Conflict within theTudor House

• Henry VIII– Divorce, Anglican Church, Heirs

• According to the Will of Henry VIII, the legal heirs to his throne were his children: Edward, Mary, then Elizabeth.

– By the principle of male primogeniture, sons always come first, even when they are younger than their sisters.

Bloody Mary• An ardent Roman Catholic• She married Prince Philip II of Spain• Receives the title “Bloody” for her

ardent support of the Counter Reformation – Has over 300 Protestant burned at the

stake• Archbishop Thomas Cranmer

• No children– May have had a “hysterical pregnancy”

Causes of the English Civil War

• The Death of Elizabeth at the age of 69• The coronation of James I• Policies of Charles I (son of James I)

The Reign of Elizabeth• Maintained civility between the Protestants

and Catholics– Created hostility between Catholics and Puritans

• Puritans -- Bishops, Elaborate robes, Kneeling– Would be imprisoned for mass– Executed for converting others– 200 crimes were punishable by death 800 citizens

were hanged each year

• Diplomatically used Parliament• 25 years old when crowned Queen

– Offered marriage by Philip II– Killed Mary Queen of Scots for conspiracy to kill

her– Died without an heir to the throne

James I

• “Royal authority came directly from God, and kings were answerable only to God, not to the people or Parliament”

• Puritans in the House of Commons want a less Catholic-Church of England

• Form of Apology and Satisfaction

James I [r. 1603-1625]James I’s speech to the House of Commons:

I am surprised that my ancestors should ever be permitted such an institution to come into existence. I am a stranger, and found it here when I arrived, so that I am obliged to put up with what I cannot get rid of!

Charles I

• Firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings• Costly Wars with Spain and France

– Parliament refuses aid -- dismissed – Forced loans from knights and nobles

• Refusal --- imprisoned– Quartered troops in homes at owners expense

• Parliament forces the signing of “The Petition of Rights”• Dissolves Parliament for 11years

Petition of Rights

• Charles Agreed to– Not impose new taxes without Parliamentary

consent– Not to quarter troops in times of peace– Not to declare martial law– Not to imprison people without charges

• Charles’s reaction– Continues to tax & uses the Royal courts

Charles Continued

• Chose William Laud to be archbishop and lead the Church of England -- secret Cath.

• Threatens the Presbyterians in Scotland– The Anglican Book of Common Prayer

• Parliament pass many laws restricting the Kings power

• Charles with 400 swordsmen stride into the House Of Commons

The Problems of Charles I• Financial • Religious

– Constant pressure from Puritans for a less “catholic” Anglican Church

– What 3 decisions did he make which upset the Puritans and other Protestants in England and Scotland

• Appointed William Laud to the Archbishop of Canterbury– Favored a formal and ceremonial Anglican Church

• Imposed the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on the Scots• Married Henrietta Maria

– Catholic– French -- Cardinal Richelieu

• Problems with Parliament– Parliament’s Authority

• June 15th, 1215 - “The Great Charter” was signed by King John

– King agreed not to collect any new or special tax without the consent of Parliament

– Promised not to take property without paying for it– Agreed not to sell, refuse or delay justice– Agreed to grant any accused person a trial by a jury of his

peers, or equals

• Consequence– Ultimate authority was essentially the law

Abuses by Charles• Use of the Royal Courts

– No guaranteed civil liberties– Decisions were made in secret by judges not juries– Judges in the Kings pocket– Star Chamber - most egregious offenses– “The Case of the Five Knights” - applied for a writ of habeus

corpus and were refused• Taxation

– Raised money selling royal titles, monopolies and trading rights– Ship money - (traditional vs. Altered version)– Enclosure movement - selling off common land

Ship Money Assessments, 1636[per square mile]

a A medieval tax for coastal cities for defense.

a Charles applied them to inland counties as well.

a This got him around the need to call Parliament into session.

Long Parliament’s Response• Removed the King’s power to dissolve

Parliament• Parliament must meet once every 3 years• Declared many of kings taxes illegal• Abolished the Court of Star Chambers• Issued the Grand Remonstrance

– In response to Irish Rebellion– Parliament to take the military– Charles attempts to arrest the radical leaders

Civil War• Royalists - Cavaliers

– Primarily Anglicans, Roman Catholics & Nobles• Parliamentarians - Roundheads

– Wanted to curb royal power– Presbyterians, Puritans & middle class

• Timeline– New Model Army defeats the King at Oxford

• Charles Fled to Scotland for support• Turned over to Parliament

– Negotiations between the King & (Presbyterians and Independents) fail• Charles escapes to be defeated again and a split in Parliament takes

place– 60 Independents remain in the House of Commons

• No Anglicans, No Presbyterians

• Rump Parliament - the Independents left after Pride’s Purge (less then ½ of Long)– Charges Charles with treason and sentenced

him to death.– Beheaded Charles in 1649 (regicide)– Abolished the Monarchy– Abolished the House of Lords– Proclaimed England a Commonwealth

Question

• Was the new Commonwealth a solution to England’s problems?

• Focus on the positive and negative aspects of the new government.

The Commonwealth• Puritanical

– Your entire life should be dedicated to God and Glorifying God with hard work and dedication

• Closed theaters• Sports on Sundays was banned• Swearing was punished with a heavy fine

• Cromwell went to war with the Dutch, Spanish, Irish and Scottish• "[Cromwell] commanded the Speaker to leave the Chair, and told

them they had sat long enough, unless they had done more good, crying out You are no longer a Parliament, I say you are no Parliament

The Restoration• Restoring the Monarchy

– Charles II - known as the Merry Monarch– Passed the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion

• Dealt with Parliament by compromise» Tried to pass laws lifting legal restriction on Catholicism» Making an alliance with France

• Extended the rights of People– Habeas Corpus Act - protected people from arbitrary arrest and

imprisonment

• Problems– Bubonic plague struck – Great Fire of London– Who would succeed him?

Glorious Revolution• A Bloodless Revolution that brought William and Mary

to the Crown– Parliament secured more power with the signing of the Bill of

Rights• Why

– James II followed Charles II• He was Catholic• He married Mary of Modena a Catholic and had a son

– Both Tories (originally supported James) and Whigs (opposed a Catholic ruler) united against him

– Invited his Protestant daughter and her husband to rule England