conditions and interactions conditions may affect the availability of a resource the availability...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Conditions and Interactions
Conditions may affect The availability of a resource
• Coleophora alticolella
Development of disease• Grasshoppers• Corn fungus
Outcome of competition• Salmon – temp • Tribolium beetles – temp and humidity• Barnacles – susceptibility to desiccation
![Page 2: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Conditions May Affect Species Interactions
Coleophora alticolella
![Page 3: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Conditions and Interactions
Conditions may affect The availability of a resource
• Coleophora alticolella
Development of disease• Grasshoppers and fungus• Corn and fungus
Outcome of competition• Salmon• Tribolium beetles (lab)• Barnacles (later with competition)
![Page 4: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Camnula pellucida
Killed by Entomophaga grylli
![Page 5: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Conditions and Interactions
Conditions may affect The availability of a resource
• Coleophora alticolella
Development of disease• Grasshoppers• Corn fungus
Outcome of competition• Salmon• Tribolium beetles• Barnacles
![Page 6: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Corn Leaf Blight
![Page 7: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Development of Disease
![Page 8: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Conditions and Interactions
Conditions may affect The availability of a resource
• Coleophora alticolella
Development of disease• Grasshoppers• Corn fungus
Outcome of competition• Salmon• Tribolium beetles• Barnacles
![Page 9: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Salvelinus malmaDolly Varden
Salvelinus leucomaenisWhitespotted Char
![Page 10: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Temperature Changes Outcome of Competition
![Page 11: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Effects on Competition
Thomas Park (University of Chicago, late 1940s and 1950s)
Flour beetles: Tribolium confusum and T. castaneum Many experiments
• A major finding was that environmental conditions can influence the outcome of competition.
• Mechanism: exploitative and interference (cannibalism and predation: larvae eat eggs and pupae; adults eat eggs, pupae, and each other)
Joseph Connell – barnacles Outcome of competition determined by both biotic and
abiotic factors
![Page 12: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Competition among barnacles
• Rocky intertidal zone• Adult barnacles
immobile on rocks• Planktonic larvae
settle on rocks at all levels
• Environment prevents competitive exclusion– Realized niches
• Joseph Connell (1961) Ecology 42:710-723
![Page 13: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Distributions of Balanus & Chthamalus
Balanus
Adults Larvae
Chthalamus
Adults Larvaelowest low tide
highest high tide
Balanus
Chthamalus
ROCK
![Page 15: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Responses to Global Warming Pitcher plant mosquito Wyeomyia
smithii Compared larvae collected in the
field in 1972 and 1996, Found that more recent mosquitoes
require 14 fewer minutes of light exposure to exit diapause. Wake up earlier and breed earlier.
That suggests that the mosquitoes have adapted to spring weather that is arriving earlier than in the past.
Read PNAS article
![Page 19: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Responses to Global Warming
Red Squirrels in Canada Increasing spring
temperatures and food supply
Squirrels have advanced the timing of breeding by 18 days over the last 10 years — six days for each generation.
![Page 20: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Responses to Global Warming
These are Evolutionary changes - adaptations
Other examples Birds migrating north earlier Plants leafing out & flowering earlier in spring
What might be a drawback to these trends?
![Page 21: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Limiting Factors
Limiting factor - the “slowest” factor process depends on several different factors speed of process determined by slowest factor can be too little or too much of factor e.g. photosynthesis limited by too little light in early
morning and too much heat in afternoon
Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
Factors can interact: compensation; synergism
![Page 22: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Synergistic Factors
Two factors; both depend on elevation Tidal flooding Soil salinity
Observed Lower in marsh, periodic tidal flooding is important
abiotic factor• Plants must be able to tolerate inundation
Higher in marsh, get increasing salinity• Plants must be able to tolerate high salt levels
Normal Pattern: Plant biomass highest in intermediate elevations; Salicornia grows lower in marsh than Anthrocnemum
![Page 23: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Synergistic Factors
SalicorniaGlasswort
AnthrocnemumPickleweed
![Page 24: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Synergistic Factors
Salicornia and Anthrocnemum Both plants do best at intermediate elevation
where levels of tidal flooding and salinity were moderate
Anthrocnemum avoids hypersaline areas of upper elevations and flooded regions of lower regions of the coastal marsh
Salicornia tolerates flooding but may lose out at the intermediate zones due to competition from Anthrocnemum
![Page 26: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Synergistic(combined) Factors Pennings and Callaway Common Garden
Experiment Transplanted both species throughout saltmarsh at
all elevations Where did plants do best? See graph
• Salicornia grows lower than Anthrocnemum, can tolerate flooding
• Both species performed best in intermediate regions where flooding and salinity were moderate
• Anthrocnemum avoids hypersaline areas of upper marsh and flooded regions low in the marsh
• Salicornia is probably excluded from intermediate regions by Anthrocnemum
![Page 27: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Factors can interact: ex: water and salinity
reciprocal transplant experiment with Salicornia and Anthrocnemum
![Page 28: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Adaptation
Over time, natural selection can result in adaptation to environmental stress. Individuals with traits that make them best
able to cope with stress are favored. Over time, these unique, genetically-based
solutions become more frequent in the population.
![Page 29: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Adaptation
Adaptation is similar to acclimatization/ acclimation but it is the long-term, genetic response of a population to environmental stress that increases its survival and reproductive success.
Acclimation and Acclimitization are shorter term responses
Where does this fit on your table of responses to environmental variation?
![Page 30: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Adaptation
Populations with adaptations to unique environments are called ecotypes.
Ecotypes can eventually become separate species as populations diverge and eventually become reproductively isolated.
Animals Orcinus orca – Killer Whale Tritema stick insects Asellus aquatic benthic invertebrate
![Page 32: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Orcinus orca
Fish eating ecotype Resident
Marine mammal eating ecotypes Transient “Offshore” Transient
![Page 33: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The traits examined depicted on representative specimens of each host ecotype
Nosil P, Crespi B J PNAS 2006;103:9090-9095
©2006 by National Academy of Sciences
![Page 35: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Why do Organisms Live Where They Do?
Environmental Variation
![Page 37: Conditions and Interactions Conditions may affect The availability of a resource The availability of a resource Coleophora alticolellaColeophora alticolella](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697c0081a28abf838cc66af/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)