistance to Refugees and Affected PopulationsOXFAM-GB Oxford Committee for Famine Relief

PC Prenatal Care PCI Pastoralist Consultants InternationalPLWHIV/A Persons Living with HIV-AIDSPSNP Productive Safety Net Programme

RH Reproductive Health RFSNWG Regional Food Security and Nutrition Working Group RHB Regional Health Bureau

SADC South African Development CommunitySAM Severe Acute MalnutritionSEA Sexual exploitation and abuse SFC Supplementary Feeding CentreSFP Supplementary Feeding Programme

TFC Therapeutic Feeding CentreTFP Therapeutic Feeding Programme

UN United NationsUNAIDS United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDSUNCT United Nations Country TeamUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNDP/DDC Drylands Development CentreUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO Unted Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural OrganizationUNFPA United Nations Populations FundUNHC United Nations Humanitarian CoordinatorUNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesUNICEF United Nations Children FundUN/ISDR United Nations/ International Strategy for Disaster ReductionUNJLC United Nations Joint Logistics CentreUNOSAT UN SatelliteUNSG United Nations Secretary-General

VAM Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping BranchVSF-B Véterinaires Sans Frontières - BelgiumVSF-CH Véterinaires Sans Frontières – Switzerland

WASDA Wajir South Development AssociationWES Water and Environmental SanitationWFP World Food ProgrammeWFP EMOPs World Food Programme Emergency Operations WHO World Health Organization

ZHD Zonal Health Department

41

NOTES:

OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS(OCHA)

UNITED NATIONS PALAIS DES NATIONSNEW YORK, N.Y. 10017 1211 GENEVA 10

USA SWITZERLAND

Analyze the Context

Assess Needs

Build Scenarios

Set Goals

Identify Roles &Responsibilities

Plan theResponse

Appeal for Funds

Implement a CoordinatedProgramme

Monitor & Evaluate

Revise the Plan

Report

CH

AP

The Consolidated Appeals P roc ess :an inclusive, coordinated programme cycle in emergencies to:

http://www.humanitar ianappeal.net