Conflicts in the Middle Conflicts in the Middle EastEastCh 18.4Ch 18.4

CST 10.9.6CST 10.9.6

1917 Britain issues the Balfour 1917 Britain issues the Balfour DeclarationDeclaration

• CAUSES:– Increased immigration of Jews to Palestine– Zionists’ request for a Jewish homeland– Britain’s need to retain support of Palestinians

and Jews during World War I

EFFECT:

No resolution of the issue, so Britain refers it to the UN

1948 Independent Israel is created.1948 Independent Israel is created.

• CAUSES: UN recommendation calling for a partition of Palestine

• Int’l sympathy for the Jews because of the Holocaust and support for their desire for a Jewish homeland

• EFFECT: Outbreak of full-scale Arab-Israeli war

Golda MeirGolda Meir

• She was the signer of Israel’s Declaration of Independence and later became Prime Minister of Israel.

1956 Arab-Israeli War #2 breaks 1956 Arab-Israeli War #2 breaks outout

• CAUSE: Egypt seizes the Suez Canal.

• EFFECTS: – Egyptians are defeated.– The world community pressures Israel and its

European allies to withdraw from Egypt.

Suez Crisis (1956)Suez Crisis (1956)

• Egypt seized the Suez Canal in 1956, Britain, France, and Israel defeated Egypt, but international pressure forced them to withdraw, returning the canal to Egypt

1967 The Six Day War begins1967 The Six Day War begins

• CAUSES:– Increased tensions between Israel and Arab states– Soviet backed Arab troops move forces off Gulf of

Aqaba

EFFECTS:

Arabs have heavy losses

Israel annexes the old city of Jerusalem, West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights.

1973- Yom Kippur War begins.1973- Yom Kippur War begins.

• CAUSE: A joint Arab attack on the holiest Jewish Holiday

• EFFECTS: Israel counter-attacks, followed by an uneasy truce

1979 Anwar Sadat (Egypt) and Menachem 1979 Anwar Sadat (Egypt) and Menachem

Begin (Israel) sign the Camp David AccordsBegin (Israel) sign the Camp David Accords..

CAUSES: Sadat offers peace to Begin. U.S. President Carter invites them both to discuss the issues at Camp David, USA

EFFECTS: -Egypt recognizes Israel as a legitimate nation-Sinai Peninsula is transferred to Egypt-30 years of hostility ends btwn the 2 countries-Sadat is assassinated.

Anwar Sadat and Menachem BeginAnwar Sadat and Menachem Begin

Hosni MubarakHosni Mubarak

• He was the Egyptian leader who succeeded the assassinated Sadat and he maintained the peace with Israel.

1993 Rabin (Israel) and Arafat (PLO) 1993 Rabin (Israel) and Arafat (PLO) issue a Declaration of Principles.issue a Declaration of Principles.

• CAUSES: On-going conflicts over Israeli-occupied territories finally leads to a series of peace talks.

• EFFECTS:

• Self-rule for Palestinians in Gaza Strip and West Bank

• Assassination of Rabin

Izhak Rabin and Yasir ArafatIzhak Rabin and Yasir Arafat

Palestinian Liberation Organization Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)(PLO)

• This group led by Yasir Arafat conducted a campaign of terror against Israel. He later became the spokesman for the Palestinians in peace negotiations with Israel.