computer network-types1
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Networking
Computer networkA collection of computing devices connected in order to communicate and share resources
Connections between computing devices can be physical using wires or cables or wireless using radio waves or infrared signals
Networking…
Node
Any device on a network
Data transfer rate (bandwidth)
The speed with which data is moved from one place to another on a network
Basic Components…
Terminals: end user work station
Telecommunications Channels & Media: Media over which data are transmitted – coaxial cables, fiber optics etc.
Computer: carry out their information processing assignments. Mainframe host computer/server.
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Basic Components…
Telecommunication Software: controls the telecommunication activities
Telecommunication Processors: to enhance data communication b/w two points – modems, message switchers, multiplexers, front end processors
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Basic Components…
Modems: most common type; convert analog signals to digital and vice versa.
Message Switchers: device that receives data messages from terminals, determine their destination and routes them one by one to the CPU.
Advantages – reduce long distance transmission costs since only single line is required
Multiplexers : collects messages from many senders, puts them in order & transmits them thru a broadband; allows simultaneous transmission
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Basic Components…
Concentrator : a smart multiplexer, can be programmed, more processing capability (used for load balancing)
Controller : link groups (clusters) of terminals to a communication channel
Front-end processors: located near the host computer, relieves the host computer of some of the communications tasks, so that it can process other applications requests.
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Communications Media
Channel:
means by which data is transmitted b/w sending and receiving devices.
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Types of Networks
Local-area network (LAN)
A network that connects a relatively small number of machines in a relatively close geographical area
Ring topology connects all nodes in a closed loop on which messages travel in one direction
Star topology centers around one node to which all others are connected and through which all messages are sent
Bus topology nodes are connected to a single communication line that carries messages in both directions
Types of Networks
Wide-area network (WAN)
A network that connects local-area networks over a potentially large geographic distance
Metropolitan-area network (MAN)
The communication infrastructures that have been developed in and around large cities
Gateway
One particular set up to handle all communication going between that LAN and other networks
Network Protocols
An agreed-upon format for transmitting data b/w 2 devices.
Protocol determines the following
Type of error checking
Data compression method
Message completion indicated by sender
Message acknowledgement by receiver
Popular protocols – TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP
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Network Architecture
Refer to either h/w, s/w or a combination.
Classification : -
Peer-to-peer architecture – each workstation has equivalent capabilities & responsibilities
Client/Server architecture – each computer is either a client or a server.
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Packet Transmission/Switching
Packet
A unit of data sent across a network
Router
A network device that directs a packet between networks toward its final destination
Packet switching
Messages are divided into fixed-sized, numbered packets; packets are individually routed to their destination, then reassembled
Packet Switching
Messages
sent by
packet
switching
Take a message, break it into three packets, and
simulate this process
Hubs
A hub is the place where data converges from one or more directions and is forwarded out in one or more directions.
Seen in local area networks
Switches
Allow different nodes of a network to communicate directly with each other.
Allow several users to send information over a network at the same time without slowing each other down using Media Access Control address (MAC address)
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Software that breaks messages into packets, hands them off to the IP software for delivery, and then orders and reassembles the packets at their destination
Internet Protocol (IP)
Software that deals with the routing of packets through the maze of interconnected networks to their final destination
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High-Level Protocols
Other protocols build on TCP/IP protocol suite
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) used to specify transfer of electronic mail
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows a user to transfer files to and from another computer
Telnet used to log onto one computer from another
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http) allows exchange of Web documents
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Which of these have you used?
Firewalls- Network Security
Firewall
A gateway machine and its software that protects a network by filtering the traffic it allows
Access control policy
A set of rules established by an organization that specify what types of network communication are permitted and denied
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Have your messages ever been
returned undelivered, blocked by a firewall?