conﬂicts with native americans

Conflicts With Native Americans

Wednesday, November 20, 13

Federal Bureau of Indian Affairs


• Supposed to manage the deliver of critical supplies to the Native American

• Corruption between the agents

• Supplies were mishandled


• Made the decision to educate native children in separate boarding schools, with an emphasis on assimilation that prohibited them from using their own languages, practices, and cultures.

• Some were beaten for praying to their own creator God.


Sand Creek Massacre


• Between the Colorado militia, and the Native Americans

• Massacre of the Native Americans

• Southeastern Colorado Territory

• 72-163 Indians died (most of the death were women and children)


• November 29, 1864

• 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a peaceful village of Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory

• 70-163 Indians were killed 2/3 were women and children

• Troops were lead by Colonel John Chivington

• Native American leader was Black Kettle

• Blow to the traditional Cheyenne clan system


Chief Black Kettle


• Leader of southern Cheyenne

• Massacre of Sand Creek Massacre

• survived

• killed at the battle of Washita River (wife as well)


• Leader of the Southern Cheyenne after 1854

• Lead efforts to resist American settlement from Kansas and Colorado territories

• Peacemaker

• Survived the Sand Creek Massacre

• Killed in 1868 at the Battle of Washita River


Colonel John Chivington


• Methodist paster served in the United States volunteers during the Colorado War

• 700 men force to the Massacre of Sand Creek

• No charges for the massacre


• Lead a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia during the massacre at Sand Creek (15 killed and 50 wounded)

• November 1864

• 70-163 peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho (2/3 women, children, and infants)

• No charges were brought against Chivington or his men


Battle of Little Big Horn


• George Custer vs Sioux and Cheyenne Warriors

• All of Custer’s men were killed

• Little Bighorn River


• June 25-26, 1876

• Eastern Montana Territory

• Combined forces of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes

• 7th Calvary Regiment of the US Army under George Custer (700 men)

• Casualty count - 268 dead and 55 injured

• Sitting Bull


Chief Red Cloud


• Strong war leader and chief of Lakota tribe

• lead successful campaign in the Red Cloud War

• Born in Nebraska lived in South Dakota


• Strong war leader and a chief of the Oglala Lakota.

• Chief from 1868 to 1909

• Signed the Treaty of For Laramie (1698) and led his people to a life on a reservation

• Fought in wars with the US Army between 1866 and 1868

• Opposed the Dawes Act

• Died at the age of 87 on the Pine Ridge Reservation

• “They made us many promises, more than I can remember. But they kept but one - They promised to take our land...and they took it.”


Captain WJ Fetterman


• 1886 - Sioux killed over 80 soldiers under him

• War ended under the Fort Laramie

• Officer in army during civil war


• Officer in the US Army

• Fought in the Red Cloud’s War on the Great Plains

• 80 men were killed along with Fetterman in the Fetterman Fight (Fetterman Massacre)

• Crazy Horse and Red Cloud

• Near Fort Phil Kearny, Wyoming


Fort Laramie Treaty


• United States vs Lakota

• Treaty was signed to give the Black Hills and hunting rights in Wyoming, North Dakota and South Dakota and Montana

• Ended Red Cloud’s War


• Agreement between the United States and the Lakota people.

• Signed in 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territory

• Guaranteed the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana.

• Ended Red Cloud’s War


Sitting Bull


• Tribal Leader of Lakota

• Dreamt of the Battle of Little Bighorn victory

• Assassinated December 15, 1890

• Born South Dakota

• Lead war parties and important to history of NA

• Holy Man


• A Lakota holy man who led his people as a tribal chief during years of resistance to United States government policies.

• Killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him. (people feared he would join the Ghost Dance Movement)

• Fought in the Red Cloud’s War, The Great Sioux War of 1876, and at the Battle of Little Bighorn.


Crazy Horse


• Leader of the Lakota

• Stabbed at Fort Robinson

• Lead the Native Americans at Little Bighorn


• Native American war leader of the Lakota

• Fetterman Fight, Wagon Box Fight, Great Sioux War of 1876-1877

• Leader at the Battle of Little Bighorn

• Surrendered to US troops under General Crook. (May 1877)

• He was fatally wounded while in custody at Camp Robinson (Nebraska)


Colonel George A. Custer


• US Army officer and Calvary

• Leader of soldiers at Little Bighorn

• Died in the battle, misjudged number of Indians

• Montana

• Served in Civil and Indian War


• United States Army officer and cavalry commander in Indians Wars

• Custer and all his men were killed at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876.

• He led the US 7th Cavalry Regiment

• Fought the Native Americans at the Battle of Washita River, lead an expedition into the Black Hills


Wovoka


• Jack Wilson

• Northern Paiute

• Religious Leader who founded the ghost dance movement

• Wounded Knee massacre

• Non-violence message


• Also known as Jack Wilson was the Northern Paiute religious leader who founded the Ghost Dance movement.

• Had the reputation of being a powerful medicine man.

• Claimed to have a prophetic vision during the solar eclipse in 1889. His vision entailed the resurrection of the Paiute dead and the removal of white and their works from North America. (Ghost Dance)

• Practiced by the victims of the Wounded Knee Massacre


Battle of Wounded Knee


• End of Indian War

• Disarmed them

• Killed all the Indians

• Ridge Indian Reservation

• South Dakota

• 84 Men, 44 women and 18 children

• Colonel Foryth was relieved of command


• December 29, 1890

• Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota

• Last Battle of the American Indian Wars

• US 7th Cavalry Regiment escorted a band of Lakota to the Wounded Knee Creek where they made camp.

• Colonel James W. Forsyth and his troops surrounded the camp with four Hotchkiss guns.

• Troops disarmed the Lakota

• US Army had 500 troops

• Lakota had 120 men and 230 civilian women and children

• Opened fire on the Native Americans (90 men killed, 200 women and children killed, 51 wounded)


Helen Hunt Jackson


• Activist who wanted the treatment of Indians improved

• Book Ramona - about treatment of Indians in California

• Wrote a bill that was passed in the Senate and not the House


• Poet and writer who became an activist on behalf of improved treatment of Native Americans by the US government.

• Wrote the book A Century of Dishonor (1881) and Ramona (1884)


United States Indian Training and Industrial School


• Flag ship boarding school

• 1879-1918

• model for 26 boarding schools in 15 states

• Carlisie PA

• Forced to leave families

• Becoming Americanized (name, dress, culture)


• Carlisle, Pennsylvania

• 1879-1918

• Captain Richard Henry Pratt under authority of the US federal government

• First federally funded off-reservation Indian boarding school.

• Founded on the principle that Native Americans were the equals of European-Americans., and the Native American children immersed in mainstream Euro-American culture would learn skills to advance in society.

• There were eventually 26 Bureau of Indian Affairs boarding schools


Captain Richard H. Pratt


• Founder of the Carlisle School

• Cultural Genocide

• Indian Bureau of Affairs - schools died down


• Founder and long time superintended of the influential Carlisle Indian Industrial School at Carlisle, Pennsylvania

• Fought in the American Civil War and the Red River War

• Form of cultural genocide


Dawes Act


• Named after Henry Dawes

• Assimilate Native Americans in western culture

• Caused Indian tribes to lose land (sold to eastern settlers)


• 1887

• General Allotment Act or Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

• Divided the American Indian tribal land and divided it into allotments for individual Indians.

• Created by Senator Henry Lauren Dawes of Massachusetts

• Wanted to assimilation of Indians into mainstream American society by having them individually own land.


conﬂicts with native americans

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