concepts and issuse on sustainable development

8/4/2019 Concepts and Issuse on Sustainable Development

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Sustainable Development

Concepts, Issues and Challenges56th Senior Staff CourseBPATC, Savar, Dhaka.

Class lecture prepared by

Md. Shamsul ArefinJoint Secretary

Ministry of Public Administration, Dhaka.Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh

21 April 2012 1


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Sustainable Development is development that meets the

needs of the present without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their own needs.

21 April 2012 2M. Shamsul Arefin


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Historical Background

UN Conference on Environment and Development, or the 1992Earth summit in Rio de Janeirounanimously adopted Agenda 21,a blueprint for sustainable development.

Millennium Development Goals UN General Assemblyresolution 55/2, outlined 8 targets aimed at reducing poverty andpromoting sustainable development

World Summit on Sustainable Development reaffirmed thecommitment to Agenda 21 and Millennium Development Goals



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Pillars of Sustainable Development

Economic Developmentpoverty eradication

Social Developmentactive participation ofwomen; education; good governance

Environmental Protectionprevent environmental

degradation and patterns of unsustainable Dev.At the local, national, regional, and global levels



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Economic Development

Poverty eradication

Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the worlds

people with income less than $1/day

Basic health services for all, reduce health threats

Increase food availability

Combat desertification, mitigate effects of drought

and floods

Provision of clean drinking water

Enhance industrial productivity



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Changing Unsustainable Patterns of

Consumption and Production

Cleaner production technologies

Developing cleaner, more efficient energy

technologies

Maintain urban air quality and health, and

reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Sound management of chemicals

throughout the life cycle, and of hazardous

wastes21 April 2012 6M. Shamsul Arefin


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Protecting the Natural Resource Base

Prevent water pollution to

reduce health hazards and

protect ecosystems

Watershed and groundwatermanagement

Support desalination of

seawater, water recycling

Ensure the sustainabledevelopment of oceans, marine

environmental protection



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Priority Areas for Action

Priority areas for action, identified by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan

Water and sanitation Energy

Health

Agriculture Biodiversity protection and ecosystem management



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Water and Sanitation

Water is not only the most

basic of needs but is also

at the center of sustainable

development. Around 1.2 billion people

still have no access to

clean drinking water

Around 2.4 billion peopledo not have adequate

sanitation.



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Water and Sanitation

Some key issues:

Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards

Protect ecosystems

Introduce technologies for affordable sanitation, industrial

and domestic wastewater treatment

River basin, watershed and groundwater management

Support desalination of seawater, water recycling

Marine environmental protection - oceans, seas, the Earths

ecosystem



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Energy

Some 2 billion people

lack access to

electricity and rely on

traditional fuel sourcessuch as firewood,

kerosene, or biomass

for their cooking andheating.



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Energy

Some key issues:

Focus on access to energy in rural areas

Energy conservation and energy efficiencybuilding

design & management, better mass transportation,

advanced and innovative cleaner technologies

Promotion of renewable energy

Action on climate changeratification by countries of

the Kyoto Protocol



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Health

Good health is vital for eradicating poverty andachieving sustainable development.

Some key issues:

Reduce mortality rates in 2015: by 66.7% for children &infants under 5; by 75% for maternal mortality rates

Control & eradicate communicable diseases, reduce HIVprevalence, combat malaria, tuberculosis

Ensure that chemicals are not used and produced in waysthat harm human health

Reduce air pollution



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between 1960 and 2000:

world population doubled from 3 to 6 billion people

global economy increased more than sixfold

to meet this demand:

food production increased 2 times

water use doubled

wood harvests for pulp and paper production tripled

timber production increased by more than half

Source: http://www.millenniumassessment.org/

Take a look at the Global Agriculture

Who is eating?21 April 2012 15M. Shamsul Arefin


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Livestock Development

Livestock development

Sustainable animal productionImproving productivity of animals

Feed supplementation for increasing

livestock production

Improving fertility and disease diagnosis



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Fertilizers are chemicals that supplyplant nutrients, mostly N, P and K.

With high yielding varieties of crops,most soils are unable to supply theneeded amounts of plant nutrients.

Fertilizer Use

Manufacture of N-based synthetic fertilizersrequires fossil fuels as raw materials.


Nit l


18/59Source: http://www.allrefer.com/pictures/s4/p0001901-nitrogen-cycle

Fertilizer Use: Nitrogen cycle


F f i id


19/59Source: http://www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/pesticides.htm

Pesticide Use: Fate of pesticidesin the environment

19M. Shamsul Arefin


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BiodiversityBiodiversity is a modern term which simply means " the variety of life

on earth". This variety can be measured on several different levels.

Genetic - variation between individuals of the same species. Thisincludes genetic variation between individuals in a single population ,as well as variations between different populations of the same

species.

Species - species diversity is the variety of species in a given regionor area. This can be determined by counting the number of differentspecies

Ecosystem - Communities of plants and animals, together with thephysical characteristics of their environment (e.g. geology, soil andclimate) interlink together as an 'ecosystem'. Ecosystem diversity ismore difficult to measure because there are rarely clear boundariesbetween different ecosystems



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BiodiversityBiodiversity - is a term we use to describe

the variety of life on Earth.

It refers to the wide variety of ecosystemsand living organisms like animals, plants, their

habitats and their genes.

Biodiversity is the degree of variation of lifeforms within a given ecosystem.

Rapid environmental changes typically causemass extinctions.



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Biodiversity & Ecosystem Management

Biodiversity and the ecosystems are the

living basis of sustainable development.



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Biodiversity & Ecosystem Management

Some key issues:

Significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by

2015

Reverse the trend in natural resource degradation

Restore fisheries to their maximum sustainable

yields

Protection of the marine environment from land

based sources of pollution21 April 2012 23M. Shamsul Arefin


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EcologyThe word "ecology" ("kologie") was used first in 1866 by

the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (18341919).

Ecology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the distribution andabundance of organisms and their interactions with their environment

Ecology is a sub-discipline of biology, the study of life. An observations onthe natural history of plants and animals.

Ecology is not synonymous with environment. It is closely related tophysiology, evolutionary biology, genetics.

An understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function is animportant focus area in ecological studies.

Ecosystems sustain every life-supporting function on the planet, includingclimate regulation, water filtration, soil formation.



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Picture of biodiversityGerman Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel cited estimates that up to 30% ofall species will be extinct by 2150.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG


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- Degradation of ecosystems (forest, fresh water, marine, etc.)

- Upsetting the carbon cycle, resulting in global warming andclimate change and the consequences

- Depletion of the ozone layer- Pesticide, heavy metals and other persistent toxic chemicalslike DDT poisoning the web of life

- Loss of clean air

Degradation of Ecosystems



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Issues of Sustainable Development

How can we all live well and live within the meansof one planet?

This is the question of the 21st century. If we donot design ways to live within the means of one

planet, sustainability will remain elusive


Th G h Eff


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The Greenhouse EffectA T M O S P H E R E

S U N



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Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),21 April 2012 29M. Shamsul Arefin
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/The_green_house_effect.svg


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GHG

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called

greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases are those that can absorb andemit infrared radiation. In order, the most abundant greenhouse gases inEarth's atmosphere are

Water vapor

Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Ozone



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Emission of GHGs in Bangladesh

GHG emission is low and negligible Per capita GHG emission is 230 kg only

Sectoral consumption of electricity Industries (46%)

Residential (45%) Commercial (7%) Others (2%)

Large part of GHG is coming from electricity generation andtransport sector

Landfills also generate GHG



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Source "Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: (Data) IPCC SRES Emissions Scenarios - Version 1.1 (July, 2000)"21 April 2012 32M. Shamsul Arefin

Gl b l W i
http://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://sres.ciesin.org/data/Version1.1/table/A2_ASF/A2_ASF_World.htmlhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Greenhouse_Gas_by_Sector.png


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The burning of fossil fuels,

land use change and otherindustrial activities since

the industrial revolution

have increased the GHGs

in the atmosphere in such alevel that the earths

surface is heating up to

temperatures that are very

destructive to life on earth.

Global Warming


onsequences


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onsequences



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Death of coral reefs

Spread of dengue and other diseases

Heavy rains & severe draughts

Floods, storms, & hurricanes

Changed rainfall patterns

Warming and aridity

Loss of biodiversity

Consequences



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Energy Options

Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas)HydropowerNuclear energy

Solar energy

Wind energyGeothermal energy

Ocean (wave, tidal and ocean thermal) energy

Biomass energyBiofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel) energy



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Nuclear Energy

Nuclear waste and the retired nuclear plants could remain

radioactive for hundreds of future years.

Uranium is available on earth only in limited quantities.Uranium is being converted during the operation of thenuclear power plant so it won't be available any more forfuture generations.

Therefore nuclear power is not a sustainable source ofenergy.



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21 April 2012

Nuclear Energy Nuclear fission provides 16% of the world

electricity production and 7% of the total energyconsumption.

Current usage of uranium is about 65,000 t/yr.

The world's present measured resources ofuranium in the cost category somewhat belowpresent spot prices is about 5.5 Mt.

They could last for over 80 years at the currentusage rate.

Source: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html39M. Shamsul Arefin


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Fossil fuels

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Year

GlobalConsumption(inMillion

tonnesoileq

uivalent)

Oil Hydroelectric

Coal NuclearNatural gas

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 200821 April 2012 40M. Shamsul Arefin


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For energy (electricity and heat), we dependheavily on the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, oiland natural gas.

Fossil fuels burning is responsible for about 85%of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions producedannually, and therefore the major cause for globalwarming.

Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy.

Fossil fuel is not a sustainable energy source.

Fossil fuels


Fossil Fuels


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Fossil Fuels

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Year

Glob

alConsumption(inMillio

n

tonnesoileq

uivalent)

Oil Hydroelectric

Coal NuclearNatural gas

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 200821 April 2012 42M. Shamsul Arefin

Indirect CO emissions from life cycle


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Indirect CO2 emissions from life cycle

(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)

4 2148

236 280

1306

688

439

910

966

100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Coal Gas Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear

Upper rangeLower range

Nuclear fission energy isthe best CO2 emissions-free energy source so far.

IAEA200021 April 2012 43M. Shamsul Arefin


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More people

More pollution

One option: Emissions ReductionReduce Population



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Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org

EF is 1.3 times the bio capacity in 2005. That is to say we need 1.3 planetsto provide the resources we use and absorb our waste.

This means, in 2005, it took the Earth one year and four months toregenerate what we use in a year.



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EF will be 2 times the bio capacity by the mid 2030 if current population andconsumption trends continue according to moderate UN scenarios.

It means by the mid 2030s we will need the equivalent of 2 Earths to supportus.


Ecological Footprint (EF)


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EF measures how much land and water area

a human population requires to produce theresource it consumes and to absorb its wastes,using prevailing technology.

EF does not include an economic indicator.


Sustainable global EF per capita

= Total Bio capacity per capita

Ecological Footprint (EF)


Biocapacity


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Biocapacity is shorthand for biologicalcapacity, which is the ability of anecosystem to produce useful biologicalmaterials and to absorb wastes generatedby humans.


Biocapacity


For the World


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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Total EF (billions gha)

Total Biocapacity (billions gha)

For the World

Before 1986, the world consumed resources andproduced CO2 at a rate consistent with what the

planet could produce and reabsorb.

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org21 April 2012 49M. Shamsul Arefin


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We should place a limit on

CO2 emissions to ensure

sustainable development



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Industry

Raw material

UnlimitedEnergyCapital Labour

UnlimitedWaste material

Products

UnlimitedEnvironmental

degradationUnlimited

Unlimited


Forest industry waste


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Forest industry wasteMost "wood" companies only handle one type of wood and burn the rest.

These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high.


Factory waste


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Source: http://rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shocking-display-of-abuse/

More than

500 factorie(mostlytextiles) linethe banks othe 200-milCitarumriver, neartheIndonesiancapital ofJakarta.

Factory waste


Computer industry waste


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Source: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/photosvideos/photos/close-up-of-a-huge-pile-of-com

Computer industry waste


Hydroelectric powerH d l i P


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y pHydroelectric Power


Hydroelectric Power


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21 April 2012

Problems with hydroelectric power

Barriers in the natural flow of a river prevents fishfrom migration, alters ecosystems, and threatens thelivelihoods of local communities

the world's 52,000 largest dams release 104 millionmetric tons of methane (a greenhouse gas) annually

reservoirs fill up with sediment and cost billions ofdollar

Hydroelectric Power

56M. Shamsul Arefin

Power Station CO2 Capture


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CCS is controversial since permanent storage of

CO2 underground is not guaranteed

Fossil fuels

depleted oil

and gasreservoirenhanced

recoverysaline formation

Unminablecoal beds

terrestrialsequestration

Power Station CO2 Captureand Separation

oceansequestration



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ConclusionIt is good to have increased food production which might have helped

reducing the number of undernourished people.

The first of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)is to

Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

The seventh of the MDGs is toEnsure Environmental Sustainability

How to achieve both the goalssimultaneously?



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THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENT HEARING

21 A il 2012 59M Sh l A fi

concepts and issuse on sustainable development

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