Presented by:

Presented by:

HANG Sokharo

HANG Sokharo

LY BelaLY Bela

S

ENG Vibol

SENG Vibol

CONJUNCTIONCONJUNCTION

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Definition

A conjunction is a word that joins single words and groups of words.

We normally use conjunction to form simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence and compound-complex sentence.

Generally, there are 4 types of conjunctions:Coordinating ConjunctionSubordinating ConjunctionCorrelative ConjunctionConjunctive Adverb

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Coordinating Conjunction

A coordinating conjunction (Coordinator) joins words or groups of words that have equal grammatical weight in a sentence.

There are only seven coordinators, which you can remember by the phrase

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F A N B O Y SOR ND OR UT R ET O

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USAGE

And expresses addition.Example: Chorn is easy-going, and he is quite funny. But expresses contrast.Example: Chorn is easy-going, but he sometimes

loses his temper. For expresses reason.Example: Chorn is easy-going, for he enjoys just

about everything. Or expresses choice.Example: Chorn is easy-going, or at least he seems

that way.

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So expresses result.Example: Chorn is easy-going, so many people like

him. Yet expresses contrast (More surprise than but).Example: Chorn is easy-going, yet he gets nervous

about tests. Nor is used to join two negative clauses. When nor

begins the second clause, the auxiliary verb or the verb be is placed before the subject. A negative is not used in the second clause.

Example: The box is not very big, nor is it very heavy.

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PUNCTUATION GUIDELINES

Pattern 1 — connecting two main clausesWhen you connect two main clauses with coordinating conjunction, use a comma.Example: While I am at work, my dog sleeps on the

bed, and my cat naps in the bathtub. Pattern 2 — connecting two itemsYou can also use a coordinating conjunction (And, but, or and yet) to connect any two items.Example: My dog has too many fleas and too much

hair.

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PUNCTUATION GUIDELINES

Pattern 3 — connecting three or more items in a series

When you have three or more items in a series (phrases), you generally use a comma before the coordinating conjunction (And, but, or and yet).

Example: Swatting olives off the kitchen counter, dragging toilet paper streamers through the house, and terrorizing Jacques Cousteau, the parakeet, has consumed another of Buster's days.

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Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative Conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions which must have used together to form a simple sentence. The first conjunction emphasizes the meaning of the second.

However, the correlative conjunction is a little clearer than coordinating conjunction does.

Example: Coordinating Conjunction Correlative ConjunctionShe and I were there. Both she and I were there.

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We use correlative conjunction to join words and groups of words which have equal grammatical units in sentence.

Example: Mr. Virak both acts and directs himself. (Both Acts and directs are the verb in the same

equal) Both …and …: emphasize the equal of two unitExample:

This garden is grown by both your parents and your younger sister.

Either… or…: emphasize the need to choose only one thing.

Example:Either Davy or Davin goes with me.

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Neither … nor … : emphasize the both units are negative

Example:Sam neither knows nor cares what happened.

Not only … but also …: are used together to include two units and used to emphasize the equal importance of the second unit.

Example: Dany plays not only the guitar but also the violin.

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Whether … or not…: emphasize that the first unit is more important that the second unit.

Example: She will come whether her husband is free or not.

Whether … or …: is a correlative conjunction that use together.

Example: I don’t care whether you go or stay.

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USAGE

As … as …: Positive comparisonExample: Your motorcycle is as new as mine. So … as …: ConsequenceExample: The symptoms of this disease were so

unusual as to baffle even the specialist. Such … as … : ConsequenceExample: Such a person as you is worthless. Such … that …: ResultExample: This is such a complicated problem that I cannot understand.

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Punctuation Guidelines:

We normally do not use commas between the pair conjunction when we connect two items such as pronouns, prepositional phrases, nouns, verb and so on.

Example: Michael grilled meat not only for Tiffany but also for Rocket.

However, when we connect two main clauses (sentences) with corrective conjunction, comma is needed.

Example: Not only did Michael grill a steak for Tiffany, but he also prepared a hot dog for Rocket.

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Subordinating Conjunction

Subordinating Conjunction (subordinator) is used to connect two complete ideas by making one idea become incomplete meaning as the subordinate clause follow the main clause to form a complex sentence.

The Subordinating Conjunctions are divided into several relationships :

o Time relationshipso Causal/reason relationshipso Purpose relationshipo Conditional relationshipso Contrast relationshipso Location relationships Conju

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Time relationships

Time relationships are used to indicate the time that an event in the main clause takes place.

After: for later actionEx: I feel asleep after I had lunch. Before: for earlier action Ex: Before I went to work, I gave my wife a kiss. Since: to show the starting point of an actionEx: He stopped working here since I have blame his

children. Until: used to limited action of action.Ex: she is going to stay home until her mother

arrives.

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Time relationships

When: specific time of an action.Ex: When she meets me, she always gives me a smile. Whenever: for unspecific timeEx: Whenever I go, I try to see something I’ve never seen

before While: to show something happen over a period of

time.Ex: I played football a lot while I was studying at high

school.

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Causal/reason relationships

Causal/reason relationships define the reason behind a statement or action given in the main clause. 

As: show a reason for action Ex: As she has a lot of relative in Cambodia, it is easy to

go for a walk. Because: for a reason of action Ex: I want to marry her because she is beautiful. Since: a reason of actionEx: Since he was to take his children to the zoo, he

cannot come here. Now that: reason for recent action Ex: Now that I‘ve got a car, I don’t do as much exercise

as I used to.

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Purpose relationships

Purpose relationships: To indicate the purpose action that happens related to the main clause.

In order that: Ex: You play games in order that your health may

improve. SoEx: Lisa has no much money so she cannot buy a

great car. So that: to make an possible actionEx: She gets up early so that she can go to school in

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Conditional relationships

If: action dependent on the other action Ex: If you cry for help, I will kill you. Even ifEx: I want to learn Korean even if I have no ability. Unless: required action to avoid negative actionEx: Dara cannot pass the exam unless he works hard. Whether (or not): action on any conditionEx: He still loves her whether or not she is rich.

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Contrast and concession relationships

Contrast and concession relationships: Concessive clauses are used to concede a given point in an argument. 

Although: Use an illogical factEx: Dalin is still beautiful although she is already 30

years old. Even though: Use an illogical factEx: He didn’t tell us even though he wanted to go with

us. Though: Use an illogical factEx: Though she was afraid, she did not cry. While: To show two differences action at the same

time.Ex: I read the book while you were drying your hair.

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Location relationships

Location relationships: Place clauses define the location of the object of the main clause. Place conjunctions include where and in which. They are generally placed following a main clause in order to define the location of the object of the main clause.

where: show the place of action Ex: where you live, I will go to find you. Whereas: choice of the placeEx: whereas we got happy, you don’t forget it. Wherever: To show unreal placeEx: wherever you go, I will follow you.

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PUNCTUATION GUIDELINES

Pattern 1: If the dependent clause is placed at the beginning of a sentence, the dependent clause must be separated from the independent clause by a comma.

Example: After Jean goes to class, she goes to the library.

Pattern 2: If the dependent clause is placed at the end of the sentence after the independent clause, no comma is necessary.

Example: Jean goes to the library after she goes to class.

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Pattern 3: If the dependent clause is inserted into the middle of the sentence, the clause acts as a parenthetical element and should have commas on both sides.

Example: On Monday, after she goes to class, Jean goes to the library.

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CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB

Conjunctive adverbs join complete sentences (independent

clauses) and express a logical relationship between the ideas in the sentences. Conjunction adverb cannot join single words, phrases, and incomplete sentences (dependent clauses).Types of Conjunctive Adverb: Contrast Addition Cause / Result Condition Time Sequence Conju

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Conjunctive Adverb of Contrast

However: However indicates contrast.Example: Men smoke less than in the past; however, the number of women who smoke is increasing.

However, nevertheless, still: These can show that the second sentence is going to give an unexpected result or be in contrast to the previous sentence.

Example: Studies show that cigarette smoking is dangerous to one’s health; however (or nevertheless, still) millions of people continue to smoke.

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Conjunctive Adverb of Addition

Moreover, furthermore, in addition: The second sentence is going to give additional information. They add to the idea in the first sentence.

Example: Barbara’s professor encouraged her to go to

graduate school; moreover (or furthermore, in addition), he

nominated Barbara for a graduate

scholarship. Besides: Besides often adds another reason for an action.

Example: Barbara majored in biology because she was

fascinated by the subject; besides, she knew it would help

her get a high-paying job in the future. In fact: In fact adds emphasis to

the idea in the first sentence.

Example: Barbara passed all her examinations; in fact, she

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Conjunctive Adverb of Cause/Result

Therefore, consequently, as a result: These adverbs state the result of the idea in the first clause.

Example: I can’t speak French very well; therefore(or consequently, as a result), I didn’t enjoy my trip to France.

Thus: Thus often states a logical conclusion.Example: Air fares are going down; thus, more and more people are able to afford air travel.

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Conjunctive Adverb of Condition

Otherwise: If the first sentence is affirmative, otherwise is

similar in meaning to if one does not.Example: We must find solutions to the problems of

pollution; otherwise, we may all be wearing gas masks one day.

If the first sentence is negative, otherwise is similar in meaning to if one does.

Example: Don’t be absent from class; otherwise, you will miss the review.

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Conjunctive Adverb of Time Sequence

Then, afterward, later: Then, afterward and later state the next action to the first sentence.

Example: The protesters gathered a few miles from the downtown. Then they marched toward City Hall.

The police asked the marchers to stop before they reached City Hall. Afterward the police began to arrest some of the demonstrators.

At first, I was going to join the demonstration; later, I changed my mind.

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Punctuation Guidelines

Between two sentences: A semicolon is used at the end of the first sentence, and a comma follows the conjunctive adverb.

Example: I’m studying English in Denver; however,my best friend is in Houston. Beginning of the second sentence: A period

ends the first sentence, a capital letter begins the second sentence, and a comma follows the conjunctive adverb.

Example: I’m studying English in Denver. However, my best friend is in Houston.

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Within the second sentence: The conjunctive adverb usually precedes the main verb or the auxiliary verb, preceded and followed by commas.

Example: I’m studying English in Denver. My best friend, however, is in Houston. End of the second sentence: The conjunctive

adverb (However, instead and moreover) is preceded by a comma.

Example: I’m studying English in Denver. My best friend is in Houston, however.

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Tip 1: Identify Types of Conjunction

Coordinating Conjunction: It has only 7 conjunction.FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet and So

Correlative Conjunction: It must contain pair of conjunction along with each other.Both… And….Not only…. But ….

Conjunctive Adverb: It must only link two independent clauses. Generally, we use a comma before conjunctive adverb.I love reading books. Therefore, I get a lot of general knowledge.

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Tip 1: Identify Types of Conjunction

How About Subordinating Conjunction?

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Tip 2: Conjunction Vs Preposition

Since many words (before, after, until, for, than, since and so on) can function both conjunction and preposition, they may get you confusing.

Conjunction: We use conjunction to connect clauses. Normally, clause contains Subject and Verb.

Example: She will not load the software until she finishes the report.

Preposition: preposition must follow by noun.Example: She will not load the software until Friday.

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