computer graphics _2 marks

7/23/2019 Computer Graphics _2 Marks

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P.S.R ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SIVAKASI - 626140

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CS71- COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Two M!" #$%&'(o)& )* A)&w%!

1. Define Computer graphics.

Computer graphics remains one of the most existing and rapidly growing computer

fields. Computer graphics may be defined as a pictorial representation or graphical

representation of objects in a computer.

2. What is meant by scan code?When a key is pressed on the keyboard, the keyboard controller places a code carry to

the key pressed into a part of the memory called as the keyboard buffer. This code is

called as the scan code.+. What is meant by refreshing of the screen?

ome method is needed for maintaining the picture on the screen. !efreshing of screen is

done by keeping the phosphorus glowing to redraw the picture repeatedly. "i.e.#$y

%uickly directing the electronic beam back to the same points.4. Define !andom scan&!aster scan displays?

!andom scan is a method in which the display is made by the electronic beam which

is directed only to the points or part of the screen where the picture is to be drawn. The!aster scan system is a scanning techni%ue in which the electrons sweep from top to

bottom and from left to right. The intensity is turned on or off to light and unlight the

pixel.,. 'ist out the merits and demerits of (enetration techni%ues?

The merits and demerits of the (enetration techni%ues are as follows

• )t is an inexpensi*e techni%ue

• +)t has only four colors

• +The %uality of the picture is not good when it is compared to other techni%ues

•

+)t can display color scans in monitors• +(oor limitation etc.

6. 'ist out the merits and demerits of DT?

The merits and demerits of direct *iew storage tubes -DT are as follows

• +)t has a flat screen

• +!efreshing of screen is not re%uired

• +electi*e or part erasing of screen is not possible

• +)t has poor contrast

• +(erformance is inferior to the refresh C!T.

7. What do you mean by emissi*e and non/emissi*e displays?The emissi*e display con*erts electrical energy into light energy. The plasma panels,

thin film electro/luminescent displays are the examples. The 0on emissi*e are optical effects

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to con*ert the sunlight or light from any other source to graphic form. 'i%uid crystal display

is an example.

. 'ist out the merits and demerits of (lasma panel display?

1erits

• !efreshing is not re%uired

• (roduce a *ery steady image free of 2licker

• 'ess bulky than a C!T.

Demerits

• (oor resolution of up to 34 d.p.i

• )t re%uires complex addressing and wiring

• )t is costlier than C!T.

. What is persistence?

The time it takes the emitted light from the screen to decay one tenth of its original

intensity is called as persistence.

10. What is resolution?

The maximum number of points that can be displayed without an o*erlap on a C!T is

called as resolution.11. What is 5spect ratio?

The ratio of *ertical points to the hori6ontal points necessary to produce length of

lines in both directions of the screen is called the 5spect ratio. 7sually the aspect ratio is 8.

12. What is meant by 5ddressability?

The 5ddressability is the number of indi*idual dots per inch "d.p.i# that can be

created. )f the address of the current dot is "x, y# then the next dot will be "x9y#, "x9y9:# etc.

1+. What is a dot si6e?

Dot si6e may be defined as the diameter of a single dot on the de*ices output. Dot si6e

is also called as the pot si6e.14. What is interdot distance?

)nterdot distance is the reciprocal of addressability. )f the addressability is large, the

interdot distance will be less. The interdot distance should be less to get smooth shapes.

1,. What is the difference between impact and non/impact printers?

)mpact printer press formed character faces against an inked ribbon on to the paper. 5

line printer and dot/matrix printer are examples. 0on/impact printer and plotters use 'aser techni%ues, inkjet sprays, ;erographic process, electrostatic methods and electro thermal

methods to get images onto the papers. <xamples are= )nkjet&'aser printers.

16. What are the features of )nkjet printers?

• They can print > to pages&minutes.• !esolution is about @34d.p.i. Therefore better print %uality is achie*ed.

• The operating cost is *ery low. The only part that re%uires replacement is ink

cartridge.

• colors cyane, yellow, majenta, black are a*ailable.

17. What are the ad*antages of laser printer

• Aigh speed, precision and economy.

• Cheap to maintain.

• Buality printers.

• 'asts for longer time.• Toner power is *ery cheap.

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1. What are the ad*antages of electrostatic plotters?

• They are faster than pen plotters and *ery high %uality printers.

• !ecent electrostatic plotters include a scan/con*ersion capability.

• Color electrostatic plotters are a*ailable. They make multiple passes o*er the

• paper to plot color pictures.

1. Define pixel?

(ixel is shortened forms of picture element. <ach screen point is referred to as pixel or pel.

20. What is frame buffer?

(icture definition is stored in a memory area called frame buffer or refresh buffer.

21. What is bitmap and what is pixmap?

The frame buffer used in the black and white system is known as bitmap which take

one bit per pixel. 2or systems with multiple bits per pixel, the frame buffer is often referred

to as a pixmap.

22. What is a ector display or stroke writing or calligraphic display?

!andom scan monitors draw a picture one line at a time and for this reason are also

referred as *ector displays.

2+. Where the *ideo controller is used?

5 special purpose processor, which is used to control the operation of the display

de*ice, is known as *ideo controller or display controller.

24. What do you mean by scan con*ersion?

5 major task of the display processor is digiti6ing a picture definition gi*en in an

application program into a set of pixel/intensity *alues for storage in the frame buffer.

This digiti6ation process is called scan con*ersion.

2,. What is run length encoding?!un length encoding is a compression techni%ue used to store the intensity *alues in

the frame buffer, which stores each scan line as a set of integer pairs. ne number each pair

indicates an intensity *alue, and second number specifies the number of adjacent pixels on

the scan line that are to ha*e that intensity *alue2,. What is an output primiti*e?

raphics programming packages pro*ide function to describe a scene in terms of

these basic geometric structures, referred to as output primiti*es.

26. What do you mean by EjaggiesF?

'ine with stair step appearance is known as jaggies.

27. What is point in the computer graphics system?The point is a most basic graphical element G is completely defined by a pair of user

coordinates "x , y#.

2. Write short notes on lines?

5 line is of infinite extent can be defined by an angle of slope +and one point on theline (H("x,y#. This can also be defined as IHmx9C where C is the I/ intercept.

2. Define Circle?

Circle is defined by its center xc, yc and its radius in user coordinate units. The

e%uation of the circle is "x/xc# 9 "y/yc# H r>.

+0. Define <llipse?

5n ellipse can use the same parameters xc, yc ,r as a circle, in addition to theeccentricity e. the e%n of an ellipse is= "x/xc#>&a> 9 "y/yc#>&b> H :

+1. Define polygon?

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5 polygon is any closed continues se%uence of line segments ie, a polyline whose last

node point is same as that of its first node point. The line segments form the sides of the

polygon and their intersecting points form the *ertices of the polygon.

+2. Distinguish between con*ex and conca*e polygons?

)f the line joining any two points in the polygon lies completely inside the

polygon then, they are known as con*ex polygons. )f the line joining any two points in the

polygon lies outside the polygon then, they are known as conca*e polygons.

++. What is seed fill?ne way to fill a polygon is to start from a gi*en point "seed# known to be inside

the polygon and highlight outward from this point i.e neighboring pixels until encounter

the boundary pixels, this approach is called seed fill.+4. What is scan line algorithm?

ne way to fill the polygon is to apply the inside test. i.e to check whether the pixel is

inside the polygon or outside the polygon and then highlight the pixel which lie inside the

polygon. This approach is known as scan/line algorithm.+,. Define coherence properties?

5 coherence property of a scene is apart of a scene by which relate one part of the

scene with the other parts of the scene.+6. What is an acti*e edge list in the scan line algorithm?

The acti*e edge list for a scan line contains all edges crossed by that scan line.

+7. What is a winding number?

Winding number method is used to check whether a gi*en point is inside or out side

the polygon. )n this method gi*e a direction number to all the edges which cross the scan

line. )f the edge starts below the line and ends abo*e scan line gi*e direction as /: .

otherwise:. 2r polygons or two dimensional objects, the point is said to be inside when the

*alue of winding number is non6ero.

+. What is cell array?

The cell array is a primiti*e that allows users to display an arbitrary shape defined as atwo dimensional grid pattern.

+. What is type face?

'etters, numbers and other characters can be displayed in a *ariety of si6es andstyles.

The o*erall design style for a set of characters is called a type face.

40. What do you mean by font?

The term font referred to a set of cast metal character forms in a particular si6e and

format, such as :4/point courier italic.

41. What is a bitmapped font?

5 simple method for representing the character shapes in a particular typeface is to use

rectangular grid patterns. The set of characters are then referred to as a bitmap font.42. What is an outline font?

5 flexible scheme is to describe character shapes using straight/line and cur*e

sections. )n this case, the set of character is called an out line font.

4+. What is an attribute parameter?

5ny parameter that affects the way a primiti*e is to be displayed is referred to as an attribute

parameter.

44. What are the *arious attributes of a line?

The line type, width and color are the attributes of the line. The line type include solid

line, dashed lines, and dotted lines.

4,. What is pixel mask?

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(ixel mask is a string containing the digits : and 4 to indicate which positions toplot

along the line path. The mask ::::444, could be used to display a dashed line with a dash

length of and inter dot spacing of three.

46. What is a 'ine cap?

'ine caps can be used to adjust the shape of the line ends to gi*e a better appearance.

There are three types of line caps. $utt cap which has a s%uare end, round

cap which has a semi circle end, projecting s%uare cap which has one half of the line

width beyond the specified end points.47. 'ist out the methods used for smoothly joining two line segments?

J 1itter join/ by extending the outer boundaries of each of the two lines until they

meet.

J !ound join K by capping the connection between the two segments with a circular

boundary whose diameter is e%ual to the line width.

J $e*el join K by displaying the line segments with butt caps and filling in the triangular gap

where the segment meet.4. What is Color 'ook up table?

)n color displays, > bits per pixel are commonly used, where L bits represent >M3

le*el for each color. )t is necessary to read >/ bit for each pixel from frame buffer. Thisis *ery time consuming. To a*oid this *ideo controller uses look up table to store many

entries to pixel *alues in !$ format. This look up table is commonly known as colour table.

4. What is tiling patterns?

The process of filling an area with rectangular pattern is called tiling and rectangular

fill patterns are sometimes referred to as tiling patterns.

,0. What is soft fill?

oft fill is a filling method in which fill color is combined with the background colors.

,1. What is kerned character?

The characters which extend beyond the character body limits is known as kerned

character. <xample f and j.,2. What is character up *ector?

The orientation for a displayed character string is set according to the direction of

the character up *ector.

,+. Define bundled attributes?

)ndi*idual attribute commands pro*ide a simple and direct method for specifying

attributes when a single output de*ice is used. When se*eral kinds of output de*ice are

a*ailable at a graphics installation, it is con*enient to set up a table for each output de*ice

that lists set of attribute *alues that are to be used on that de*ice to display each primiti*e

type. 5ttribute specified in this manner is known as bundled attribute.

,4. What is aliasing?)n the line drawing algorithms, all raster6ed locations do not match with the true line

and ha*e to represent a straight line. This problem is se*ere in low resolution screens. )n such

screens line appears like a stair/step. This effect is known as aliasing.

,,. What is antialiasing?

The process of adjusting intensities of the pixels along the line to minimi6e the effect

of aliasing is called antialiasing.

,6. What is pixel phasing?

(ixel phasing is an antialiasing techni%ue, stair steps are smoothed out by mo*ing

the electron beam to more nearly approximate positions specified by the object geometry.

,7. What is Transformation?

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Transformation is the process of introducing changes in the shape si6e and orientation

of the object using scaling rotation reflection shearing G translation etc.

,. Write short notes on acti*e and passi*e transformations?

)n the acti*e transformation the points x and x +represent different coordinates of the

same coordinate system. Aere all the points are acted upon by the same transformation and

hence the shape of the object is not distorted. )n a passi*e transformation the points x and

x +represent same points in the space but in a different coordinate system. Aere the change

in the coordinates is merely due to the change in the type of the user coordinate system.,. What is translation?

Translation is the process of changing the position of an object in a straight/line path

from one coordinate location to another. <*ery point "x , y# in the object must under go a

displacement to "x ,y #. the transformation is= x +H x 9 tx N y +H y9ty

60. What is rotation?

5 >/D rotation is done by repositioning the coordinates along a circular path, inthe x/y

plane by making an angle with the axes. The transformation is gi*en by= ; +H r cos " +9 # and I +H r sin " +9 #.

61. What is scaling?The scaling transformations changes the shape of an object and can be carried out by

multiplying each *ertex "x,y# by scaling factor x,y where x is the scaling factor of x and

y is the scaling factor of y.62. What is shearing?

The shearing transformation actually slants the object along the ; direction or theI

direction as re%uired.ieN this transformation slants the shape of an object along a re%uired

plane.

6+. What is reflection?

The reflection is actually the transformation that produces a mirror image of an object.

2or this use some angles and lines of reflection.. Distinguish between window port G *iew port?

5 portion of a picture that is to be displayed by a window is known as window port.

The display area of the part selected or the form in which the selected part is *iewed is

known as *iew port.

64. Define clipping?

Clipping is the method of cutting a graphics display to neatly fit a predefined graphics

region or the *iew port.

6,. What is co*ering "exterior clipping#?

This is just opposite to clipping. This remo*es the lines coming inside the windows

and displays the remaining. Co*ering is mainly used to make labels on the complex pictures.66. What is the need of homogeneous coordinates?

To perform more than one transformation at a time, use homogeneous coordinates

or matrixes. They reduce unwanted calculations intermediate steps sa*es time and memory

and produce a se%uence of transformations.

67. Distinguish between uniform scaling and differential scaling?

When the scaling factors sx and sy are assigned to the same *alue, a uniform scaling is

produced that maintains relati*e object proportions. 7ne%ual *alues for sx and

sy result in a differential scaling that is often used in design application.

6. What is fixed point scaling?

The location of a scaled object can be controlled by a position called the fixed pointthat is to remain unchanged after the scaling transformation.

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6. Define 5ffine transformation?

5 coordinate transformation of the form ;H axxx 9 axyy 9 bx , y F ayxx 9 ayy y 9by

is called a two/dimensional affine transformation. <ach of the transformed coordinates x E

and y E is a linear function of the original coordinates x and y , and parameters aij and bk are

constants determined by the transformation type.70. Distinguish between bit$lt and pix$lt?

!aster functions that manipulate rectangular pixel arrays are generally referred to

as raster ops. 1o*ing a block of pixels from one location to another is also called a block transfer of pixel *alues. n a bile*el system, this operation is called a bit$lt "bit/block

transfer#, on multile*el system t is called pix$lt.

71. 'ist out the *arious Text clipping?

J 5ll/or/none string clipping / if all of the string is inside a clip window, keep it

otherwise discards.

J 5ll/or/none character clipping K discard only those characters that are not completely

inside the window. 5ny character that either o*erlaps or is outside a window boundary is

clipped. J )ndi*idual characters K if an indi*idual character o*erlaps a clip window boundary,

clip off the parts of the character that are outside the window.

72. What are the *arious representation schemes used in three dimensional objects? J $oundary representation "$/res# K describe the @ dimensional object as a set of

surfaces that separate the object interior from the en*ironment. J pace/ portioning

representation K describe interior properties, by partitioning the spatial region containing an

object into a set of small, no o*erlapping, contiguous solids.

7+. What is (olygon mesh?

(olygon mesh is a method to represent the polygon, when the object surfaces are tiled,

it is more con*enient to specify the surface facets with a mesh function. The *arious meshes

are Triangle strip K "n/># connected triangles Buadrilateral mesh K generates "n/:#"m/:#

Buadrilateral

74. What is $e6ier $asis 2unction?$e6ier $asis functions are a set of polynomials, which can be used instead of the

primiti*e polynomial basis, and ha*e some useful properties for interacti*e cur*e design.

7,. What is surface patch?

5 single surface element can be defined as the surface traced out as two parameters "u,

*# take all possible *alues between 4 and : in a two/parameter representation. uch a single

surface element is known as a surface patch.

76. Write short notes on rendering bi/cubic surface patches of constant u and * method?

The simple way is to draw the iso/parmetric lines of the surface. Discrete

approximations to cur*es on the surface are produced by holding one parameter constant and

allowing the other to *ary at discrete inter*als o*er its whole range. This produce cur*es of constant u and constant *.

77. What are the ad*antages of rendering polygons by scan line method?

i. The max and min *alues of the scan were easily found.

ii. The intersection of scan lines with edges is easily calculated by a simple

incremental method.

iii. The depth of the polygon at each pixel is easily calculated by an

incremental method.

7. What are the ad*antages of rendering by patch splitting?

i. )t is fast/ especially on workstations with a hardware polygon/rendering pipeline.

ii. )tFs speed can be *aried by altering the depth of sub/di*ision.7. Define $/pline cur*e?

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5 $/pline cur*e is a set of piecewise"usually cubic# polynomial segments that pass

close to a set of control points. Aowe*er the cur*e does not pass through these control points,

it only passes close to them.

0. What is a spline?

To produce a smooth cur*e through a designed set of points, a flexible strip alled

spline is used. uch a spline cur*e can be mathematically described with a piecewise cubic

polynomial function whose first and second deri*ati*es are continuous across *arious cur*e

section.1. What is the use of control points?

pline cur*e can be specified by gi*ing a set of coordinate positions called control

points, which indicates the general shape of the cur*e, can specify spline cur*e.2. What are the different ways of specifying spline cur*e?

+7sing a set of boundary conditions that are imposed on the spline. +7sing the state matrix that characteristics the spline

+7sing a set of blending functions that calculate the positions along thecur*e path by specifying combination of geometric constraints on the cur*e

+. What are the important properties of $e6ier Cur*e?

+)t needs only four control points +)t always passes through the first and last control points +The cur*e lies entirely within the con*ex half formed by four control points.

4. Differentiate between interpolation spline and approximation spline?

When the spline cur*e passes through all the control points then it is called

interpolate. When the cur*e is not passing through all the control points then that cur*e is

called approximation spline.

,. What do you mean by parabolic splines?

2or parabolic splines a parabola is fitted through the first three points p:,p>,p@ of the

data array of kot points. Then a second parabolic arc is found to fit the se%uence of points p>,

p@, p. This continues in this way until a parabolic arc is found to fit through points pn/>, pn/: and pn. The final plotted cur*e is a meshing together of all these parabolic arcs.

6. What is cubic spline?

Cubic splines are a straight forward extension of the concepts underlying parabolic

spline. The total cur*e in this case is a se%uence of arcs of cubic rather than parabolic cur*es

<ach cubic satisfies =ax@ 9 bx >9 cx 9 d7. What is a $lobby object?

ome objects do not maintain a fixed shape, but change their surface characteristics in

certain motions or when in proximity to other objects. That is known as blobby objects.

<xample K molecular structures, water droplets.

. Define ctrees?Aierarchical tree structures called octrees, are used to represent solid objects in some

graphics systems. 1edical imaging and other applications that re%uire displays of object

cross sections commonly use octree representation.

. Define (rojection?

The process of displaying @D into a >D display unit is known as projection. The

projection transforms @D objects into a >D projection plane.

0. What are the steps in*ol*ed in @D transformation?

+1odeling Transformation

+iewing Transformation

+(rojection Transformation +Workstation Transformation

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1. What do you mean by *iew plane?

5 *iew plane is nothing but the film plane in camera which is positioned and oriented

for a particular shot of the scene.

2. What is *iew/plane normal *ector?

This normal *ector is the direction perpendicular to the *iew plane and it is called as

-D;0 DI0 DO0

+. What is *iew distance?

The *iew plane normal *ector is a directed line segment from the *iew plane to the*iew reference point. The length of this directed line segment is referred to as *iew distance

4. Define projection?

The process of con*erting the description of objects from world coordinates to

*iewing coordinates is known as projection

,. What you mean by parallel projection?

(arallel projection is one in which 6 coordinates is discarded and parallel lines from

each *ertex on the object are extended until they intersect the *iew plane.6. What do you mean by (erspecti*e projection?

(erspecti*e projection is one in which the lines of projection are not parallel. )nstead,

they all con*erge at a single point called the center of projection.7. What is (rojection reference point?

)n (erspecti*e projection, the lines of projection are not parallel. )nstead, they all

con*erge at a single point called (rojection reference point.. What is the use of (rojection reference point?

)n (erspecti*e projection, the object positions are transformed to the *iew plane along

these con*erged projection line and the projected *iew of an object is determined by

calculating the intersection of the con*erged projection lines with the *iew plane.

. What are the different types of parallel projections?

The parallel projections are basically categori6ed into two types, depending on the

relation between the direction of projection and the normal to the *iew plane. They areorthographic parallel projection and obli%ue projection.

100. What is orthographic parallel projection?

When the direction of the projection is normal "perpendicular# to the *iew plane then

the projection is known as orthographic parallel projection

101. What is orthographic obli%ue projection?

When the direction of the projection is not normal "not perpendicular# to the *iew

plane then the projection is known as obli%ue projection.

102. What is an axonometric orthographic projection?

The orthographic projection can display more than one face of an object. uch an

orthographic projection is called axonometric orthographic projection.10+. What is ca*alier projection?

The ca*alier projection is one type of obli%ue projection, in which the direction of

projection makes a M/degree angle with the *iew plane.

104. What is cabinet projection?

The cabinet projection is one type of obli%ue projection, in which the direction of

projection makes a n angle of arctan ">#H3@./ with the *iew plane.

10,. What is *anishing point?

The perspecti*e projections of any set of parallel lines that are not parallel to the

projection plane con*erge to appoint known as *anishing point.

106. What do you mean by principle *anishing point.

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The *anishing point of any set of lines that are parallel to one of the three principle

axes of an object is referred to as a principle *anishing point or axis *anishing point.

107. What is *iew reference point?

The *iew reference point is the center of the *iewing coordinate system. )t is often

chosen to be close to or on the surface of the some object in the scene.10. Define computer graphics animation?

Computer graphics animation is the use of computer graphics e%uipment where the

graphics output presentation dynamically changes in real time. This is often also called realtime animation.

10. What is tweening?

)t is the process, which is applicable to animation objects defined by a se%uence of

points, and that change shape from frame to frame.

110. Define frame?

ne of the shape photographs that a film or *ideo is made of is known as frame.

111. What is key frame?

ne of the shape photographs that a film or *ideo is made of the shape of an object isknown initially and for a small no of other frames called keyframe

112. What is pseudo animation?

(seudo animation is creating a se%uence of stills, photographing or *ideo graphing

each still as one frame, and then later playing back the frames at a faster speed.

11+. What is the normal speed of a *isual animation?

isual animation re%uires a playback of at least >M frames per second. 114. What are

the different tricks used in computer graphics animation?

a. Color look 7p Table manipulation

b. $it plane manipulation

c. 7se of 7DCd. pecial drawing modes

e. prites

f. $it blitting

11,. What is color look up table?

)n color display unit it is necessary to read /bit for each pixel from buffer. This *ery

time consuming process. To a*oid this *ideo controller uses look up table to store many

entries of pixel *ales in !$ format. This look up table is commonly known as color look up

table.

116. What is solid modeling?

The construction of @ dimensional objects for graphics display is often referred to assolid modeling.

117. What is an intuiti*e interface?

The intuiti*e interface is one, which simulates the way a person would perform a

corresponding operation on real object rather than ha*e menu command.

11. What is prite?

5 prite is graphics shape in animation and games programs. <ach sprite pro*ided in

the system has its own memory area similar to but smaller than pixel !51.

11. What is the 7DC techni%ue?

7DC stands for 7ser Defined Character set. )t is graphics animation trick, which is

used in early microcomputer system.120. What is the use of hidden line remo*ing algorithm?

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The hidden line remo*al algorithm determines the lines, edges, surfaces or *olumes

that are *isible or in*isible to an obser*er located at a specific point in space.

121. What is computer graphics realism?

The creation of realistic picture in computer graphics is known as realism. )t is

important in fields such as simulation, design, entertainments, ad*ertising, research,

education, command, and control.

122. Aow realistic pictures are created in computer graphics?

To create a realistic picture, it must be process the scene or picture through *iewing/coordinate transformations and projection that transform three/dimensional *iewing

coordinates onto two/dimensional de*ice coordinates.

12+. What is 2ractals?

5 2ractal is an object whose shape is irregular at all scales.

124. What is a 2ractal Dimension?

2ractal has infinite detail and fractal dimension. 5 fractal imbedded in dimensional

space could ha*e any fractional dimension between 4 and n. The 2ractal Dimension DH

'og0 & 'og Where 0 is the 0o of (ieces and is the caling 2actor.

12,. What is random fractal?

The patterns in the random fractals are no longer perfect and the random defects at allscale.

126. What is geometric fractal?

5 geometric fractal is a fractal that repeats self/similar patterns o*er all scales.127. What is Poch cur*e?

The Poch cur*e can be drawn by di*iding line into e%ual segments with scaling

factor :&@. and middle > segments are so adjusted that they form adjustment sides of an

e%uilateral triangle.

12. What is turtle graphics program?

The turtle program is a !obert that can mo*e in > dimensions and it has a pencil for drawing. The turtle is defined by the following parameters.

g. (osition of the turtle "x, y#

h. Aeading of the turtle 4 the angle from the x axis.

12. What is graftals?

raftals are applicable to represent realistic rendering plants and trees. 5 tree is

represented by a tring of symbols 4, :, -,

1+0. What is a (article system?

5 particle system is a method for modeling natural objects, or other irregularly shaped

objects, that exhibit Qfluid/likeR properties. (article systems are suitable for realistic

rendering of fu66y objects, smoke, sea and grass.1+1. i*e some examples for computer graphics standards?

i. C!< K The Core graphics standard

j. P // The raphics Pernel system

k. (A) K The (rogrammers Aierarchical )nteracti*e raphics ystem.

l. ; K The raphics system extension

m. 05('( K The 0orth 5merican presentation le*el protocol syntax.

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S.THANGAM AP/IT

12

computer graphics _2 marks

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