computer organization it 318 1 cpumemoryinputdevices outputdevices input devices: keyboard, mouse,...
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Computer Organization
IT 318 1
CPUCPUMemoryMemoryInputInput
DevicesDevices
OutputOutput
DevicesDevices
Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse,
Touchscreen
Output Devices:
Display, Printer, Flash drive
Memory:
RAM, ROM, Disk Drives, Flash
Address Bus
Data Bus
CPU Organization
IT 318 2
ProgramProgram
PointerPointer
ProgramProgram
(In Memory)(In Memory)
ALUALU
DataData
(In Memory)(In Memory)
AccumulatorAccumulator
(F,D,E,S)(F,D,E,S)
On-BoardOn-Board
RegistersRegisters
Instruction Cycle
IT 318 3
FetchFetch
(from Program Memory)(from Program Memory)
DecodeDecode
(in Accumulator)(in Accumulator)
ExecuteExecute
(in ALU or Register)(in ALU or Register)
StoreStore
(in Data Memory)(in Data Memory)
Storage Hierarchy
IT 318 4
On-Board RegistersOn-Board Registers2 cycles; volatile2 cycles; volatile
Cache MemoryCache Memory(SRAM)(SRAM)
10 cycles; volatile10 cycles; volatile
Main MemoryMain Memory(DRAM)(DRAM)
50 cycles; volatile50 cycles; volatile
StorageStorage(HDD, ODD, FD)(HDD, ODD, FD)
101066/10/1077/ 10/ 1044 cycles; non-volatile cycles; non-volatile
Access Time
Storage Capacity
Memory Allocation
IT 318 5
BIOSBIOS
Operating SystemOperating System
ProgramProgram
Operating SystemOperating System
DataData
Program 1Program 1
Program 1 Program 1
DataData
Program 2Program 2
Program 2Program 2
DataData
Program 3Program 3
Program 3Program 3
DataData
Free MemoryFree Memory
IT 318 6
Motherboard
IT 318 7
CPUs
IT 318 8
IT 318 9
Glue Logic
IT 318 10
Power Supply-Separated
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Power Supply-Installed
IT 318 12
Cache
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BIOS
Memory System
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Storage Speeds
IT 318 15
Making It Go Faster
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DRAM Evolution
IT 318 17
HDD Evolution
IT 318 18
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) 32 Mbps; 1982 (IBM PC)
Extended ISA (EISA) 64 Mbps; 1988
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) 132 Mbps; 1992
PCI-eXtended (PCI-X) 266 Mbps; 1998
PCI-e or PCI-E v 1.0: (2003) 250 MBps/lane, 16 lanes = 4 GBps v. 2.0: (2007) 500 MBps/lane, 32 lanes = 16 GBps v. 3.0: (2010) – not yet fully released
IT 318 19
Internal I/O
Small Computers System Interface (SCSI) 50 Mbps, 1984; Ultra-5: 640 Mbps (2003) iSCSI: Ethernet/network dependent
Universal Serial Bus (USB) v. 1.0: 12 Mpbs; 1994; v. 2.0: 480 Mbps; 2000; v.
3.0: 4.8 Gpbs (2009) Firewire (IEEE 1394; AppleTalk)
400 Mbps; 1996; 800 Mbps (2006); declining Ethernet
10 Mbps (1984); 100 Mbps (1995); 1 Gbps (2000); 10 Gbps (2008)
IT 318 20
External I/O
Thunderbolt 10 Gbps 4 lanes, differential, 5.4 Gbps/lane 15 ft (5m) with copper; 100 m with mmf Both PCI-e and DisplayPort
NOTE: preceding examples are NOT exhaustive in any way – just example of what has been done.
IT 318 21
External I/O