CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

“PETROCROPS”

INTRODUCTION

What is energy?Technically speaking, energy is a physical

term which is defined as the capability to do work by any object.

Energy is bounded by a law called LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY which states that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. It can only be transformed from one form to another.

Need of energy in today’s life-Today, not only India but many other

countries are on the developing track and to supplement their development and population demands an irrational use of energy resources has resulted in ENERGY CRISIS which has led to the increasing need of energy in today’s life.

NOTE- Though total energy is always conserved but they are transformed in non- recyclable and re-usability of that source becomes impossible.

An article showing the need of energy in today’s life

LACK OF ENERGY RESOURCES

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY{ fossil fuels}-

• These are the non-renewable or exhaustible sources of energy present on the earth today. Once finished it takes millions of years to replenish, as a result, there is a depleting stock of these resources.

• These are also known as the conventional sources of energy because they are used widely for all the purposes of daily needs such as cooking, fuels in vehicles, raw materials for electricity generation

FUEL RESOURCES IN INDIA

In adjoining fig. we can notice the following things-

• Coal still constitutes as the major dependent source followed by petroleum and natural gas which all are conventional sources of energy.

• In contrast the dependence on the renewable and non-conventional sources of energy is still to its minimum level.

FUEL REQUIREMENTS OF INDIA• India needs to improve its potentiality in the non-

conventional sector of energy production.• As we had seen in the previous slide, India about 92%

of the fuel consumed comes from fossil fuels which has many disadvantages of which some are that these sources are soon to get exhausted and consumed and their harnessment induces air pollution and global warming.

• Only 8% of energy is produced by the non-conventional sources which are quite feasible such as hydropower, nuclear power, geothermal etc.

• But the potential of India is very high such as the potential reserves and stocks of wind and solar energy in Rajasthan which are not harnessed because of lack of technology and economy.

• 70% of the total petroleum product demand is being met by imports, imposing a heavy burden on foreign exchange (Rs.80,000 crores per year).

Installed Capacity as on 31.07.2004

11270618702720784911196118406545629625ALL INDIA

69006464005ISLANDS

23570012231437513301134N.EASTERN

17697301523517190150272459EASTERN

2929912097801694593926131342910328SOUTHERN

3230459776025845175036207925102WESTERN

30980611180191431532131591510597NORTHERN

TOTALDIESELGASCOAL

TOTALWINDNUCLE-AR

THERMALHYDROREGION

11270618702720784911196118406545629625ALL INDIA

69006464005ISLANDS

23570012231437513301134N.EASTERN

17697301523517190150272459EASTERN

2929912097801694593926131342910328SOUTHERN

3230459776025845175036207925102WESTERN

30980611180191431532131591510597NORTHERN

TOTALDIESELGASCOAL

TOTALWINDNUCLE-AR

THERMALHYDROREGION

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

• Today, we are suffering from energy crisis globally. Therefore, there is an intense need of the conservation of energy.

• There can be divisions of such practices on the basis of activities and the activists, they are STRUCTURAL & NON-STRUCTURAL methods.

A) Structural

• In structural changes comes all the social, physical, chemical and biological means of formation of institutions and technology for this purpose.

• In biology we have many such measures that enable us to conserve energy practically or structurally of which some measures are PETRO CROPS, BIOMASS AND VERMICOMPOSTING.

PETRO-CROPS

We are showing our main concentration on the following-

INTRODUCTIONWhat are petro crops?

Petro crop, Calotropis procera is a wild shrub and does not compete with food and fodder crops for land. This paper presents an investigation on enhancement of hydrocarbon extraction from Calotropis procera. An extraction yield of 8% has been obtained with toluene, as solvent. Increase in extraction to 11.5% has been achieved by modification of design of conventional “Soxhlet extractor”. Further enhancement in extraction has been achieved by pre-treatment of the biomass with alkali or acid. Pre-treatment results in extractive or hydrolytic breakdown of plant structure and hence exposes hydrocarbons to solvent attack. Alkali pretreatment of ground biomass resulted in much higher extraction. So it was studied in further detail with more alkalis of varying strength. An enhancement from 8% to 18% has been achieved by pre-treatment with IN sodium hydroxide.

Jatropha –a petrocrop

Calotropis Procera

• Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) is a wild shrub, which grows up to a height of 1-3 m and its leaves are 10–13 cm wide by 17–19 cm long.

RECENT TECHNOLOGY TO HARNESS IT

CULTIVATION REQUIREMENTS• India has varied agroclimatic zones which have wide range of temperature,

humidity, rainfall and soil conditions. Growth and productivity of plant depends upon a large number of edaphic, nutritional and environmental factors. This is more important in respect to laticiferous plants whose growth is influenced significantly by soil composition. Even by liberal estimates these fossilized fuel resourceare not going to last longer .

• Calotropis procera is a potential energy resource, containing latex, an emulsion of oil and water. The oil fraction looks, feels and acts like crude oil (1). The latex is converted into petroleum like substances by using hydro-cracking in presence of zeolite catalysts (1). By some of the estimates majority of the compound in latex consists of terpenoids and sugars.

• The Calotropis procera is widely distributed in Western Rajasthan while Calotropis gigantea is found mostly under cultivated conditions near temples in Jaipur, Bharatpur, Udaipur, Bhilwara, Banswara division with relatively moderate climatic conditions. 

• India has over 180 million of wasteland out of which 90 million ha is uncultivable. The degraded and denuded lands arise due to soil erosions as well as secondary salinizations. However Calotropis procera is a potential plant for bioenergy and biofuel production in semi arid regions of the country because it is able to grow on such lands.

OUTPUT

The plant has a growth potential of 2 dry tones to 40 dry tones per ha depending on the agro climatic conditions of it’s growth. The plant has high level of regeneration

potential and could be harvested up to 4 times a year. The plant yields valuable hydrocarbons which could be converted into diesel substitutes. The bio-diesel derived from Calotropis procera is free from NOx gases, S02 and Suspended Particulate Matter

(SPM) and has high cetane value. Due to it’s enormous potential for growth under adverse climatic conditions Calotropis procera is suggested as potential plant for bio-

diesel production under semi-arid and arid conditions.