conjunctions

CONJUNCTIONS

And

But

orfor

yet

neither

not only therefore

althoughaccordingly

thus

CONJUNCTION

• Coordinating conjunctions

• Correlative conjunctions

• Subordinating conjunctions

• Conjunctions that introduce noun clause: that and if/ whether

• Prepositions and subordinating conjunction that have the same meaning

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

and to join two items that are related in some way

but to add something different or surprising

or To indicate choices

for To give reasons

so To show results

yet To introduce something surprising

Coordinating conjunctions: are used to join together two or more items which are equally important, e.g. two or more words, phrases, clauses, etc.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

The new building is very modern and innovative.

We worked extended hours, but we couldn’t complete the task.

She wanted red or pink wallpaper.

The room was hot, for the air conditioner was not working.

All the employees are in the auditorium, so the offices are empty.

The meeting started thirty minutes ago, yet some of the seats are still vacant.

Practice

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

both A and B → Plural verbs

not A but Beither A or B

neither A or Bnot only A but

also B

→ Verbs agree with B

A as well as B → Verbs agree with A

Correlative conjunctions: are pairs of conjunctions that work together to coordinate two balanced words, phrases, clauses.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Both the color and the style matches (→match) our product’s concept.

Not the computers but the Internet connection were (→was) malfunctioning.

Either her colleagues or she are (→is) going to attend the seminar.

Neither the employees or (→nor) the instructor were (→was) in the lecture hall

Not only the files but also the disc were (→was) misplaced.

The Hoover Dam is not only an interesting tourist spot but also an essential source of power for certain areas of the country.

Practice

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

A. Conjunction introducing adverbial clauses of time

As after as long asas soon as

Before until whenwhile

The session will begin as soon as everyone is seated.

Mr. Martino will take charge of this project while the manager is away.


B. Conjunction introducing adverbial clauses of reason

As because now thatsince

Items 1 through 10 can’t be ordered because the products are out of stock.

Mr. Martino will take charge of this project while the manager is away.


C. Conjunction introducing adverbial clauses of condition

if providing/ Provided thatin case

unless so long as

If you want to take the chance to win a free MP3, just register online.

We will move on to the next stage unless anyone has an objection to the decision.


D. Conjunction introducing adverbial clauses of purpose

So (that) / in order that

Leave your number so (that) Ms. Shin can give you a call after the meeting.

The travel agent changed my reservation in order that I could take a later flight.


E. Conjunction introducing adverbial clauses of result

So + adjective/ adverb + that = such + noun + that

The package was so heavy that the deliveryman couldn’t pick it up

= The package was such a heavy one that the deliveryman couldn’t pick it up.


F. Conjunction introducing adverbial clauses of concession

although / even though / thoughwhile

Although some applications were submitted late, we decided to accept them all.

Even though interest rates are low, people are refusing to borrow money from banks.

While we understand you are in a hurry, you need to wait for your turn.

CONJUNCTIONS THAT INTRODUCE NOUN CLAUSE : THAT AND IF / WHETHER

A. That + subject + verb

- that clause as subjects

That the earth is round is an established fact.

subject

- that clause as objects

I believe that you study hard.

object

- that clause as complement

One of the characteristics of leather is that it has a fibrous structure.

complement

CONJUNCTIONS THAT INTRODUCE NOUN CLAUSE : THAT AND IF / WHETHER

B. If/ whether + subject + verb

If/ whether begins a noun clause in a sentence.

If (→ whether) you have won the prize or not will be announced on our announced on our website by next Monday.

PREPOSITIONS AND SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS THAT HAVE THE SAME MEANINGS

Subordinating conjunction + subjective verb Preposition + noun / noun phrase / pronoun

Preposition + noun/ noun phrase / pronoun

Subordinating conjunction + subject + verb

because of = ought to because

despite / in spite of although / even though

during while

except except that

without unless

in case of IF



►Despite the traffic, I arrived on time.

= Although the traffic is bad, I arrived on time.

►The opening of the new factory outlet will be postponed because of construction delays.

= The opening of the new factory outlet will be postponed because there are construction delays.



►we went to a lot of places during our vacation.

= we went to a lot of places while we were on vacation.

►Guests of employees are not permitted to enter the offices without a security escort.

= Guests of employees are not permitted to enter the offices unless they are escorted by a security guard.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

- Conjunctive adverbs are adverbs that join two clauses.

- In this manner, they are like conjunctions.

- When using a conjunctive adverb to join two clauses, you need a semicolon (;), not a comma (,)

CONJUNCTIONS ADVERBS

A. Conjunctive adverb that show result

Accordingly consequentlyhence

Therefore thus

The tickets were sold out; therefore, we had to watch the next show.


B. Conjunctive adverb that show addition

Besides furthermoreIn addition moreover

The party was over when I got there; besides, I didn’t even want to go.


C. Conjunctive adverb that show concession

However neverthelessnonetheless

The play was over when I got to the theater; however, I had the chance to meet the performers in person.

conjunctions

Technology

conjunctions conjunctions

subordinating conjunctions

pairs of conjunctions

conjunctions thereforeand

noun clause

adverbial clauses of

adverbial clauses of

b verbs