computing intermediate 2 multimedia technology. the development process and multimedia applications...
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ComputingIntermediate 2
Multimedia Technology
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The Development Process and Multimedia Applications
The Software Development Process and Multimedia Applications
• Analysis: The main purpose of this stage is to be absolutely clear about what the multimedia project is supposed to do.
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The Development Process and Multimedia Applications
• Design: Producing a detailed plan which defines what the different parts of the project are and how they are linked together.
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The Development Process and Multimedia Applications
The Software Development Process and Multimedia Applications
• Implementation: This is the point at which the multimedia authoring, or web-page authoring, package is used to turn the design into a working project.
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The Development Process and Multimedia Applications
The Software Development Process and
Multimedia Applications
• Testing: A series of practical tests are carried out to check that the multimedia project functions properly.
• Documentation: User Guide and Technical Guide.
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The Development Process and Multimedia Applications
The Software Development Process and Multimedia Applications
• Evaluation: Checks that the finished application meets the user’s requirements. Includes an assessment of the HCI design.
• Maintenance: Fixing bugs and adapting the design to suit client needs and the demands of new technology.
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Methodologies used in creation of multimedia applications
• Text editor: Creating simple web pages using HTML.
• WYSIWIG editors: Previewing applications under development to check that what you see is what you get.
• Multimedia authoring packages, e.g. Mediator Pro.
• Presentation software, e.g. PowerPoint.
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Methodologies used to view multimedia applications
• Displaying multimedia applications in a browser.
• Displaying multimedia applications using a file player or viewer.
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Methodologies used to view multimedia applications
Multimedia application as an executable file
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Bit-mapped Graphic Data
• Capturing still images using a digital camera
• Using a CCD to capture light coming in through a lens
• CCD charged coupled device: uses sensors to capture light
• Capturing images using a scanner: also uses CCD
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Bit-mapped Graphic Data
• Storing graphics as a bit map: each pixel in the image is represented by a binary number.
• Uncompressed bit-map format: a file which holds a binary number for each pixel in an image.
• Large file size: main limitation of bit-map format.• Need for compression: to relieve demands on
storage and transmission times.
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Bit-mapped Graphic Data
Compression using GIF format• Lossless compression: GIF format compresses
graphic data without losing any information about the image. It compresses by encoding repeated patterns of data.
• Limited number of colours: limited to 28, 256 colours.
• Transparency: colours set as transparent let the background colours and patterns show through.
• Used for storing cartoons, and line drawings.
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Bit-mapped Graphic Data
JPEG
• Uses lossy compression: parts of the graphic are cut out, e.g. shades of colour. At low rates of compression this is not noticeable.
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Bit-mapped Graphic Data
JPEG• JPEG format suitable
for storing photographs
and paintings.
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Bit-mapped Graphic Data
Trading quality for file size• Resolution: increasing resolution increases the
number of pixels, can improve the quality of a graphic but increases the file size.
• Colour depth: increasing colour depth increases the number of colours or shades of grey, can improve the quality of a graphic but increases the file size.
• Lossy compression: reduces file size and, providing the rate of compression is not too high, does not affect the quality of the graphic.
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Bit-mapped Graphic Data
Simple bit-map editing and creation software
Painting programs
Fill tool: a feature for pouring colour into a graphic.
Paintbrush tool: for more precise application of colour.
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Bit-mapped Graphic Data
Main features of image editing programs
• Decrease resolution
• Alter colour depth
• Crop
• Alter brightness and contrast
• Insert graphic
• Re-size.
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Bit-mapped Graphic Data
Hardware for displaying 2D graphics
• CRT monitor: bulky, heavy, run on mains power, cost less than equivalent TFT screens.
• LCD and TFT screens: flat, light, need less power, more expensive than CRT.
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Bit-mapped Graphic Data
Hardware for displaying graphic data
• Need for graphics cards to store and process graphic data, relieving the main processor of the task.
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Digitised Sound DataHardware for capturing sound
• Microphone
• Sound cards: to sample, store and process audio data.
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Digitised Sound DataUncompressed sound data
• RAW: Uncompressed samples of sound waves
0101010101010101 1111111101010101 0011001100101011 1100101000110001
• RIFF: Resource Interchange File Format• WAV: Microsoft's format for sound files,
part of RIFF
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Digitised Sound Data
• Lossy compression: reduces file sizes by cutting out some of the data.
• MP3: uses lossy compression without noticeable loss of sound quality.
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Digitised Sound Data
Balancing file size and sound quality• Sampling depth: increased sound depth =
greater range of values = better sound quality and greater file size.
• Sampling frequency: The higher the sampling frequency, the better the sound quality, the greater the file size.
• Sound time: affects file size but not quality.
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Digitised Sound Data
Simple sound editing software• Reducing sample frequency, e.g. from 44.1
KHz to 22.05 KHz, reduces file size and audio quality.
• Reducing sample depth, e.g. from 16 bits to 8 bits per sample, reduces file size and audio quality.
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Digitised Sound Data
Editing sound file features:
Volume
Effects
Echo
Reverse
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Digitised Sound Data
Sound cards and playback:
Sound cards needed to change the digital audio data into analogue signals to control output from speakers.
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Video Data
Hardware for capturing images• Digital video camera
• Web cam
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Video Data
Storing video data
• Uncompressed format
• Uncompressed video data = Large file sizes
• 1 second of uncompressed wide-screen video can take up 53 Megabytes of storage
• AVI: Audio Visual Interleave, an uncompressed format.
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Video Data
Compressing video data
• MPEG-2
Lossy compression: cuts out unnecessary parts of a video clip
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Video Data
Compressing video dataUsing MP3 compression:
• Reduces file sizes
• With no noticeable loss of video quality.
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Video Data
Video quality and file size• Colour depth: increasing colour depth improves
quality and file sizes.• Resolution: increasing resolution improves quality
and increases file sizes.• Frame rate: measured in frames per second, fps.
30fps is the rate for a video clip. Increasing frame rate increases file size. Lower frame rates reduce file size but make video clip ‘jerky’.
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Video Data
Video quality and file size• Video time: increasing or reducing the time of a
video is the obvious way to affect the file size. Quality of the display of the clip is not affected.
• Lossy compression: Using MP3 compression reduces file sizes without affecting quality.
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Video Data
Video editing software features and applications used with single video clips
• Cropping: cutting unwanted data from the beginning and end of a clip.
• Add effects, titles, sound tracks.
• The need for graphics cards to process and output video data.
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Vector Graphics Data
Basic features of vector graphics
• They are scalable: resolution independent.
• In a vector graphic individual objects can be edited.
• Graphics can be assembled by placing objects in layers.
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Vector Graphics Data
Common attributes of vector graphic objects
Position
Shape
Size
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Vector Graphics Data
Common attributes of vector graphic objects
Rotation
Line
Layer
Fill
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Vector Graphics Data
Attributes of a 3D image
Shape
Position
Size
Rotation
Texture
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Vector Graphics Data
Standard formats for vector graphics
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) format
Scalable: resolution independent
Vector: represents objects by defining a series of attributes
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Vector Graphics Data
Standard formats for vector graphics
Virtual Reality Markup Language
A standard language used to model and animate geometric shapes
Used to define 3D environments for the WWW.
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Synthesised Sound Data
Musical Instrument Digital Interface: MIDI
Common attributes of notes stored as MIDI data:– Instrument: defines which instrument is playing– Pitch: defines the height of the note– Volume: determines the amplitude– Duration: determines the length of the note.
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Synthesised Sound Data
Common attributes of notes stored as MIDI data
Duration: determines the length of the note.
Tempo: the speed at which a piece of music is played.
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Implications: Multimedia Technologies
Converging contemporary technologies• Smartphone: merging technologies of a
mobile phone and a laptop.• Pocket PC: merging technologies of a
laptop, mobile phone and desktop operating system and application software.
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Implications of Multimedia Technologies
Contemporary technologies
• Digital television: an interactive multimedia device which, because of the digital nature of its signals, is easily integrated into your digital computer and home networks.
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Implications of Multimedia Technologies
Contemporary technologies
Virtual reality
The ultimate multimedia experience where the user is immersed in the world of the computer and can journey through, and interact with, a computer generated 3-dimensional multimedia world.
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Implications of Multimedia Technologies
• Immersive VR
• Output :Using speakers, stereo screens, headsets
• Input: sensors in gloves, headsets and suits