Conception and Conception and Prenatal Prenatal

DevelopmentDevelopmentWhat do you already know about What do you already know about

conception?conception?Let’s discuss before you begin Let’s discuss before you begin

worksheet!worksheet!

Anatomy Anatomy

Female sex cell called __________.Female sex cell called __________. Male sex cell called __________.Male sex cell called __________. Ovum is released by the ___________.Ovum is released by the ___________. Ovum travels down the ______________ Ovum travels down the ______________

tube.tube. Sperm travels through the vagina, Sperm travels through the vagina,

cervix, up the ___________ to the cervix, up the ___________ to the ___________ where it could ____________ ___________ where it could ____________ the ovum.the ovum.

Reproductive SystemsReproductive Systems

Male reproductive systemMale reproductive system Female Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive System

Movie time…Movie time…

Process of ConceptionProcess of Conception

ConceptionConception

When the ovum (egg) and sperm unite When the ovum (egg) and sperm unite in the fallopian tube; pregnancy begins.in the fallopian tube; pregnancy begins.

Fertilization can take place only 2-3 Fertilization can take place only 2-3 days after the ovum is released into the days after the ovum is released into the fallopian tube.fallopian tube.

Sperm can live for up to seven days.Sperm can live for up to seven days. Only about Only about 10 days a month10 days a month can a can a

woman can become pregnant.woman can become pregnant.

ContraceptionContraception

A method used A method used to avoid pregnancyto avoid pregnancy– AbstinenceAbstinence– PermanentPermanent– Chemical/hormonal methodsChemical/hormonal methods– Barrier methodsBarrier methods– Rhythm methodRhythm method

Most Most do notdo not protect against protect against STD/STISTD/STI

Other forms of fertilizationOther forms of fertilization(for Infertility)(for Infertility)

Artificial inseminationArtificial insemination – Sperm are injected with a special needle Sperm are injected with a special needle

into the uterus. May be from donor or into the uterus. May be from donor or natural father.natural father.

In Vitro fertilizationIn Vitro fertilization– Fertilization occurs outside of uterus and Fertilization occurs outside of uterus and

zygote are implanted in uterus.zygote are implanted in uterus.– Ovum transfer – egg taken from donorOvum transfer – egg taken from donor

Surrogate motherSurrogate mother – Become pregnant for another coupleBecome pregnant for another couple

Three stages of baby’s Three stages of baby’s developmentdevelopment

Zygote/GerminalZygote/GerminalEmbryonicEmbryonicFetalFetal

Zygote/Germinal StageZygote/Germinal Stage

Lasts about two weeks, when cells Lasts about two weeks, when cells duplicate and form into a mass of duplicate and form into a mass of cells. cells.

Zygote travels down the fallopian Zygote travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus. The uterine lining tube to the uterus. The uterine lining thickens to receive the zygote.thickens to receive the zygote.

After two weeks the zygote is the After two weeks the zygote is the size of a pinhead.size of a pinhead.

Embryo StageEmbryo Stage

33rdrd – 8 – 8thth week of development week of development Mass of cells develops into all the Mass of cells develops into all the

major systems of the human body.major systems of the human body. – All organs are present, but not All organs are present, but not

functioning.functioning.– Brain begins to take control of Brain begins to take control of

organs.organs.– Drugs, alcohol are dangerous.Drugs, alcohol are dangerous.

Sac w/ amniotic fluid begins to Sac w/ amniotic fluid begins to surround embryo for protectionsurround embryo for protection. . http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-weeks-1-to-9_10302http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-weeks-1-to-9_10302602.bc602.bc

Embryonic PeriodEmbryonic Period PlacentaPlacenta (tissue in the uterus that is (tissue in the uterus that is

rich in blood cells) develops.rich in blood cells) develops. Umbilical cordUmbilical cord between baby and between baby and

mother carries food and oxygen to mother carries food and oxygen to baby from mother’s blood stream, baby from mother’s blood stream, and takes away waste products.and takes away waste products.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)(FAS)

Baby has smaller head and size for Baby has smaller head and size for gestational age; thin arms & legs.gestational age; thin arms & legs.

Flat mid-face and nose bridge; ear and Flat mid-face and nose bridge; ear and hand anomalies; skin folds on corners of hand anomalies; skin folds on corners of eyes.eyes.

Thin lips; small lower jaw.Thin lips; small lower jaw. Non-visible injuries:Non-visible injuries:

– Central nervous system problems.Central nervous system problems.– Learning disabilitiesLearning disabilities– Emotional and behavioral disorders; Emotional and behavioral disorders;

hyperactivityhyperactivity– Reduced cognitive abilityReduced cognitive ability

videovideo

http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/adoptive-parents-give-child-awat-adoptive-parents-give-child-awat-fasd-fasd-11734589&tab=9482930&section=111734589&tab=9482930&section=1206852&playlist=11128107206852&playlist=11128107

Video of parents who had to give Video of parents who had to give away daughter.away daughter.

Alcohol statisticsAlcohol statistics Among pregnant women, 1 in 10 drink alcohol.Among pregnant women, 1 in 10 drink alcohol. Among pregnant women, 1 in 25 binge drink.Among pregnant women, 1 in 25 binge drink. More than 1 in 5 women drink in first trimester.More than 1 in 5 women drink in first trimester. About 1 in 100 babies are born effected by About 1 in 100 babies are born effected by

alcohol exposure. About 1 in 1000 have FAS.alcohol exposure. About 1 in 1000 have FAS. Lifetime expense of baby with FAS is approx. Lifetime expense of baby with FAS is approx.

$2m$2m After birth, can still be affected through breast After birth, can still be affected through breast

feeding.*feeding.*

How drugs affect the How drugs affect the UnbornUnborn

Three ways:Three ways:– Direct injury – leading to Direct injury – leading to birth defects or birth defects or

deathdeath– Constriction of blood vessels in the Constriction of blood vessels in the

placenta, reduces oxygen supply & placenta, reduces oxygen supply & nutrients to fetus, resulting in nutrients to fetus, resulting in low birth low birth weight and/or premature birth.weight and/or premature birth.

– Forceful premature contractions of Forceful premature contractions of uterine muscles, reducing blood supply. uterine muscles, reducing blood supply. May trigger May trigger premature birthpremature birth or preterm or preterm labor.labor.

Life time effectsLife time effects

Up to 2 years:Up to 2 years:– Feeding, Cerebral Palsy, irritability, poor Feeding, Cerebral Palsy, irritability, poor

weight gain, tremors, vision problems…weight gain, tremors, vision problems… Toddler to preschool:Toddler to preschool:

– Social interaction, delayed language Social interaction, delayed language develop., processing information, develop., processing information, hyperactivity…hyperactivity…

Early school – Teenage years:Early school – Teenage years:– Behavioral problems, learning Behavioral problems, learning

disabilities, neglect and abuse.disabilities, neglect and abuse.

Drug ExposureDrug Exposure

More than 90% of pregnant women More than 90% of pregnant women take or use some type of drug.take or use some type of drug.

Between 550,000 – 750,000 infants Between 550,000 – 750,000 infants have been exposed to drugs.have been exposed to drugs.

2 – 3 % of birth defects are a result 2 – 3 % of birth defects are a result of prenatal drug exposure.of prenatal drug exposure.

No drug should be used without Dr. No drug should be used without Dr. supervision.supervision.

Fetal StageFetal Stage

88thth week – birth week – birth ““Flutter”Flutter” about 4 about 4thth-5-5thth month – feeling month – feeling

of first kick.of first kick. ““Quickening”Quickening” when kicks become when kicks become

more frequent and stronger.more frequent and stronger. 77thth month baby can live outside of month baby can live outside of

womb but will need medical care.womb but will need medical care.

Fetal StageFetal Stage

88thth -9 -9thth month month– Organs begin to be ready to functionOrgans begin to be ready to function– Moves into head down positionMoves into head down position– Amniotic fluid decreasesAmniotic fluid decreases– Weight gain continuesWeight gain continues– Fetus gains fat cellsFetus gains fat cells to protect it and to protect it and

keep it warm; Baby’s skin becomes keep it warm; Baby’s skin becomes smoother as it fills in.smoother as it fills in.

Preparing for birthPreparing for birth ““Lightening”Lightening” when baby’s weight when baby’s weight

shifts down into position. Days to shifts down into position. Days to weeks before labor begins.weeks before labor begins.

Should be head down.Should be head down. Child will be born 37-42 weeks after Child will be born 37-42 weeks after

conception.conception.

ChromosomesChromosomes

Chromosomes contains genetic Chromosomes contains genetic materials that determine who you are materials that determine who you are hereditarilyhereditarily

46 total46 total – – 23 from egg/ 23 from egg/ 23 from sperm23 from sperm Dominant genesDominant genes – stronger gene; – stronger gene;

characteristics are prominentcharacteristics are prominent Recessive genesRecessive genes – weaker gene; – weaker gene;

characteristic is “carried” but may not be characteristic is “carried” but may not be seen.seen.

Sex chromosomes – Sex chromosomes – XX is girl/XX is girl/ XY is boyXY is boy

Birth DefectsBirth Defects

Hereditary or environmental causesHereditary or environmental causes Physical or mentalPhysical or mental May spontaneously abort – May spontaneously abort – miscarriagemiscarriage May have May have still birthstill birth – death of – death of

developing baby after 20 weeksdeveloping baby after 20 weeks Genetic counselingGenetic counseling and prenatal and prenatal

testing to have knowledge of defect testing to have knowledge of defect and how to live with it.and how to live with it.

Diseases that can cause Diseases that can cause defectsdefects

Rubella (German Measles)

Blindness, deafness, heart disease, mental delays

Vaccine before getting pregnantToxoplasmosisToxoplasmosis

Blindness, learning disablities, miscarriage, stillbirth

Do not clean cat litter; eat uncooked meat; contaminated produce

Chicken Pox

Skin scarring, limb defects, eye problems, abnormalities, miscarriage.

Vaccine before becoming pregnant

STDs & AIDS

Physical & mental disabilities; death

Discuss exposure w/ doctor; get tested; take precautions

Prenatal testingPrenatal testingPrenatal testPrenatal test DescriptionDescription RiskRisk

Alpha-fetoprotein Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)(AFP)

(15 – 20 weeks)(15 – 20 weeks)

Blood testBlood test No risk to date.No risk to date.

UltrasoundUltrasound

(20(20thth week) week)Sound Waves Sound Waves used to make used to make image of fetus. image of fetus.

No risk to dateNo risk to datehttp://www.babycenter.com/2_insidhttp://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-labor-and-birth_3658e-pregnancy-labor-and-birth_3658872.bc872.bc

AmniocentesisAmniocentesis

(16(16thth week) week)Withdraw Withdraw amniotic fluid to amniotic fluid to determine defectsdetermine defects

MiscarriageMiscarriage

Chorionic villi Chorionic villi sampling (CVS)sampling (CVS)

(6-10 wks)(6-10 wks)

Take sample of Take sample of tissue from tissue from placentaplacenta

10 weeks10 weeks

MiscarriageMiscarriage