computer architecture and microprocessors ngoyal
DESCRIPTION
EngineeringTRANSCRIPT
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Computer Architecture and Microprocessors
ByNavdeep Goyal
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Purpose of Talk
• What are the advantages of teaching these topics to physics students
• To discuss the curriculum for teaching microprocessors to physics students
• Introduction to SAP-1• 8085 microprocessor
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Importance
. Learning about the design considerations of microprocessors is important
. Students opting for further studies in microelectronics are benefitted
. Knowledge of working of a processors is important
. Starting with working of simplest computer system is always helpful
. Better to start with few basic principles of working of computer systems
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Proposed Sequence
• Which device was designed first• Computer or microprocessor?• Bus organised computer systems
– Data Bus – Address Bus – Control Bus– Tri-state Devices– Buffer Registers– SAP-1, SAP-2 etc– 8085 microprocessor– 8086 and other advanced microprocessors
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BUS SYSTEM
• In all computer system, the data is transferred from one place to other through common DATA BUS
• The selection of device is from the address, which is sent through common address bus
• Depending upon control signals data is written onto or read from a particular register
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TRI STATE DEVICES
• TRI-STATE Devices play important role when we are dealing with bus organized computer systems
• Three terminal device:– Input, output, control– Available in high active or low active mode– Used at the output of registers, which are
connected with common data bus
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Buffer Registers
• The loading of data and reading data from buffer register is with the help of control signals
• For loading data onto register a Load (L) signal is used
• For receiving data from buffer register an Enable (E) signal is used
• For different registers loading or enabling may be high or low active
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Introduction to Sap-1
• SAP-1 stands for simple as possible computer• SAP-1 is a computer made from discrete IC’s• Its an 8 bit computer with 4 address lines• Can handle max. of 16 address locations• Instruction set includes instructions• LDA, ADD, SUB, OUT, HLT
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OPCODES
• LDA 0000• ADD 0001• SUB 0010• OUT 1100• HLT 1111
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OPCODES AND OPERAND
Complete code includes opcode and operand
Like LDA 04H0000 0100
One instruction is executed in one instruction cycle
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Machine Cycle/Instruction Cycle
• Instruction cycle may consist of many machine cycles
• For SAP-1, Instruction cycle= machine cycle• Instruction cycle=Fetch cycle+Execution Cycle• Fetch cycle is generally same for all
instructions
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Ring Counter
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SAP-1
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How to fabricate various units
• Program Counter: 4 bit counter-made from J-K flip-flops-74 LS107 with 74LS126
• Input/MAR: includes address/data switch registers includes buffer register and 2-1 multiplexer
• 16X8 RAM• Instruction Register: 8 bit buffer register , 2 nos 74 LS173• Controller Sequencer: to generate control signals• Accumulator: Buffer register to store intermediate results• Adder Subtracter: Arithmatic unit• B: buffer register
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Control Signals
Fetch T1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 T2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1T3 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
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Control Words for various instructions
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Control Unit of SAP-1
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Microprogrammed Control Unit
• Easier to fabricate• Slower-not useful for commercial
microprocessors• Can be used for testing various instructions
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Variable Machine Cycle
• Fixed machine cycle may give many unwanted time states
• Execution is going to take longer time• Better to opt for variable machine cycle
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8085 Pin Diagram
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Architecture of 8085
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Thanks