confucius the secular as sacred. confucius, the man not a successful politician. not an atheist. not...
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Confucius, the man
Not a successful politician.
Not an atheist.
Not well known in his lifetime.
Not much actually known about the man.
Circa 551-479 BCE
Historical Context:The Warring States 403 -- 221 BCE Small kingdoms fighting for
dominance. Ca. 221 BCE Qin (Ch’in)
Dynasty takes control. States unified under an
absolute monarchy. Qin Shi Huangdi
The Warring States: 450-206 BCE
Ch’in region began expanding 328 BCE.
Ch’in expanded North and South first, then Eastward.
Start of Great Wall of China.
Han Dynasty 206 BCE -- 9 CE
206 BCE Liu PangFormer peasantLeads RevoltBecomes Emperor
Confucianism becomes model for government service.
Humanism
Human is an autonomous being, capable of self-determination.
Individual choices can make a difference in society and alter the course of history.
Secular Humanism v. Sacred Humanism
Religion v. Philosophy
In China, Confucianism is considered a religion.
Does not focus on:Revealed DoctrinesTheismAfter-life
Do this:
1) Write your own definition for “ritual.”
2) What rituals have you participated in in the past month?
3) What rituals are hallmarks of the university experience?
4) What rituals are important to you?
Questions about defining Ritual
1) Is divinity a necessary component?
2) How do rituals function? (awe v. comfort)
3) Lots of people brew coffee in the morning, but for some the act is a ritual. What makes the difference?
4) Keep in mind noun v. adjective
5) Is your definition ethnocentric?
6) Does definition of ritual change with culture? Or only examples of culturally significant rituals?
For the more philosophical:
Why are rituals important?
Where do rituals come from?
What would life be like without rituals?
How is art/religion/culture a ritual enactment of identity?
Definitions of Ritual
1) Any customary ceremony or observance.
2) A set of actions regularly and invariably followed by someone.
3) A conventional act or social gesture without intrinsic purpose.
Definitions of Ritual
4) Set of actions performed mainly for symbolic value.
5) Actions and symbolism of a ritual are prescribed by some external force, not chosen by the performer of the ritual.
Definitions of Ritual
6) An aid to the formation of group identity, used to set, fix, and re-inforce shared values.
7) Etiquette, rules of propriety.
Confucian Self-Realization
“ritualization” is a dynamic process, not a passive one. (Eastman p. 195)
Language matters.
Attention to heart-mind (conscience) distinguishes us from animals.
Extend obligations beyond self.
The Analects: Categories of Topics
Culture
Conduct of Affairs
Loyalty to Superiors
Keeping of Promises
Mencius (Meng-tzu)
Circa 390 BCE - 305 BCE
Ch’in region expanding, gaining dominance.
How to study this reading: Compare with The Analects Treat as an explanation of The Analects Look for points of similarity and disagreement
The Book of Mencius (Meng-tzu)
“How can I profit from my state?” (p. 187)
Refer back to Analects (p. 177) “The Master said, A gentleman takes as
much trouble to discover what is right as lesser men take to discover what will pay.”