Conditions in EuropeConditions in Europe

Catholic Church and Absolute Monarchs: two most powerful institutions in Europe

AM: Censorship, illegal arrests, torture, murder. CC: Excommunication Crusades -> Renaissance Trade and cultural diffusion Group more important than the individual before

the Renaissance Renaissance-> leads to individualism/Humanism Church source for all scientific information/ Bible

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

A new way of thinking about the world develops based on observation and willingness to question assumptions

Began to question Greco-Roman and Church teachings concerning the universe

1500 – 1800 Age of ReasonUse of scientific method and human

intellect.

Galileo put on trialGalileo put on trial

Heavens are no longer seen as spiritual/ the heavens are made of matter.

Humans were not the center of the universe and God was not in a fixed place.

DiscoveriesDiscoveries

Copernicus: Heliocentric theory challenges geocentric theory

Galileo develop a telescope proved Heliocentric theory

Isaac Newton: gravity/used mathematics Development of scientific method 7 steps Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon Bacon: experimentation Descartes: human reasoning “I think therefore I am”

Other Scientific AdvancesOther Scientific Advances

Robert Boyle: elements and other chemical compounds

Andreas Vesalius: human anatomyAmbroise Pare: stitching of

wounds/ointments for preventing infectionWilliam Harvey: Blood circulationAnthony von Leeuvenhoek: microscope

Francis Bacon and Francis Bacon and the Scientific Methodthe Scientific Method

The scientific method Observation and

experimentation Testable hypothesis

Sir Francis Bacon

Science and the Science and the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Use of reasonnatural laws governing human behaviorApply the scientific method to solving the

problems of societyThe Enlightenment rejected traditional ideas

and supported a belief in human reason

The Philosophes Advocate The Philosophes Advocate ReasonReason

Philosophes French name for philosophersCentered in Paris/salons /Denis Diderot’s

“The Encylopedia”Reached its height in the mid 1700sFive Important Philosophical Concepts:

– Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, Liberty

Enlightenment PrinciplesEnlightenment Principles

• Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought

• Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith

• Scientific and academic thought should be secular

A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers

What Was the What Was the Enlightenment?Enlightenment?

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18th century that led to

a whole new world view. New theories about government, philosophy, economics and religion.

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

The Enlightenment grew largely out of the new methods and discoveries achieved in the Scientific Revolution

The equatorial armillary, used for navigation on ships

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes

Wrote the Leviathan Lived during the English Civil War People are cruel greedy and selfish if not strictly

controlled they would fight, rob and oppose each other

The state of nature is cruel Enter into a Social Contract with the government

to provide protection/ give up some rights/ need a strong gov’t/absolute monarchy

Thomas Hobbes (1588Thomas Hobbes (1588––1679)1679)

• Applied rational analysis to the study of government

• Attacked the concept of divine right, yet supported a strong monarchy

• Believed that humans were basically driven by passions and needed to be kept in check by a powerful ruler

John LockeJohn Locke Two Treatises of Government More optimistic view of human

nature/lived during the Glorious revolution

All people had natural or unalienable rights

The rights of life, liberty and property Gov’t’s power should be limited Should protect natural rights/ if not

had a right to rebel Influenced the Declaration of

Independence and the US Constitution

The Marquis de CondorcetThe Marquis de Condorcet

French mathematician Sketch for a Historical

Picture of the Progress of the Human Spirit

Condorcet (continued)Condorcet (continued)

Universal education

Progress and “perfectibility”

Voltaire (1694Voltaire (1694––1778)1778)• Most famous philosophe Francois Marie

Arouet 70 books Used satire against his opponents• Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy,

and books• Attacked the “relics” of the medieval

social order• Championed social, political, and

religious tolerance• “ I do not agree with a word you say but

I will defend to the death your right to say it”

• His ideas found In the US Constitution except the abolition of slavery.

VoltaireVoltaire

Francois Marie Arouet70 booksUsed satire against his opponentsFreedom of speech, freedom of religion,

toleration, use of reasonI do not agree with a word you say but I

will defend to the death your right to say it

The The EncyclopEncyclopéédiedie

• Major achievement of the philosophes

• Begun in 1745; completed in 1765

• Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert

• Banned by the Catholic Church

Frontspiece to the Encyclopédie

Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers

Baron de Montesquieu 1748 The Spirit of the Laws Three branches of gov’t Legislative, judicial, and executive branches System of checks and balances/each branch will

keep the other from getting too powerful US Constitution Separation of powers would prevent tyranny “Power Should be a check to Power”

Jean Jacques RousseauJean Jacques Rousseau “Man is born free and

everywhere he is in chains” Civilization corrupted man’s

natural goodness/‘The Noble Savage’

‘General will’ of society/direct democracy

Wrote the “Social Contract” Contract among individuals to

form a gov’t

Cesare Bonesana BeccariaCesare Bonesana Beccaria

Abolishment of torture“On Crime and Punishment”Abolish capital punishment

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft• Declaration of the Rights

of Man• A Vindication of the

Rights of Women Women writers argued for

more education for women and for women’s equality in marriage.

Wealthy women spread Enlightenment ideas through salons.

Right to education, careers as doctors, participation in politics.

Olympe De GougesOlympe De Gouges

• Criticized the French Revolution

• The Rights of Women• “Declaration of the

Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen”

• Executed in 1793

The French The French SalonSalon and the and the PhilosophesPhilosophes

Madame de Pompadour

• Madame de Pompadour• Salons: gatherings for

aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas

• Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who attended the salons

The Enlightenment and the The Enlightenment and the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

• Influence of Locke, Montesquieu

• The Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson

The U.S. ConstitutionThe U.S. Constitution• Separation

of powers• Checks

and balances

• Bill of Rights

Painting depicting the Constitutional Convention

The Enlightenment and the The Enlightenment and the French RevolutionFrench Revolution

• The American Revolution

• The Estates General

The Marquis de Lafayette

The Declaration of theThe Declaration of theRights of ManRights of Man

• Adopted by National Assembly in 1789

• “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”

Impact of the EnlightenmentImpact of the Enlightenment

People have confidence that human reason can solve social problems

A more secular outlook emerges as scientific thinking replaces superstition, fear and intolerance

The individual becomes more important as people use their own ability to reason and judge

Impact of the EnlightenmentImpact of the Enlightenment

Influenced the American, French , and Latin American Revolutions.

Influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence, the US Constitution, and The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

PhysiocratsPhysiocrats

Laissez Faire Economics Adam Smith How can social order and human progress be

possible in a society where people follow their own interests?

Smith Argued that people’s personal interests lead to progress and order

To make money, people make things that other people want to buy(supply)

People spend money for things they want most (demand)

Adam SmithAdam Smith

Lassiez Faire EconomicsPure capitalismInvisible hand /natural lawsNo government intervention in the economyNatural laws of Economics

– Supply and demand– competition

CapitalismCapitalism

Accumulation of wealth by individuals Lassiez Faire economics: no government

intervention in the economy. The government does not control or restrict the

economy. It only protects. Invisible hand or natural laws of economics. Natural law of Economics

– 1.Competition– 2. Private Property and profit– 3. Supply and demand

““Enlightened Monarchs”Enlightened Monarchs” Most of Europe ruled by

absolute monarchs Receptive to Enlightenment

ideas Instituted new laws and

practices

Enlightened Monarchs

• Frederick II, Prussia

• Catherine the Great, Russia

• Maria Theresa, Austria

• Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire

• Gustav III, Sweden

• Napoleon I, France

Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots

Some monarchs accepted Enlightenment ideas. They were known as Enlightened Despots.

Maria Theresa of Austria: improved the tax system/ Tax the clergy and the nobles/ made primary education available in her kingdom.

Joseph II: practiced religious toleration, ended censorship and abolished serfdom.

Catherine the Great: asked the nobles for advice, freed some of the peasants, built schools, and hospitals. Practiced religious toleration and promoted education for women.

Art and LiteratureArt and Literature

Rise of the novelsBeethoven, Hayden, Mozart

According to the 18th- century philosopher Immanuel Kant, the “motto” of the Enlightenment was “Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own intelligence!” (Kant, “What Is Enlightenment?” 1784)

Immanuel Kant