computer networks the physical layer and communication media by husnain sherazi
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Computer Networks The Physical Layer and Communication Media By Husnain Sherazi. Guided Transmission Data. Magnetic Media Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable Fiber Optics. Twisted Pair. (a) Category 3 UTP. (b) Category 5 UTP. Coaxial Cable. A coaxial cable. Fiber Optics. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Computer Networks
The Physical Layer and Communication Media
ByHusnain Sherazi
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Guided Transmission Data
• Magnetic Media• Twisted Pair• Coaxial Cable• Fiber Optics
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Twisted Pair
(a) Category 3 UTP.(b) Category 5 UTP.
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Coaxial Cable
A coaxial cable.
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Fiber Optics
(a) Three examples of a light ray from inside a silica fiber impinging on the air/silica boundary at different angles.
(b) Light trapped by total internal reflection.
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Transmission of Light through Fiber
Attenuation of light through fiber in the infrared region.
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Fiber Cables
(a) Side view of a single fiber.(b) End view of a sheath with three fibers.
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Fiber Cables (2)
A comparison of semiconductor diodes and LEDs as light sources.
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Fiber Optic Networks
A fiber optic ring with active repeaters.
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Wireless Transmission
• The Electromagnetic Spectrum• Radio Transmission• Microwave Transmission• Infrared and Millimeter Waves• Lightwave Transmission
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum and its uses for communication.
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Radio Transmission
(a) In the VLF, LF, and MF bands, radio waves follow the curvature of the earth.
(b) In the HF band, they bounce off the ionosphere.
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Politics of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
The ISM bands in the United States.
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Communication Satellites
• Geostationary Satellites• Medium-Earth Orbit Satellites• Low-Earth Orbit Satellites• Satellites versus Fiber
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Communication Satellites
Communication satellites and some of their properties, including altitude above the earth, round-trip delay time
and number of satellites needed for global coverage.
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Communication Satellites (2)
The principal satellite bands.
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Globalstar
(a) Relaying in space.(b) Relaying on the ground.