computer proceessors

8/11/2019 Computer Proceessors

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NAGINDAS KHANDWALA COLLEGE OFMANAGEMENT STUDIES


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COMPUTERS ( I.T.)TopicProcessors

Prof.Sheetal Vyas


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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

"Computer" is a collection of devices thatfunction as a unit.The most basic collection includes a ComputerCPU, a Monitor, a Keyboard, and a Mouse.


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Processors (CPU)

A Central Processing Unit(CPU) or processoris an

electronic circuit that can execute computer programs

A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and

processes the basic instructions that drives a computer.

It handles the central management functions of a high-powered PC.


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Computer Processor:

What is it?

A computer processor analyzes data and controls data

flow in a computer.

Its speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz), with common

speeds ranging from 2.6 to 3.66 GHz. It comes in a small microchip and fits into a socket on the

motherboard.


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Graphics

A graphics processing unitor GPU

is a specialized processor that offloads 3D

graphics rendering from the microprocessor.

In a personal computer, a GPU can be present ona video card, or it can be on the motherboard.


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Functioning of ProcessorsMAINLY 3 Functions

CLOCK SPEED

WORD LENTH

BUS SPEED

MACHINE CYCLE

TIME


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Machine cycle time :-An instruction cycle'

is the time period during which a computer processes a machinelanguage instruction from its memory or the sequence of actions thatthe central processing unit (CPU) performs to execute each machinecode instruction in a program.

Clock Speed :-Clock speed is a measure of how quickly a computercompletes basic computations and operations. a clock speed of800MHz is running 800,000,000 cycles per second, while a 2.4GHz

computer is running 2,400,000,000 cycles per second. Word length :- The word length is the number of bits the CPU can

process per second. Early CPUs were 4 bits /sec, but now we have 8, 16and 32 , 64 bit machines.

Bus speed :Data is transferred from CPU to other systems componentsvia the Bus lines

The number of bits a bus line can transfer at any one time is known as

bus line width.


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Two Types of Processing MULTIPROCESSING - When two or more

computers are used, they are tied together with

a high-speed channel and share the general

workload between them

PARALLEL PROCESSING - Thesimultaneous use of more than one CPU or

processor core to execute a program or multiple

computational threads


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COMPONENTS OF PROCESSORS

Execution

unitBranch

predictor

Floating

point unit

Primary

cacheBus

interfaces

Processor

Speed


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Processors Components

Execution unit - the core of the CPU, the execution unitprocesses instructions.Branch predictor- he branch predictor attempts to guess

where the program will jump

Floating point unit- The floating point unit (FPU) is aspecialized logic unit optimized to perform non integer

calculations much faster than the general purpose logic unitcan perform themPrimary cache - also called Level 1 or L1 cache, primary cacheis a small amount of very fast memory that allows the CPU toretrieve data immediately

Bus interfaces - Bus interfaces are the pathways that connect theprocessor to memory and other components.


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Processor Speed-

The processor clock coordinates allCPU and memory operations by periodically generating a

time reference signal called a clock cycle or tick

Processor Architecture Clock speeds increase everyyear, but the laws of physics limit how fast CPUs can run

Wider data busses and registersFor a given clock speed, the amount of work done depends

on the amount of data processed in one operation

FPUs

All CPUs work well with integers, but processing floating-

point numbers to high precision on a general-purpose CPU

requires a huge number of operations


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KINDS OF PROCESSOR

AMD computer

processor computer

processor


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AMD PROCESSORS AMD - Advanced Micro Devices

popular models are AMD Athlon XP

and AMD Athlon 64

Best for gaming and softwares


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History of AMD Began operation in 1969.

The company has specialized in developing

products such as computer processors,

microprocessors and motherboard chipsets

AMD, founded by Jerry Sanders and EdwinTurney has grown to become the second

largest global supplier of microprocessors and

the third largest supplier of the worlds

graphics processing units.


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AMD chipsets Before the launch of Athlon 64 processors in

2003, AMD designed chipsets for their

processors spanning the K6 and K7 processor

generations

The chipsets include the AMD-640, AMD-751and the AMD-761 chipsets.


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Embedded systems AMD has been introducing 64-bit processors

into its embedded product line starting with the

AMD Opteron processor


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AMD Flash technology While less visible to the general public than its

CPU business, AMD is also a global leader in flash

memory

AMD established a 50-50 partnership with

Fujitsu called FASL, and merged into a new

company called FASL LLC in 2003


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AMD Mobile platforms

AMD started a platform in 2003 aimed at mobile

computing, but, with fewer advertisements and

promotional schemes, very little was known

about the platform. The platform used mobile

Sempron processors.


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The Future

After 32 bit and 64 bit chips new

chip 128 bit with 4.5 GHZ

Name - dual-core POWER6


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