conceptual models of neuronal dysfunction in autism: biochemical toxins, neuroregulation, and...

Upload: journal-of-undergraduate-research

Post on 30-May-2018

218 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    1/22

    !"#$%&'()*+,"-%*.+"/+0%(1"#)*+23./(#$'4"#+4#+5('4.67

    84"$9%64$)*+:";4#.

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    2/22

    J

    !"#$%&'(#)%"

    >6)=4#%+)+.&%$4)*+&)1'+"/+'9%+9(6)#+C1)4#+'9)'+6"-%1)'%.+"(1+"C.%1D)'4"#.+)#-+

    4#'%1&1%')'4"#.+"/+"'9%1+&%"&*%K.+)$'4"#.+)#-+"(1+-%-($'4"#+"/+'9%41+4#'%#'4"#.#+)--4'4"##+%..%#$%

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    3/22

    P

    %#D41"#6%#')*+'";4#.?++:9"(=9+'9%+&1%$4.%+$)(.%+"1+$)(.%.+"/+)('4.6+)1%+(#H#"G#

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    4/22

    W

    '9%+"C.%1D%1+'"+(#-%1.')#-+)#"'9%1+&%1."#K.+C%9)D4"1.+)#-+/%%*4#=.

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    5/22

    X

    *)$$%$+,-'$%"+.'"(#)%"/0)#1

    \41.'+-4.$"D%1%-+4#+6"#H%3.+4#+'9%+N``Q.

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    6/22

    Y

    #%(1"#.+.9"G+)$'4D4'3+4#+1%*)'4"#+'"+.&%$4/4$+)$'4"#.+&%1/"16%-+C3+"#%.%*/+)#-+C3+"'9%1.

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    7/22

    Z

    9)-+/"(#-+G4'9+'9%+/414#=+"/+6411"1+#%(1"#.

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    8/22

    ^

    /"1+'9%+6"'"1+/(#$'4"#+'9)'+&1"-($%.+D%1C)*+$"66(#4$)'4"#

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    9/22

    `

    U.9)1%-+)''%#'4"#+6%$9)#4.6V+)#-+'9%1%/"1%+$)##"'+$"6&1%9%#-+94=9%1B*%D%*+1%&1%.%#')'4"#.#+*%#-4#=+."6%+"/+'9%+6".'+.4=#4/4$)#'+.36&'"6.+'"+)('4.6+.&%$'1(6+-4."1-%1

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    10/22

    NQ

    ;77-(#+%7+;"4)$%":-"#/0+#+"1-%1+'"+$"6&1%9%#-+'9%+.4=#4/4$)#$%+"/+#%(1"*"=4$)*+-3./(#$'4"#+4#+)('4.6

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    11/22

    N1

    4#-4D4-()*.+G"(*-+C%+-(%+'"+-4//%14#=+-%=1%%.+"/+.%#.4'4D4'3+'"+$%1')4#+9"16"#%.

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    12/22

    N2

    #%(1"'";4#.+.($9+).+*%)-+)#-+)1"6)'4$+93-1"$)1C"#.+*4H%+'"*(%#%#+'94.+G)3

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    13/22

    N3

    Cerebellar Impairment

    Purkinje cell loss and the dysfunction of other neurons in the cerebellum may have more

    &%1D).4D%+%//%$'.+'9)#+&1%D4"(.*3+$"#.4-%1%-?+++:9%+$%1%C%**(6K.+D).'+4#'%1$"##%$'4"#+G4'9+'9%+

    $%1%C1)*+$"1'%;+)#-+"'9%1+1%=4"#.+"/+'9%+C1)4#+&1"D4-%.+%D4-%#$%+'9)'+4'+6"-(*)'%.+D)14"(.+

    /(#$'4"#.+'91"(=9"('+'9%+C1)4#?++i4'9+)1%).+"/+'9%+$%1%C%**(6+/"(#-+'"+C%+)C#"16)*+4#+)('4.6

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    14/22

    N4

    !%1%C%**)1+)$'4D)'4"#+&%)H.+G9%#+').H.+)1%+-"#%+-%*4C%1)'%*3

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    15/22

    N5

    $"#$%#'1)'4"#+"/+'9%+C4"6)1H%1+9)D%+C%%#+/"(#-+C%'G%%#+'9%+94&&"$)6&(.+)#-+'9%+$"1'%;?++:9%+

    )63=-)*)

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    16/22

    N6

    '"+1%-($%+.4=#4/4$)#'*3+0A!+&1"*4/%1)'4"#

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    17/22

    N7

    $"1'%;+C%*"#=4#=+'"+'9%+6411"1+#%(1"#+.3.'%6/+=1%)'%1+0A!+&1"*4/%1)'4"#+$"(*-+C%+4#-($%-+4#+

    )//%$'%-+4#-4D4-()*.+4-%#'4/4%-+'91"(=9+C4"$9%64$)*+'%.'4#=

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    18/22

    18

    &"4#'.+'"+)#+4#$1%).%+4#+#%(1"=%#%.4.+"1+=*4"=%#%.4.#-(C4')C*3

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    19/22

    19

    84"$9%64$)*+%D4-%#$%+*%)-.+'"+)+94=9+&1"C)C4*4'3+'9)'+-3./(#$'4"#)*+6411"1+#%(1"#.+1%.(*'+

    /1"6+)+$14'4$)*+$9%64$)*+46C)*)#$%+"1+/1"6+'9%+&1%.%#$%+"/+#%(1"'";4#.?++@%.%)1$9+4#'"+'";4$4'3+

    %//%$'.+'"+-)'%+9).+4#D"*D%-+"#*3+*"G%1B*%D%*+"1=)#4.6.+)#-+1%O(41%.+.(&&*%6%#')13+

    %;&%146%#')'4"#+'"+$"#/416+4'.+)&&*4$)C4*4'3+'"+'9%+9(6)#+C1)4#?++:94.+1%6)4#4#=+=)&+4#+6411"1+

    #%(1"#+4#D%.'4=)'4"#+*%)D%.+=1%)'+&"'%#'4)*+/"1+C4"$9%64$)*+1%.%)1$9

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    20/22

    N?+A(1H4#M%+$%**.

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    21/22

    !"#$%&''()$*+,+-($+'.$&/0)-,1$23+'45+4)$&5/6&7)$('$+5/(,78$-+'.&7(9).$6&7:+-(,&'$&;$$('/)-?)'/(&',1@$!"#$%&'(")(*"%+#',-%.(&%/(*'-%-0&'(1+203"'".2$AB1$'$C$D!EEFG8$C!H#

    !B#$IJ)-7+'$+'.$K+7+60+'.-+'1$LCA#

    !A#$*)-'1$LFE#

    !F#$3)-')-1$C"#

    !H#$M$/)-+/&4)'$(,$+'>$+4)'/1$,560$+,$+$?(-5,1$+$60)7(6+=$,5J,/+'6)1$&-$-+.(+/(&'1$/0+/$6+5,),$7+=;&-7+/(&'$&;$+'$)7J->&$&-$;)/5,#$N&7)$6&77&'$)O+7:=),$+-)$-5J)==+1$+=6&0&=1$/0+=(.&7(.)1$+'.$PQ-+>,#

    LE#$R+-/0+$K#$S)-J)-/1$2T(7)$/&$4)/$+$4-(:1@$4#,-+5(4/6"0&,7$"1$'$C$D!EEBG8$!E#

    LC#$S)-J)-/1$!C#

    L!#$S)-J)-/1$!!#

    LL$$U(==$M#$*-)(=('41$K+>7&'.$V#$N/):0)',1$+'.$%+-&=$3#$K)('(,601$2M$7(O/5-)$&;$)'?(-&'7)'/+=$6&'/+7('+'/,$('6-)+,),$6+7:Q.):)'.)'/$:-&/)('$W('+,)$('$89-+#'&$)7J->&,1@$:%6-$"%57%,&'(;"?(%"@=(ABCCDEF(>@

    LX#$Y+-+==)=$+'.$6=(7J('4$;(J)-,$+-)$/Z&$/>:),$&;$')5-&'+=$+O&'$J-+'60),$Z(/0('$/0)$J-+('[,$6)-)J)==57#$Y+-+==)=$;(J)-,$+-(,)$;-&7$/0)$'57)-&5,$4-+'5=)$6)==,1$Z0(60$6&7:-(,)$')+-=>$"E\$&;$+==$J-+('$')5-&',1$Z0)-)+,$6=(7J('4$;(J)-,$+-(,)$;-&7$+$,:)6(+=$

    -)4(&'$Z(/0('$/0)$J-+('[,$7).5==+$+'.$)O/)'.$/0-&540$/0)$:&',$/&$/0)$6)-)J)==571$Z0)-)$/0)>$:-&?(.)$),,)'/(+=$)O6(/+/&->$(':5/$/&$

    7&/&-$')5-&'$6&'/-&=#$M$Y5-W('$6&'')6/$/&$!EE1EEE$&-$7&-)$:+-+==)=$;(J)-,$J5/$&'=>$+$,('4=)$6=(7J('4$;(J)-#

    L"#$*)-'1$LFC#

    LB#$T0)$?)-7(,$(,$+$'+--&Z1$Z&-7=(W)$,/-56/5-)$J)/Z))'$/0)$0)7(,:0)-),$&;$/0)$6)-)J)==57#

    LA#$*)-'1$LFE#

    LF#$]>,+-/0-(+$(,$+$.(;;(65=/>$('$+-/(65=+/('4$Z&-.,$.5)$/&$)7&/(&'+=$,/-),,$&-$/&$')5-&=&4(6+=$&-$75,65=+-$(7:+(-7)'/#

    LH#$V-(6$%&5-60),')1$2^-+(',/)71$6)-)J)==+-$+'.$=(7J(6$')5-&+'+/&7(6+=$+J'&-7+=(/(),$('$+5/(,71@$*#$$7%,(G9-%-"%(-%(H7#$"'".2$A1$'$C$DCHHAG8$!AX#

    XE#$*)-'1$LFC#

    XC#$^-)'.+$V#$Y&-/)-1$2_)5-&4)'),(,$+'.$):(=):,>$('$/0)$.)?)=&:('4$J-+('1@$:9-'79+-&$XH1$'$"$D!EEFG8$"!#

    X!#$3&5(,$_#$R+'4+'+,$+'.$&/0)-,1$2R+4')/(6$-),&'+'6)$,:)6/-&,6&:>$(.)'/(;(),$')5-+=$:-&4)'(/&-$6)==,$('$/0)$=(?)$057+'$J-+('1@$$80-7%07$LCF1$'$"!$D!EEFG8$HF!#

    XL#$`)'$U(+'4$+'.$&/0)-,1$2%+''+J('&(.,$:-&7&/)$)7J->&'(6$+'.$+.5=/$0(::&6+7:5,$')5-&4)'),(,$+'.$:-&.56)$+'O(&=>/(6Q$+'.$+'/(.):-),,+'/Q=(W)$);;)6/,1@$!"#$%&'(")(*'-%-0&'(I%67+,-.&,-"%$CC"1$'$C$D!EE"G8$LCEH#

    XX#$]#$a#$R+$+'.$&/0)-,1$2b.)'/(;(6+/(&'$&;$,(4'(;(6+'/$+,,&6(+/(&'$+'.$4)')Q4)')$('/)-+6/(&'$&;$cM^M$-)6):/&-$,5J5'(/$4)'),$('$+5/(,71@$457$-0&%(!"#$%&'(")(J#5&%(K7%7,-0+$AA1$'$C$D!EE"G8$LFE#

    X"#$^&d)'+$R+95-Q*&=)6W+$+'.$&/0)-,1$2M=/)-).$.)?)=&:7)'/$&;$')5-&'+=$:-&4)'(/&-$6)==,$+;/)-$,/(75=+/(&'$Z(/0$+5/(,/(6$J=&&.$,)-+1@$L$&-%(M7+7&$03$CCBF1$'$C$D!EEAG8$CB#

    XB#$R+95-Q*&=)6W+1$CB#

    XA#$_&560(')$S+.

  • 8/14/2019 Conceptual Models of Neuronal Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Toxins, Neuroregulation, and Implications for N

    22/22

    W^?+b14$+!"(1$9%.#%+)#-+T)1%#+A4%1$%