Computer Basics

                 

    

Introduction to Computer Objectives

After completing this session, you will be able to:

• Identify the main parts of a computer.

• Identify the steps for starting a computer.

• Identify the different groups of keys on a keyboard.

• Perform different tasks by using a mouse.

What is a Computer?

An electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a

variable program.

Types of computer

Analog computer

Digital Computers

Digital computer counts and answer the questions by the method of “HOW Many”. The input data is represented by a number. These are used for the logical and arithmetic operations.

• Signals are two level of (0 V or 5 V)• Accuracy unlimited• low speed sequential as well as parallel processing• Output is continuous but obtain when computation is

completed.

Micro Computer

Micro computer are the smallest computer system. There size range from calculator to desktop size. Its CPU is microprocessor. It also known as Grand child Computer.

• Application : - personal computer, Multi user system, offices.

Mini Computer

These are also small general purpose system. They are generally more powerful and most useful as compared to micro computer. Mini computer are also known as mid range computer or Child computer.

• Application :- Departmental systems, Network Servers, work group system.

Mini computer

Main Frame Computer

Mainframe computers are those computers that offer faster processing and grater storage area. The word “main frame” comes from the metal frames. It is also known as Father computer.

• Application – Host computer, Central data base server.

Super Computer

• Super computer are those computer which are designed for scientific job like whether forecasting and artificial intelligence etc. They are fastest and expensive. A super computer contains a number of CPU which operate in parallel to make it faster. It also known as grand father computer.

• Application – whether forecasting, weapons research and development.

Super computer

Classification of Digital computer

• Desktop• Workstation• Notebook• Tablet PC• Handheld computer• Smart Phone

workstation

Tablet PC

Handheld PC(PDA)

Smart phone

Parts of a Computer

1. Input Devices (Keyboard, Mouse, etc.)

2. Output Devices (Monitor, Speakers, etc.)

3. Central Processing Unit (CPU) and memory

4. Motherboard (Circuit Board)

5. Expansion Cards (Video Card, Sound Card, or NIC)

6. Hard Drive Ports and Connections (USB, Firewire, etc.)

Parts of a Computer Input Devices

• Mouse

• Keyboard

• Microphone

• Scanner

• Webcam

Input Devices

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Input Devices

• Other input for mobile devices

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Parts of a Computer Output Devices

• Monitor

• Printer

• Speaker/Headphone

Parts of a Computer Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• A device that interprets and runs the commands that you give to the computer.

• Also referred to as the processor.

• Two major brands are Intel and AMD.

• Examples: Intel Core 2 Duo, AMD Turion X2

Parts of a Computer Memory

• Memory is where information is stored and retrieved by the CPU.

• There are two main types of memory:– Random Access Memory (RAM): It is the main

memory and allows you to temporarily store commands and data.

– Read Only Memory (ROM): It is the memory that retains its contents even after the computer is turned off.

Storage Devices

• A storage device is the computer hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from storage media

• A hard disk is a storage device that contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and information– Sectors– Tracks

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Storage Devices

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Storage Devices

• An external hard disk is a separate freestanding hard disk that connects with a cable to a port on the system unit or communicates wirelessly

• A removable hard disk is a hard disk that you insert and remove from a drive

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Storage Devices

• Flash memory is a type of memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten– Solid state media– A solid state drive (SSD) is a storage device that typically

uses flash memory to store data, instructions, and information

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Storage Devices• A memory card is a removable

flash memory device, usually no bigger than 1.5 inches in height or width, that you insert and remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer

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Storage Devices• A USB flash drive, sometimes

called a thumb drive, is a flash memory storage device that plugs into a USB port on a computer or mobile device

• An ExpressCard module is a removable device mobile device that fits in an ExpressCard slot

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Storage Devices• An optical disc is a flat,

round, portable metal disc with a plastic coating

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Communications Devices

• A communications device is a hardware component that enables a computer to send (transmit) and receive data, instructions, and information to and from one or more computers or mobile devices– Transmission media

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Parts of a Computer Motherboard

o Is the main circuit board inside the computer.

o Has tiny electronic circuits and other components on it.

o Connects input, output, and processing devices together (CPU, Memory, Hard Drive, DVD Drive)

o Tells the CPU how to run.

Parts of a Computer Expansion Cards

• Video Card – is connected to the computer monitor and is used to display information on the monitor.

• Network Interface Card (NIC) – is connected to other computers so that information can be exchanged between them.

• Sound Card– converts audio signals (microphone or audio tape) which can be stored as a computer audio file.

Parts of a Computer Ports and Connections

• Universal Serial Bus (USB) Port

• FireWire (similar to USB but faster)

• Network Port (Ethernet)

• Parallel Port and Serial Port

• Display Adapter

• Power

Using a Computer

• To turn on a computer, press the power button on the system unit.

• Log on to the operating system by your user name and password.

• Computers allow you to create, modify, and save files.

• To shut down a computer, click Start, and then, at the bottom of the Start menu, click Shut Down.

Using a Keyboard

Using a Mouse

• A mouse is a small device that you can use to move, select, and open items displayed on your monitor.

• Most mouse devices have at least two buttons, left and right.

• Mouse’s action:o Pointo Double Clicko Left Clicko Right Clicko Click-and-Drag or Drag-and-Drop

Using a Mouse (cont.)

Different types of mouse devices available in the market:

o Regular mouse

o Trackball mouse

o Optical mouse

Questions

Common Computer TerminologyObjectives

• Identify the primary hardware components of a computer.

• Define an operating system and its role.

• Define the term program.

• Explain what is meant by data.

• Define the term network, and identify the benefits of networking.

• Define the term Internet.

Hardware

• Refers to all the physical components of a computer.

• Includes all input devices, processing devices, storage devices, and output devices.

• Examples of hardware are:o keyboardo mouseo motherboardo monitoro hard disko cableso printer

Operating Systems

• Is the most important software on the computer

• Controls and manages the hardware connected to your computer

• Provides an interface that helps you to interact with the computer

• Ensures that your computer is functioning properly

• Windows XP is an example of the operation system.

• Can be either text-based or graphics-based.

• Graphics-based operating system help you install hardware or software with easy-to-use interface.

Programs

o The hardware and the operating system together are referred to as a platform.

o Programs, also called applications, use this platform to perform tasks.

o There are many types of programs:

o Some programs allow you to perform tasks such as writing letters, doing calculations, or sending e-mail messages.

o Other programs allow you to create illustrations, play games, watch movies, or communicate with other computer users.

Data

o Programs process data that you provide as input to your computer.

o Data can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video depending on the type of program.

o Program processes the data and displays the output on the screen.

o You can save this output in a file.

o The file can be an audio file, a text file, a graphics file, or a video file.

Networks

• Is a group of computers and associated devices that are linked together to facilitate sharing information.

• Can also be used to share data and devices such as printers.

• A typical network has the following three components:

o Servero Workstationo Communication channel

NetworksLAN

• Connects devices within a limited area (home or a small group of offices)

• Commonly includes computers and shared resources (printers and scanners)

Networks WAN

• Is a network that connects devices in geographically separated areas.

• Is used to connect networks across different countries.

• The Internet is an example of a WAN.

Internet

• Internet is a worldwide collection of public networks that are linked to each other for information exchange.

• Internet offers a range of services to its users (file transfers between Internet users and electronic mail)

• The World Wide Web (WWW), or the Web, is another service that the Internet provides.

• An intranet is similar to the Web but is accessible only to authorized users of the organization.

Questions

APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS TO

SOCIETY

COMPUTERS IN BUSINESS

BANK

Automatic Teller Machine

COMPUTERS IN ENGINEERING

Engineer’s doing their work

COMPUTERS IN THE GOVERNMENT

Hospital

COMPUTERS AT HOME

COMPUTERS IN MANUFACTURING

COMPUTERS IN SCHOOL

COMPUTERS IN SCIENCE

Robotics

3D Movies

3D Animatio

n

Importance of Computers

Personal and Home Uses

• Computers allow people with disabilities to do normal activities– Shopping online– Playing games with

other people– Work from home

Business Uses

• Computers allow companies to keep large amounts of information at hand– Databases

• Makes ordering and tracking resources quicker and easier

• Allows people to have meetings from different locations

Educational Uses

• The Internet allows access to hundreds of online research materials

• Allows colleagues to correspond quickly about ongoing research

Communication Uses

• Computers allow people across the world to communicate easily

Introduction to windows operating system

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What is operating system?Interface between

hardware and user.Handle technical details

without user intervention.A Collection of programs

Operating systemSystems softwareKernelUtilitiesDevice driversLanguage translators

CMPF112 Computing Skills for Engineers 80

What is operating system?

• Responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources of a computer

• Acts as a host for computing applications run on the machine.

• Determines which applications should run in what order and how much time should be allowed for each application before giving another application a turn (in multitasking OS).

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What is operating system?

• Handle the resource allocation and access protection of the hardware.

• Relieves the application programmers from having to manage these details.

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Kernel

• Is the central component of most computer operating systems; it is a bridge between applications and the actual data processing done at the hardware level.

• Responsibilities include managing the system's resources (the communication between hardware and software components).

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Function of OS

• It handles input and output process• It sends messages to each application or

interactive user about the status of operation and any errors

• It can off load the management of what are called batch jobs so that the initiating application is freed from this work (i.e. print spool)

• It can manage how to divide the program (in parallel processing) 84

Categories of operating System

• Embedded OS– Used in handheld computers, Stored within device in

Read-Only Memory (ROM)– Windows CE, Palm OS

• Network OS – Controls and coordinates linked computers (Network)– Novell NetWare, Windows NT Server, UNIX

• Stand-alone Desktop/ Personal Computer OS– Controls a single desktop or laptop computer– Client operating system– MS-DOS, Windows 2000, XP, Mac OS X, Linux

CMPF112 Computing Skills for Engineers 85

MS-DOS

• Uses a command-line interface• Screen provides prompts for user• User types commands• Largely replaced by graphical user

interfaces• Not user-friendly

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Microsoft Windows

Most popular OS for microcomputers

Designed for Intel processorsActive Desktop

Graphical user interface (GUI) to OSWindows XP, Windows 2003,

VistaWindows CE

Embedded Compact for minimalistic computers and

embedded systems WinCE

Series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft

CMPF112 Computing Skills for Engineers

Apple Mac OSSeries of graphical user

interface-based operating systems.

Runs on Macintosh computers

Designed for PowerPC microprocessors

OS X Latest version OScompatible with both PowerPC

and Intel processors through version 10.5 ("Leopard").

First commercially successful GUI

Has served as the model for Windows and other GUI products developed since then.

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UNIX

• Originally ran on mainframe and minicomputers

• Used for large servers on the Web

• Popular alternative to Windows

• Several versions available– Solaris 8– Linux

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Windows 7 & Windows 8

• Window 7 • Windows 8

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Windows features

• Long file names (up to 255 characters)

• Plug and Play• Makes installing

hardware components easier

• Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)– Allows user to embed or

link one document to another Word

Document

Excel Data

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Windows Family

• Windows 98• Windows Millennium Edition (ME)• Corporate Market• Windows NT (“New technology”)

– Windows 2000– Windows 2003

• Windows XP• Windows CE• Windows VISTA• Windows 7• Windows 8• Windows 10 92

Objectives

• Understand the desktop• Manage windows• Identify Windows accessories• Work with security settings and software• Perform a search• Get help

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Windows 7 Desktop

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• Operating system• Desktop• Taskbar• Window• Icon

Desktop

Taskbar

Icons

Start button

Adding Gadgets

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Online gadgets

Gadgets

The Taskbar

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Program icons

Excel

Word

Aero Peek

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Program icon with three Word documents shown

Preview

The Start Menu

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Programs

Control Panel

System folders

Help and Support

All Programs

Shut downSearch box

Start button

The Toolbar

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Address toolbarRight-click on taskbarto see the toolbars

Pinning an Application

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. 100

Jump List (iTunes)

Pinned programs Currently open program (iTunes)

The Notification Area

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Notification area

Pop-up window

Action Center icon

Open Action Center link

Customize the Desktop

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Screen SaverWindow ColorDesktop Background

Themes

Window Components

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Scroll bar

Minimize window Maximize window Close windowTitle bar

Window Components (continued)

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Aero Flip 3D

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Cascade windows

Window Components (continued)

Showing the Desktop

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Show desktopbutton

Three documents (transparent) in Aero Peek

Dialog Boxes

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Check box

Option button

Text boxSpin arrow

List box

Command button

Windows Accessories

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Notepad

WordPad

Windows Accessories (continued)

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Click here to open a picture

Ribbon

Windows Accessories (continued)

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Standard view

Programmer view

Scientific view

Statistics view

Windows Accessories (continued)

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Sticky notes

Windows Accessories (continued)

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Screen clip

Annotationtools

Save Snip button

Security Settings and Software

• Action Center• Windows Defender• User Account Control

• Windows Update• Windows Firewall• Parental Controls

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Action Center

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Important alert

Suggested tasks

Buttons

Windows Defender

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User Account Control

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Click and dragthis tab to adjust UAC level

Windows Update

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Select level of update

Windows Firewall

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Click here to turnfirewall off or on

Parental Controls

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Windows Search

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Search bar onStart menu

Search box inthe window

Expand or Narrow a Search

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Expand a search here Narrow a search here Search keyword

Save a Search

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Savedsearch

Help and Support

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Browse helpPrintHelp and Support home

Browse topics

Learn about other support options

Options

Remote Access

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Windows Remote Assistance link

Summary

• Windows 7 enables you to access your system resources, work with software, and manage files and folders.

• In addition, security issues and maintenance activities are monitored and reported so you can keep your computer in good working order.

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Questions

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