computational tools for high-resolution molecular spectroscopy … · 2009-10-19 · computational...
TRANSCRIPT
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COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FORCOMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FORHIGHHIGH--RESOLUTIONRESOLUTION
MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPYMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
5th International Meeting on MathematicalMethods for Ab Initio Quantum Chemistry
Nice, France, October 15-16, 2009
Attila G. CsászárLaboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy
Institute of ChemistryEötvös University
Budapest, Hungary
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AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsGábor Czakó, Tibor Furtenbacher, Edit Mátyus,Csaba Fábri, Tamás Szidarovszky, Ján Šimunek(ELTE, Budapest, Hungary) DOPI, DEWE, GENIUSH, MARVEL
Wesley D. Allen(Athens, Georgia, USA) FPA, el. struct.
Viktor Szalay(KFKI-SZFKI, Budapest, Hungary) DVR, DOPI
Nikolai F. Zobov(Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) empirical PESs
Jonathan Tennyson, Oleg L. Polyansky, Lorenzo Lodi(UCL, London, U.K.) H2O PES, DMS, MARVEL
Brian T. Sutcliffe(Brussels, Belgium) DEWE
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Funding agencies
Inside Hungary
Scientific Research Fund of Hungary(OTKA), NKTH
International cooperations
MC RTN „QUASAAR” supported by the
European Commission (FP6)
NSF-MTA-OTKA
INTAS
IUPAC
COST-D26
ERA-Chemistry
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OUTLINE
Introduction
MARVEL: a Hamiltonian-free approach tomolecular spectroscopy
First-principles methods to computerovibrational spectra (as well as quantumreaction kinetics and molecular dynamics)
Summary and outlook
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Spectropedia
QuantumTheory
InformationTechnology
High-ResMolecular
Spectroscopy
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Quantum Mechanics• Quantum particles, nuclei and electrons, vs. atoms
and molecules• Full treatment is still impractical for chemistry for
all but the simplest many-body systems• Often it is sufficient to solve the time-independent
Schrödinger equation (TISE)• Introduction of the Born-Oppenheimer (BO)
approximation results in electronic structure andnuclear motion theories
• No practical analytic solutions: variational andperturbative treatments
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H Ψ = (T + V) Ψ = E ΨElectronic structure Nuclear motion
Lanczos(?)DavidsonDiagonalization
(Very) manyOne or a few# of Eigenvalues
PT + VARPT + VARApproximations
VBR, FBR, DVRFBRRepresentation
No consensusConsensus (GTO)Basis set
Unknown (PES)Known exactlyPotential energy
Complex formSimple formKinetic energy
Different internalsCartesianCoordinates
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Rovibrational molecularspectroscopy:
the traditional experimental paradigmfor precision and accuracy
First-principles variationalmolecular spectroscopy:
a new computational paradigmfor precision and accuracy
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Why measure (bound) molecularstates (spectra) of molecules?Modeling in many scientific and engineeringapplications (e.g., star formation models,atmospheric modeling, including the greenhouseeffect, and combustion) need detailed, precise, T-dependent, line-by-line information, usuallydeposited in old-fashioned databases (informationsystems)Most detailed information about the structure anddynamics of molecules and their motionResonances and tunneling are also of great recentinterest, partly for reaction dynamics
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Why compute (bound) molecularstates (spectra) of molecules?
Provide tests for theoretical as well as experimentalmethods (including testing of potential energy (PES)and dipole moment (DMS) hypersurfaces)Combine theory and experiment to obtain the maximuminformation for spectra of molecular systemsUnravel complicated experimental spectraMake predictions for experimentally not easilyaccessible or unaccessible spectral regions or featuresBridge equilibrium and effective molecular propertiesProvide bridge between (overtone) spectroscopy(anharmonicity and resonances) and dynamics (e.g.,IVR, vibrational adiabaticity, quantum ergodicity)
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Electronic structure calculations
Potential energy (hyper)surface (PES)[energies (and derivatives) over a grid]
Property (e.g., dipole) surface(DMS) over a grid
Nuclear motion calculations
Energy levels, wave functions, and expectation values,
including dipole transition moments
SPECTRA
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Spectroscopic databases
High-resolutionTransmissionMolecularAbsorptionDatabase(Harvard-Smithonian)
AtmosphericRadiationAnalysis(GEISA)
QuantitativeInfraredDatabase(NIST)
CologneDatabase forMolecularSpectroscopy(CDMS)
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MARVEL:MARVEL: AnAn inverseinverse,,HamiltonianHamiltonian--freefree approachapproach
toto highlyhighly accurateaccuraterovibrationalrovibrational energyenergy levelslevels
MMeasuredeasured AActivectiveRRotationalotational--VVibrationalibrational
EEnergynergy LLevelsevels
A. G. Császár, G. Czakó, T. Furtenbacher, E. Mátyus, Ann. Rep. Comp. Chem. 3, 155 (2007).T. Furtenbacher, A. G. Császár, J. Tennyson, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 245, 115 (2007)
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Ei
Ej
Assignment i,j ij .....+1 ...... -1 ........
= a × E
× ......
....
....
Solve for E (in a least-squares sense, taking into account the experimentaluncertainties of the ij) to obtain experimentally derived term values Ei, Ej, ....
Database of observedtransition wavenumbersij with assignments anduncertainties
The ij are determined byterm values Ei, Ej, ....
=
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1000000 2000000 3000000 4000000 5000000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Uncertainties of pure rotational transitions obtained fromexperiment (cyan lines) and from MARVEL (green lines);the (Obs - Calc) values reflect MARVEL ( ) orWatson's A - reduced Hamiltonian ( ) results
(Obs
. - C
alc.
) / k
Hz
/ MHz
H216O
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Rotational-vibrational spectroscopy of ketene
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ChallengeChallenge #1:#1:GenerationGeneration ofof PESsPESs fromfrom
electronicelectronic structurestructure calculationscalculationswithwith anan accuracyaccuracy betterbetter thanthan 10 cm10 cm11
Solution #1:Focal-Point Analysis
(FPA) approach__________________________________________________________________W. D. Allen, A. L. L. East, A. G. Császár, Structures and Conformations of
Nonrigid Molecules, Kluwer: Dordrecht, 1993, p. 343.A. G. Császár, W. D. Allen, H. F. Schaefer, J. Chem. Phys. 108, 9751 (1998).
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Motivations of the Focal-PointAnalysis (FPA) Approach
Get the right result for the right reason for polyatomicand polyelectronic systems.
Attach error bars to theoretical predictions.
Consider small physical effects tacitly neglected inmost quantum chemical studies, such as corecorrelation, relativistic effects, and corrections to theBorn-Oppenheimer approximation.
Approach spectroscopic accuracy (1 cm-1) as opposedto chemical (1 kcal mol-1) or calibration (1 kJ mol-1)accuracy in predictions of spectra.
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FFocalocal--PPointoint AnalysisAnalysis (FPA)(FPA) approachapproach
use of a family of basis sets which systematicallyapproach completeness (e.g., (aug-)cc-p(C)VnZ)applications of low levels of theory with prodigiousbasis sets (typically direct (R)HF and CASSCFcomputations with up to a thousand basis functions)higher-order (valence) correlation (HOC) treatments[these days FCI, CCSDTQ, CCSDT, CCSD(T), and(IC)MRCI] with the largest possible basis setslayout of a two-dimensional extrapolation grid basedon an assumed additivity of correlation incrementseschewal of empirical corrections/extrapolationsaddition of “small” correction terms (CC, Rel, DBOC)
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Electron correlation treatment
Hamilto
nianO
ne-p
artic
leba
sis
set
Exac
tan
swer
DZHF
TZHF
QZHF
5ZHF
Z(CBS)
HF
DZCCSD
DZCCSD(T)
DZFull-CI
DZCCSDT
(MP2, CISD) (MP4, CISDTQ)
CBSFull-CI
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Accuracy goals inAccuracy goals inelectronic structure calculationselectronic structure calculations
Chemical accuracy 1 mEh 4
Calibration accuracy 0.2 mEh 1 100
atomic units kJ mol-1 cm-1
Spectroscopic accuracy 1 Eh 1
Hyperfine accuracy 1 nEh
NB1: Obviously, it is much harder to achieve these accuracy goals in absoluteenergies than in relative energies chemists are mostly interested in.NB2: These accuracies are characteristic of theoretical treatments, they havenothing to do with accuracies related to spectroscopic measurements.
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Incremental buildup of theCVRQD PES of water
Valence-only problemnearly complete basis set (extrapolated) ICMRCI
Core-correlation correction
Relativistic correctionsone-electron mass-velocity and Darwin (MVD1)two-electron Darwin (D2)Gaunt and Breit correctionsquantum electrodynamics (QED)
Adiabatic and nonadiabatic Born-Oppenheimer corrections___________________________________________________________________O. L. Polyansky, A. G. Császár, J. Tennyson, P. Barletta, S. V. Shirin, N. F. Zobov,D. W. Schwenke, and P. J. Knowles, Science 299, 539 (2003).
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Ab initio (CVRQD) – empirical (FIS3)symmetric stretch asymmetric stretch
symmetric bend „linear” bend
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StationaryStationary pointspoints onon PESsPESsEquilibrium and effective structures of water
r/Å /degrees
Born-Oppenheimer 0.957 82 104.485
Adiabatic (H216O) 0.957 85 104.500
(D216O) 0.957 83 104.490
Spectroscopic 0.957 77 104.48Effective (rg) (H2
16O) 0.97625 103.96(300 K) (D2
16O) 0.97136 104.03_______________________________________________________
A. G. Császár, G. Czakó, T. Furtenbacher, J. Tennyson, V. Szalay, S. V. Shirin,N. F. Zobov, O. L. Polyansky, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 214305 (2005).G. Czakó, E. Mátyus, A. G. Császár, J. Phys. Chem. A in print (2009).
_________________________
_______________________________________________________
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J = 1 rotational term values for theground vibrational state of waterfrom the CVRQD ab initio PESs
42.023442.02442.371742.372110
36.748636.74937.137137.138111
315.779315.799422
23.754923.75623.794423.795101
MARVELCVRQDMARVELCVRQD
H218OH2
16O
_________________________________________________
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Beyond the BO approximation
Diagonal Born-Oppenheimer correction (DBOC) adiabatic (mass-dependent) PES
ijij
jiiji
iiifM
ME
occocc2
2
e
2
eDBOC
22
2
Nonadiabatic correction
Complicated correction to the kinetic energy operator
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ChallengeChallenge #2:#2: DipoleDipole momentmoment surfacessurfacesCompute strength of rovibrational lines as
• Only rigorous selection rules remain• All weak transitions are automatically included• Most easily done in DVR (exceedingly simpleproperty calculations)• Relatively expensive for larger(r) calculation• Potentially more accurate than most experiment
2
k
kij jiS
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The CVR DMS of water• Ground-state dipole moment of
water:best computed: 1.8539(13) Dbest measured: 1.8546(6) D
• Relativistic and core correctionsto the valence-only dipole surfacecancel each other almostcompletely
• The computed DMS is not verysensitive to the choice of theGaussian basis set
L. Lodi, R. N. Tolchenov, J. Tennyson, A. E. Lynas-Gray, S. V. Shirin, N. F. Zobov, O. L. Polyansky,A. G. Császár, J. N. P. van Stralen, and L. Visscher, J. Chem. Phys. 2008, 128, 044304.
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Quality of the CVR DMS of water
L. Lodi, R. N. Tolchenov, J. Tennyson, A. E. Lynas-Gray, S. V. Shirin, N. F. Zobov, O. L. Polyansky,A. G. Császár, J. N. P. van Stralen, and L. Visscher, J. Chem. Phys. 2008, 128, 044304.
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• Qualitative understanding of atomic motionRRHO (rigid rotor – harmonic oscillator)– SQM force fields, GF method, simple model problems
• Interpretation of experimental resultsPerturbative approaches, anharmonic force fields– Local vs normal modes, VPT2, higher-order PT
• Moving beyond experimental capabilitiesVariational approaches– VBR
Grid-based (nearly variational) approaches– FBR ↔ DVR
ChallengeChallenge #3:#3: NuclearNuclear motionmotion problemproblem
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Grid-based techniques in natural sciences• Discrete Ordinate Method (DOM, atmospheric
sciences for 3D radiative transfer, DOTS withtime stepping)
• Quadrature Discretization Method (QDM,kinetic theory, Fokker-Planck equation)
• Lagrange mesh (LM, quantum mechanics)• Fourier grid Hamiltonian (FGH, time-
dependent quantum mechanics)• Discrete Variable Representation (DVR,
molecular spectroscopy) with (optimal)generalized (GDVR) variants
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Standard DVR versus FBRDVR advantages• Diagonal in the potential (quadrature approximation)
< | V | > = V(x), no need for integration• Analytic evaluation of kinetic energy matrix elements• Optimal truncation and diagonalization based on adiabatic separation• Sparse Hamiltonian matrix with product basis• Easy property evaluations: ith element of the nth eigenvector proportional
to the value of the nth eigenfunction at the ith quadrature point
DVR disadvantages• Not strictly variational (quadrature and truncation error couple,
difficult to do small calculations)• Problems with coupled basis sets [back to optimal (G)FBR (and GDVR)]• Inefficient for non-orthogonal coordinate systems
Transformation between DVR and FBR quick & simple for standard DVR
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The DOPI algorithmDiscrete Variable Representation of the Hamiltonian
Energy operator in orthogonal (O) coordinate system
Direct product (P) basis
Diagonalization with an iterative (I) technique (e.g., Lánczos)____________________________________________________________________G. Czakó, T. Furtenbacher, A. G. Császár, and V. Szalay, Mol. Phys. (Nicholas C.Handy Special Issue) 102, 2411 (2004).
I.I. TailorTailor--mademade approachapproach:: prederivedprederived,,analyticanalytic,, casecase--dependentdependent T,T,
uniqueunique codecode forfor eacheach moleculemoleculeTheThe simplestsimplest gridgrid--basedbased procedureprocedure toto solvesolve
thethe triatomictriatomic rovibrationalrovibrational problemproblem variationallyvariationally::
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)cos,,(ˆctg2
1
2
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2
1
2
1ˆ212
2
222
211
22
2
22
1
2
1
ΘRRVΘ
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H
jnjj
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Rjj
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2121212121 ,,diag ),,()( nnnnnnnnnn δqqqVV
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)1)(2(0.0
0...
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LL
Θ jj
j
jjnn
njnnj q
,2,
2
2
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R
diag22
21
DVR
122121VKRIKIRIKIIIKH
ΘRΘRΘRRΘRR
Sparse matrix Special iterative Lánczos „diagonalization”
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Variationally computed expectation valuesof the bond angles of H2
16O and D216O
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II. Generic Hamiltonian: DEWE(Discrete Variable Representation – Eckart-Watson Hamiltonian –
Exact inclusion of the potential energy)
1. Eckart-Watson vibrational operator (normal coordinates: Eckart-system, orthogonal, rectilinear internal coordinates):
2. Numerically exact inclusion of arbitrary (e.g., valence) coordinatepotential energy surface
3. Matrix of Hamiltonian in DVR representation, on-the-fly(impossible to store even the nonzero elements of the sparseHamiltonian) iterative eigenvalue and eigenvector computation(Lánczos).
63
1
11N
kkpk
p
ik
i
pipi Qmm
llccCr
E. Mátyus, G. Czakó, B. T. Sutcliffe, A. G. Császár, J. Chem. Phys. 127, 084102 (2007).
E. Mátyus, J. Šimunek, A. G. Császár, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 074106 (2009).
VPHN
k
63
1
22
ˆ2
1
8ˆˆ
2
1ˆ
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3. a) Direct-product basis (N = nD,D = 3N-6). For example, D = 3
3. b) In iterative „diagonalization” algorithms explicit knowledge of H isnot needed, enough to form yLanczos = Hxin:
On-the-fly computation of Hamilton-matrix – Lánczos vectormultiplication.
ininLanczos xπμπxπμπy
DN21~
H
DN11~
π
DEWE(Discrete Variable Representation – Eckart-Watson Hamiltonian –
Exact inclusion of the potential energy)
E. Mátyus, G. Czakó, B. T. Sutcliffe, A. G. Császár, J. Chem. Phys. 127, 084102 (2007).
E. Mátyus, J. Šimunek, A. G. Császár, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 074106 (2009).
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Vibrational transitions of 12CH4 (cm1)
1,0,,ˆ2
1
8ˆˆ
2
1ˆ63
1
22
mnVPmnWN
k
knm
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Normal Mode Distribution (NMD)
HNCO,,Fundamentals”
2HO2JiiJ QNMD
4631.0 98 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 … 99
579.5 0 95 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 … 97
660.2 0 0 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 … 99
780.7 0 2 0 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 … 96
1146.8 0 0 0 0 80 0 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 … 93
1267.1 0 0 0 0 3 0 26 41 20 0 0 0 0 … 94
1275.1 0 0 0 0 0 91 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 … 97
1329.3 0 0 0 2 4 0 11 45 22 0 4 0 0 … 92
1358.6 0 0 0 2 7 0 54 5 15 0 7 0 0 … 93
1476.6 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 88 0 0 0 … 97
1521.6 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 28 0 51 0 0 … 91
1712.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 0 … 90
1843.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 … 96
4681.3
572.4
637.0
818.1
1144.8
1209.4
1274.0
1318.3
1390.5
1455.1
1636.2
1717.2
1781.8
Q0
Q5
Q6
Q4
Q5+5
Q5+6
Q6+6
Q3
Q4+5
Q4+6
Q4+4
Q5+5+5
Q5+5+6
Sum
… … … … … … … … … … … … …
Sum 98 99 98 95 98 99 99 94 98 95 92 95 98
L. Woodcock, W. D. Allen, H. F. Schaefer III, I. Kozin, E. Mátyus, G. Czakó, A. G. Császár,J. Phys. Chem. A 2008, to be submitted.
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Detection of elusive HCOH throughmatrix isolation i.r. spectroscopy
P. R. Schreiner, H. P. Reisenauer, F. Pickard, A. C. Simmonett, W. D. Allen, E. Mátyus, A. G. Császár,Nature 453, 906 (2008).
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III. GENIUSH: General rovib code with Numerical,Internal-Coordinate, User-Specified Hamiltonians(general code – full- of reduced-dimensional rovibrational problem – internal
coordinate Hamiltonian with numerical computation of both T and V –discrete variable representation)
Initial specifications• body-fixed frame (e.g., Eckart, principal axis, „xxy” gauge)• set of internal coordinates (e.g., Z-matrix, Radau)• constraints for the coordinates if necessary• Cartesian coordinates of the atoms„Main” program• numerical or analytical 1st, 2nd, and 3rd derivatives of Euler angles
and internal coordinates in terms of Cartesians and vice versa• numerically compute G matrix, U, and V at every grid point• determine needed eigenpairs via variants of Lánczos’ algorithmResult: single code for all full- or reduced-dimensionality problems
for molecules with arbitrary number of „interacting” minimaE. Mátyus, G. Czakó, A. G. Császár, J. Chem. Phys. 130, 134112 (2009).
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Vibrational Hamiltonians
N
ii
i
Vm
H1
22
Cartesian 1
2ˆ
63~ˆ~ˆ~2
1ˆ1
4/12/14/1Podolsky
NDVgpgGpgHD
kllklk
63ˆˆ2
1ˆ1
rearranged
NDVUpGpHD
kllklk
D
kl l
kl
klk
kl
q
g
g
G
g
q
g
g
GU
12
2 ~
~4~~
~32
with
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Some numerical considerationst-vector vs. s-vector formalism
the former seems to be betternki
n q /xn = 1 for Podolsky formn = 1, 2, 3 for rearranged form
fast, on-the-fly Hamiltonian multiplication
in
1 1
in4/12/14/1invP ~~~2
1VxxgpgGpgxHy
D
k
D
llklk
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Full-dimensional (3D) and„local-mode” (2D) water
20655.9220533.50(4 0 2) = (5 1)+0
20673.7420543.14(3 0 3) = (5 1)0
16993.9616898.84(4 0 1) = (5 0)0
16994.5816898.27(5 0 0) = (5 0)+0
7494.737444.88(0 0 2) = (1 0)+0
7283.787249.22(1 0 1) = (2 0)0
7224.877201.19(2 0 0) = (2 0)+0
3777.223755.73(0 0 1) = (1 0)0
3666.933657.05(1 0 0) = (1 0)+0
Local-modeFull-dim.Label
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A system with two„interacting” minima: NH3
968.14
932.46
0.79
n.a.
Reference
1882.18 (A2”)
1626.73 (E1”)
1625. 62 (E1’)1597.26 (A1’)
GENIUSH
1882.09968.15 (A2”)
1627.33932.41 (A1’)1626.220.79 (A2”)
1597.387436.82 (A1’)ReferenceGENIUSH
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SummarySummary 1.1.The MARVEL algorithm allows the determination of exceedinglyaccurate „empirical” rovibrational energy levels and thus should helpthe assignment of spectra of molecules of arbitrary size and witharbitrary number of observed transitions in any region of the EMspectrum.
The composite focal-point analysis (FPA) approach is the most suitableway to generate highly accurate PESs and DMSs. (Note that it has beenwidely used for much less demanding thermochemical applications.)
We now have exceedingly accurate PESs (CVRQD) and DMSs (CVR)for the main isotopologues of water, helping finally to understand thespectroscopy of water vapor and thus the major part of the greenhouseeffect on Earth.
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SummarySummary 2.2.The DOPI procedure, using a tailor-made kinetic energy operator, isour favored technique for the solution of the triatomic variationalrovibrational problem when the goal is to match experiments (H3
+ andH2O), compute full rovibrational spectra (IUPAC TG), and estimaterovibrational averages.
The DEWE protocol, through numerically exact inclusion of arbitraryPESs together with the Eckart-Watson Hamiltonian, allows the efficientdetermination and characterization (NMD, rotational overlaps) ofspectra of molecules having a single well-defined potential well (e.g.,methane).
The GENIUSH technique, using fully numerical operators based onuser specifications, offers a general approach to spectroscopic anddynamical problems (thus mimicking electronic structure computations)but much more work needs to be done so that it can compute linelists.
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ChallengesChallenges leftleft forfor thethe ((nearnear?)?) futurefuture(1) Determination of a full (truly global) accurate PESfor many-electron systems (no refinement of the PES is needed)
(2) Doing nuclear motion calculations close to the dissociationasymptotes
(3) Handling of nonadiabaticity and cases with several surfaces
(4) Getting away from fitting of PESs
(5) Treatment(s) without the Born-Oppenheimer approximation
(6) Effective extension of the nuclear motion calculation to manymore dimensions (atoms)(7) Use of the efficient nuclear motion techniques developed in
related fields, like reaction kinetics (CRP), reaction dynamics,and optimal quantum controll
(8) Spectropedia