compression igniter constant volume gas …...tially in the sphere. the slopes of the two graphs...

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PASCO Gas Laws

68

Constant Volume Gas Thermometer

P ��Constant�volume�sphere�with�embedded�thermistorP ��Measure�pressure�and�temperature�directly�using�

PASCO�sensorsP ��Empirically�determine�the�absolute�zero�temperature

Temperature and Pressure data is taken for three temperature water baths. The experiment is repeated with a different amount of gas ini-tially in the sphere. The slopes of the two graphs reflect the change in the number of moles of gas, and both graphs extrapolate to about the same value for absolute zero.

Pressure/Temperature�Sensor USB�Link

Absolute�Zero�SphereTD-8595

Absolute Zero Sphere�............................................ TD-8595

Required:PASPORT�Interface�........................................................................................ p.�4�Pressure/Temperature�Sensor�........................ PS-2146� �

Includes:Compression IgniterGlass Cylinders (2)Cleaning WireComplete instructions with theory

Compression Igniter�..............................................................................TD-8577

Required:Tissue�Paper

Compression�IgniterTD-8577

Put a small piece of tissue paper into the cylinder and quickly push down on the piston. In a quick compression there is no time for heat to be exchanged between the air inside and its surroundings. The 15:1 adiabatic compression causes the temperature to rise to approximately 600 °C (1100 °F), well above the combustion temperature of paper.

This Compression Igniter has been specially designed to be clean-able. The bottom screws off to clean out the soot and to load the paper. The large piston handle decreases the pressure on your hand and makes it easier to hit the piston quickly.

The precision glass tube is surrounded by plastic for safety and in the event that the glass tube breaks, the glass tube can be replaced. The piston can be lubricated with vegetable oil.

P Adiabatic�compression�ignites�paper!P Works�every�timeP Durable�and�cleanable

Students�will�be�amazed�to�see�the�paper�catch�on�fire�without�a�match.

Plastic�Safety�Shield

Precision�Glass�Tube

NEW

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PASCOGas Laws

69

A low thermal mass thermistor is mounted within the syringe for real-time measurement of temperature changes inside the syringe. Tubing and a quick connect port allows a Pressure Sensor to be directly connected to the syringe. As the plunger of the syringe is depressed, the volume decreases while pressure and temperature increase. A mechanical stop is included on the syringe plunger to allow quick (adiabatic) volume changes.

Built-in Fast Response Thermistor measures air temperature inside the syringe.

Directly measure the pressure and temperature of the gas inside the syringe as the plunger is pushed.

Pressure/Temperature�Sensor

Ideal Gas LawTD-8596A

P Built-in�fast-response�thermistorP Large�syringe�for�accurate�volume�measurementsP Experimentally�determine�the�Ideal�Gas�Law

The syringe plunger is quickly compressed and then released. Temperature and Pressure of the air inside the syringe are directly mea-sured by the sensor.

DataStudio monitors pressure, temperature and volume as a gas is compressed rapidly.

Brass�ValvesAllow for easy changing of gases.

Three�Signal�CablesCarry the volume, pressure and temperature signals to the computer.

Temperature�SensorMeasures rapid changes in temperature as the resistance of a fine nickel wire changes.

Power�Adapter9V DC @ 1A

LeverCompresses or expands the gas in the compression chamber.

Compression�ChamberA clear, thick-walled acrylic tube with a gas-tight piston.

Volume�TransducerA linear potential divider monitors the position of the piston.

P Investigate�the�compression�of�gasesP Computer�monitors�temperature,�

pressure�and�volumeP �Measure�the�work�done�on�a�gas

Adiabatic Compression

Adiabatic�Gas�Law�ApparatusTD-8565

NEW

Adiabatic Gas Law Apparatus ....................................................................TD-8565 Required:ScienceWorkshop 750�USB�Interface�........................................................CI-7650�

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Ideal Gas Law Apparatus�................................... TD-8596A

Required:PASPORT�or�ScienceWorkshop�Interface.................................... p.�4�Pressure/Temperature�Sensor�........................ PS-2146� �

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And�Improved!


PASCO Temperature Sensors

70

TemperaturePS-2125

PASCO’s Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor offers fast response and superior range, resolution and accuracy.

Typical Applications:Conduct general temperature experiments Measure rapid temperature changes found in endothermic-exothermic reactions Conduct environmental studies

Typical Applications:Thermal heat flow (one or two dimension)Comparative body temperatures Side-by-side chemical reactionsSolar radiationProperties of insulation

Temperature, QuadPS-2143

Connect up to four Temperature Probes for an experiment. Use with any combination of Stainless Steel, Fast Response or Skin/Surface Temperature probes for a wider variety of temperature measurements in the classroom or in the field. Sensor includes two Stainless Steel Temperature Probes (PS-2153) and one Fast Response Probe.

SpecificationsRange: -35 °C to +135 °C

Accuracy: ±0.5 °C

Resolution: 0.0025 °C

Maximum Sample Rate: 10 Hz

Displays: °C, K and °F

Repeatability: 0.1 °C

Quad Temperature Sensor......................................................PS-2143

Temperature Sensor ............................PS-2125

Specifications Accuracy: -35 to +135 °C at ±0.5 °C


Resolution: .0025 °C


Specifications Range: -30 to +105 °C

Fast Response Temperature Probe(3-pack) PS-2135

P Attachto any surface

P Includes 10 adhesive patches

The Fast Response Temperature probe is an accessory for all PASPORT Temperature Sensors.

Use an Adhesive Patch (10 included) to measure skin temperature.

Skin/Surface TemperaturePS-2131

SpecificationsRange: -10 to +70 °C

P Flat sensing element ideal for surfaces

P Quickly reaches equilibrium temperature with surface

The Skin/Surface Temperature probe is ideal for measuring the temperature of most flat surfaces. The probe plugs into all PASPORT Temperature Sensors (see above).

Make a temperature profile of the human hand.

Skin/Surface Temperature Probe ...............PS-2131 Required:Temperature Sensor.............PS-2125

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Fast Response Temperature Probe (3 pack) .................................PS-2135 Replacement Adhesive Patches (10 pack) .........................PS-2525 Required:Temperature Sensor....................PS-2125 or Quad Temperature Sensor....................................................PS-2143

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Stainless Steel Temperature Probe*PS-2153

SpecificationsRange: -35 to +135 °C

*Stainless Steel Temperature probe requires one of the following temperature sensors:

Temperature Sensor ......................................................... PS-2125 Quad Temperature Sensor ........................................... PS-2143 Temperature Array............................................................. PS-2157

Stainless Steel Temperature Probe ........................ PS-2153 Recommended:Teflon® Sensor Covers (10 Pack) ............................. CI-6549


PASCOTemperature Sensors

71

The PS-2127 measures up to four tempera-tures using Type K thermocouple probes (two included). It utilizes dynamic variable oversampling to greatly reduce noise at lower sampling rates.

Temperature (Type K 4-Port) Sensor .....................PS-2127 Replacement Supply:Type K Thermocouple ......................PS-2155

Temperature (Type K 4-Port)PS-2127

Includes:4-Port SensorType K Thermocouples (2)

SpecificationsTemperature Range: -200 °C to +1000 °CMaximum Sample Rate: 250 HzAccuracy: ±3 ºC or 3%, whichever is greaterResolution: 0.01 °C Displays: °C, K and °F

See page 73 for more applications.

See pages 68 & 69 for more applications.

Temperature (Type K)PS-2134

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Temperature Type K Sensor .............PS-2134 Replacement Supply:Type K Thermocouple ...........................PS-2155

SpecificationsTemperature Range: -200 °C to +1000 °C


Accuracy: ±3 ºC or 3%, whichever is greater

The PS-2134 is a singlechannel sensor that usesthe same Type K thermocouple probe as the PS-2127 shown below. Includes one Type K Thermocouple.

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Temperature ArrayPS-2157

This array has eight 3.5 mm stereo jacks to plug in temperature probes. Only one PASPORT Channel is required to measure eight temperatures at once! Applications include measuring temperatures along the length of a metal rod as one end is heated or measuring surface temperature at eight different points on a body. The Temperature Array also has a “multiport” for plugging in a special cable (included) with eight color-coded thermistor sensors connected to a single 8-pin mini-DIN plug. The Temperature Array accepts PASPORT temperature probes: Stainless Steel, Fast Response and Skin/Surface.

IncludesTemperature Array Cable AssemblyFast Response Temperature Probe (3)Adhesive Patches (10)

SpecificationsRange: -35 °C to 135 °C*

Accuracy: ±0.5 °C

Resolution: 0.0025 °C

Repeatability: 0.01 °C

Maximum Sample Rate: 100 Hz per Temperature Sensor


* Sensor Dependent

Temperature Array ..........................PS-2157 Recommended:Stainless Steel Temperature Probe ........................PS-2153 Fast Response Temperature Probe .........................PS-2135 Skin/Surface Temperature Probe .........................PS-2131 Replacement Temperature Array Cable ...........PS-2552 Replacement Adhesive Patches (100 Pack) ..........................PS-2525

This combination sensor is specifically designed for use in studying gas laws. The included thermistor temperature probe has both a fast response and very low thermal mass.

Typical ApplicationsExtrapolate absolute zeroExplore Gas Laws (Ideal, Charles’, Boyle’s)

SpecificationsPressure: 0 to 700 kPa with ±2 kPa accuracy, 0.1 kPa resolution and 1 kPa repeatability (Displays pressure in kPa, N/m2, and psi)


Temperature with included Fast Response Probe: -30 to 105 °C with ±0.5 °C accuracy (Displays Temperature in °C, K and °F)

Sensor Extension Cable: Included

Absolute Pressure/ TemperaturePS-2146

Absolute Pressure/ Temp Sensor ...........................................PS-2146 Recommended:Absolute Zero Sphere ......................TD-8595 Ideal Gas Law Syringe ....................TD-8596A

Measure pressure and temperature of air in the sphere.

Extrapolating Absolute Zero Typical Applications:

Accurately measure surface temperatures: for example, across the surface of an ironMap the temperature of a candle flame Measure temperatures down to -200 °C (liquid nitrogen)


PASCO Thermodynamics – Thermal Conductivity

72

P �Measure�Heat�Flow�through�Five�Different�MaterialsP �Constant�Temperature�Differential�Makes�Calculations�EasyP �Easy�to�Use,�No�Mess

Thermal�Conductivity�ApparatusTD-8561

Water�Run-off�ChannelFor retrieving water from melted ice.

Constant�Temperature�Differential�0°C

100°C

Stand�with�Insulating�PadsKeeps hot reservoir well above the table.

Steam Generator and cup not included.

Durable�Test�Materials12.7 cm square: glass, wood, polycarbonate, Masonite and Sheetrock.

Not ShownTwo Ice Molds, Instruction Manual and Experiment Guide.

Plastic�TubingFor connecting a steam generator.

One of the most important considerations for buildings in the modern world is their ability to provide good thermal insulation. This apparatus provides students a means of observing and quantifying heat flow across a constant temperature differential. Students use five common materials as test samples— glass, wood, polycarbonate, Masonite® and Sheetrock.

FeaturesNo Mess:�Water�from�the�melting�ice�runs�off�into�the�measuring�cup�—�not�on�the�lab�table.

Durable Test Materials:�Wood,�Masonite�and�Sheetrock�are�covered�with�a�thin�aluminum�sheet�for�waterproofing�and�to�ensure�good�thermal�contact.

Elevated Steam Reservoir: Hot�reservoir�is�well�above�the�lab�table�to�eliminate�heat�damage.

Includes:Stand with insulating pads Steam chamberIce molds (2)Materials; 12.7 cm square: glass, wood, polycarbonate, Masonite, SheetrockPlastic tubing for connecting steam generatorInstruction manual and experiment guide

How It WorksA block of ice is placed against one side of the test material. The other side is clamped against a steam chamber, establishing a constant 100°C temperature differential. The rate at which the ice is converted to water is a measure of the rate at which heat passes from the steam, through the test material and into the ice.

The Ice Melting Blocks look similar, but are composed of different materials. One block feels cold to the touch while the other block feels slightly warm. Both blocks are at room temperature but have very different thermal conductivities and heat capacities.

After allowing students to hold the blocks, ask them which block would melt ice more quickly. Place an ice cube on each block and watch their amazement as the “cold” block melts the ice cube within two minutes. The melting of the ice cube is barely noticeable on the “warm” block. The “cold” block is aluminum and has a much greater ability to transfer heat to the ice cube or the hand. The “warm” block is plastic, which does not conduct heat as well.

Ice�Melting�BlocksSE-7317

P �Great�Thermal�Conductivity�and�Heat�Capacity�Demonstration

Includes:Aluminum BlockPlastic BlockO-rings (2)

Thermal Conductivity Apparatus�....................................... TD-8561

Required:Steam�Generator�............................................................................ TD-8556A� �Graduated�Cylinder

Ice Melting Blocks�.............................SE-7317

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PASCOThermodynamics – Heat Conduction Apparatus

73

Heat�Conduction�Apparatus TD-8513

The Heat Conduction Apparatus shows the difference in the rate of heat conduction through bars made of different materials and through bars of the same material that have different cross-sectional areas. The difference in temperature between points along each bar is measured to quantify the rate of heat conduction.

The Heat Conduction Apparatus has four metal bars (one aluminum, one stainless steel, two brass having different cross-sections). One end of each bar is heated or cooled by applying power to the Peltier device which is attached to one end. Each bar has two 10 kΩ therm-istors embedded in it about 3 cm apart from each other. A cable (male 8-pin mini-DIN to male 8-pin mini-DIN) is supplied to connect the thermistors in this apparatus to the PASPORT Temperature Array (PS-2157) so data can be recorded from all eight sensors simulta-neously. Foam insulators are supplied to cover the bars during the experiment.

P Heat�Flow�Through�MetalsP Three��Types�of�Metals,�two�cross-sectionsP Angstrom’s�Method

SpecificationsAluminum, stainless steel, brass bar dimensions: 6.5 cm x 1.2 cm x 0.4 cm

Second brass bar dimensions: 6.5 cm x 0.7 cm x 0.4 cm

Maximum Voltage Input for Peltier: 15 VDC

Board Size: 10 cm x 18.5 cm

Temperature sensors at the end of each type of bar show the different rates of conduction.

Includes:Heat Conduction Apparatus Circuit BoardCableFoam Insulation (2)

A Peltier device heats one end of each of the different metal bars. Embedded thermistors detect the rise in temperature along the bars.

The two temperature sensors in the aluminum bar record the difference in time of the temperature rise as heat is conducted through the bar.

The DC Power Supply (PI-9877) powers the Peltier Device and the thermistors are read by the required Temperature Array (PS-2157).

Heat Conduction Apparatus..............................................TD-8513

Required:Temperature�Array�...................................................................PS-2157� p.�70�

PASPORT�Interface�...................................................................................................p.�4

Recommended:DC�Power�Supply�.......................................................................PI-9877� p.�98�

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PASCO Thermodynamics – Equivalent of Heat

74

Energy Transfer – FrictionET-8770

P Demonstrates frictional heatingP Real-time computer measurement of work done and

resulting temperature increaseP Brass and aluminum cylinder

Work is done by pulling on the yellow cord wrapped around the 2.5 cm diameter cylinder and lifting the mass. Using a Rotary Motion Sensor and a Force Sensor, a real-time graph of power versus time can be generated by DataStudio. The area under this curve is the work performed.

A 10 kΩ thermistor is used to determine the temperature of the cylinder. A PASPORT Temperature Sensor (PS-2125) is used to graph the temperature real-time in DataStudio.

Includes:Support base with plastic mounting boltBrass and aluminum cylinders Yellow friction cordThermistor Temperature Cable

The work done is measured using a Force Sensor and a Rotary Motion Sensor. The amount of thermal energy transferred to the cylinder is measured using a Temperature Sensor.

The area under the power vs. time curve shows 68.4 J of

work done. The temperature increase of 2.7 °C results

in 51.3 J (75%) of the work done converted to thermal

energy.

Crank CounterCounts the number of turns on the handle.

ThermistorEmbedded in the cylinder, it has lower thermal mass than a thermometer and is less breakable.

P Accurate to 5%P Rugged ball-bearing constructionP Thermistor— no thermometer to break

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat ApparatusTD-8551A

This Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Appara tus provides an updated version of one of Joule’s most important experiments; converting mechanical work to thermal energy.

Includes:Base, cylinder, crank and counter with a built-in table clamp 2.7 meters of flat nylon rope1-gallon can that can be filled with a measured mass of sand or water (if

How It WorksTurn the crank to perform a measurable amount of work. The crank turns an aluminum cylinder. A flat nylon rope is wrapped several times around the cylinder. As the crank is turned, the fric-tion between the rope and the cylinder is just enough to support a mass hanging from the other end of the rope. This ensures that the torque acting on the cylinder is constant and measurable. A counter keeps track of the number of turns of the crank. The thermal energy is measured by monitoring the temperature of the cylinder using the embedded thermistor.With this apparatus, the equivalence of work and heat is easily established to within 5%.

10 kg of laboratory masses are not available)Laboratory manual including theory, step-by-step instructions and data tables

Double Ball BearingsMinimize the wear on

moving parts.

Durable ConstructionConstructed primarily of steel

and aluminum, there’s virtually nothing to break. The thermistor

is protected in the cylinder.

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Apparatus ...........TD-8551A Required:

Basic Digital Multimeter ......................................................SE-9786A Triple-beam Balance...............................................................SE-8707 A refrigerator (or ice) for cooling the cylinder below room temperature. Calipers and a thermometer for measuring room temperature are helpful, but not necessary.Replacement Supplies:Brush (single) ...............................................................................TD-8583 Cylinder .............................................................................................TD-8582

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Energy Transfer – Friction ..................................................ET-8770 Required:Small C Clamp (6 pack) .........................................................SE-7286 p. 106 Hooked Mass Set ......................................................................SE-8759 p. 105 Required for use with PASPORT:Force Sensor ................................................................................PS-2104 p. 5 Rotary Motion Sensor ............................................................PS-2120 p. 5 Temperature Sensor................................................................PS-2125 p. 70

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PASCOThermodynamics – Equivalent of Heat

75

P Converts mechanical energy to thermal energy

P Monitor real-time temperature changes

How It Works:Students hit the hammer on a foam square (included) and the small, steel balls within the hammer strike a thin, metal plate. Embedded in the metal plate is a fast-response thermistor which is used to continuously measure the temperature of the plate. The thermistor can be directly plugged into either the PASPORT Temperature Sensor (PS-2125) or ScienceWorkshop Thermistor Temperature Sensor (CI-6527A).

Typical Applications: Conservation of Energy studiesAnalogy for the “disappearance” of kinetic energy during a collision

Includes:Thermal HammerBuilt-in Fast Response Thermistor ProbeSteel Balls (60)Foam Squares (2) (10 cm x 10 cm)

The temperature of the thin, metal plate rises each time the steel balls impact its surface.

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat TubeET-8781

P Compare change in gravitational energy to change in thermal energy

P Monitor real-timetemperature changes

How It Works:As the tube is turned over, the steel balls fall the length of the tube and strike the thin, metal plate at one end. Embedded in the metal plate is a fast-response thermistor which is used to continuously measure the temperature of the plate. The thermistor can be directly plugged into either the PASPORT Temperature Sensor (PS-2125) or ScienceWorkshop Thermistor Temperature Sensor (CI-6527A).

Includes:Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Tube (70 cm length, 4 cm diameter)Built-in Fast Response Thermistor ProbeSteel Balls (60)

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Tube ............................. ET-8781

Required for use with ScienceWorkshop: ScienceWorkshop Interface ................... p. 2

Thermistor Temperature Sensor........... CI-6527A p. 71

Required for use with PASPORT:PASPORT Interface ........................................ p. 4

Temperature Sensor........... PS-2125 p. 70

Energy Transfer – Thermal Hammer .................. ET-8779

Required for use with ScienceWorkshop: ScienceWorkshop Interface ................... p. 2

Thermistor Temperature Sensor...........CI-6527A p. 71

Required for use with PASPORT:PASPORT Interface ........................................ p. 4

Temperature Sensor...........PS-2125 p. 70

Energy Transfer – Calorimeter ............................... ET-8499

Required for use with ScienceWorkshop:ScienceWorkshop Interface .................... p. 2

Hand Crank Generator ......EM-8090

Temperature Sensor...........CI-6605A p. 70

Voltage Sensor .......................CI-6503 p. 2

Current Sensor .......................CI-6556 p. 2

Required for use with PASPORT:PASPORT Interface ......................................... p. 4

Hand Crank Generator ......EM-8090

Temperature Sensor...........PS-2125 p. 70

Voltage/Current Sensor ...PS-2115 p. 78

Typical Applications:Conservation of Energy studies Analogy for the “disappearance” of kinetic energy during a collision

Thermal HammerET-8779

The “loss” in gravitational energy is compared to the increase in thermal energy of the metal plate.

Electrical Equivalent of HeatET-8499

Includes:Outer Aluminum Cup (8.9 cm tall, 4.7 cm dia)Inner Aluminum Cup (7.5 cm tall, 3.8 cm dia)Plastic LidTwo-Hole Rubber StopperHeating Resistor with Input Cables

P Compare electricalenergy input to changes in internal energy

Approximately 470 Joules of energy were added to the water using the Hand Crank Generator (EM-8090)

The Energy Transfer – Calorimeter includes two nested aluminum cups with an air space in between for insulation. While most calorimeters use a coil to heat the water, PASCO’s design features a 10 Ω heating resistor mounted to a circuit board. Using temperature, voltage and current sensors students can investigate the relationship between the input energy and heat transfer into the water.

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PASCO Thermodynamics – Thermal Expansion

76

P �Easier,�More�Sophisticated�and�More�Accurate�than�Traditional�Equipment

P �Steel,�Copper�and�Aluminum�Tubes�Included

Thermal�Expansion�Apparatus TD-8558A

Built-in�Dial�GaugeSimple and very accurate measurements with 0.01 mm resolution.

Three�Drop-in�Metal�TubesSteel, copper and aluminum.

Includes:Base: 70 cm long extruded aluminum, with built-in dial gauge and thermistorExpansion�tubes: steel, copper and aluminum; 16 mm dia. Foam insulatorLaboratory manual

Thermal Expansion Apparatus�.................................. TD-8558A

Required:

Steam�Generator�.................................................................. TD-8556A� �

Basic�Digital�Multimeter�(ohmmeter)�.................... SE-9786A� �

Thermal�ExpansionTD-8579A

The Rotary Motion Sensor mea-sures the change in length of the expanding tube.

Temperature (blue line), Expansion (brown line)

Now students can see the length of the rod increase on a graph as the temperature rises. In this computerized version of the PASCO Compact Thermal Expansion Apparatus, the change in rod length is measured by a Rotary Motion Sensor with a special adapter pin that turns when in contact with the expanding rod.The temperature of the rod is measured using a 10 kΩ thermistor.The included cable can be connected to either a PASPORT Temper-ature Sensor or a ScienceWorkshop Thermistor Sensor to read the temperature directly without need of a resistance-to-temperature conversion chart.

Thermal Expansion�............................................................. TD-8579A

Required:PASPORT�Interface�.............................................................................................. p.�4

Steam�Generator�.................................................................. TD-8556A� �

Temperature�Sensor........................................................... PS-2125� p.�70�

Rotary�Motion�Sensor�....................................................... PS-2120� p.�5�

Includes:Three�Sample�Tubes:�copper, brass and aluminum.

P ��Brass,�copper�and�aluminum�tubes

Built-in�ThermistorTogether with a digital ohm-meter, directly measures the temperature of the tube (not the fluid moving through it).

Resistance/Temperature�Conversion�ChartTube temperature is easily calculated from this permanently affixed chart.

Heat�with�Steam�or�WaterSteam or water at any temperature can be fed directly through the tube rather than using a troublesome water jacket.

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With PASCO’s Thermal Expansion Apparatus, students can accurately and easily investigate the expansion of metals with increasing temperature.

How It WorksMeasure the length of a metal tube at room temperature. Then vary the temperature of the tube and remeasure its length to determine the coefficient of linear expansion. The concept is simple (ΔL = αLΔT).

Input�Jacks�for�Digital�OhmmeterResistance of the 100 kΩ thermistor is proportional to the temperature of the tube.


PASCOThermodynamics – Thermal Expansion

77

Large�Scale�Thermal�ExpansionSE-7327

Includes:Four 1.5 m long plastic pipes with fittings

P �See�the�pipe�move�as�it�expandsP �Visual�proof�of�the�need�for�expansion�jointsP �Pipe�disassembles�for�storageIn most thermal expansion apparatus a micrometer is required to measure the expansion. With this apparatus the expansion is on the order of 2 cm and students can actually see it expand on, and easily calculate the coefficient of expansion for the plastic.

The assembled pipe is about six meters long and has a plate to clamp one end to a table. The clamped end has an upward turn for pouring hot water into and the free end has a downward turn for emptying into a bucket. An o-ring on the free end marks the position of the pipe. Pouring a kettle full of hot (about 80°C) water through the pipe causes it to expand about 2 cm.

Pipe�expands�over�2�cm.

Large Scale Thermal Expansion�.............................. SE-7327

Required:Large�“C”�Clamp�(6�pack)�............................................... SE-7285� p.�106�

Meter�Stick�(6�pack)�........................................................... SE-8827� p.�105�

Metric�Measuring�Tape�................................................... SE-8712A� �

Hot�or�cold�water

Hot water is poured into the funnel, and flows down the pipe.

As the hot water flows down the pipe, students can see the pipe expand.

Thermal�Expansion�HolesSE-7328

Thermal Expansion Holes�.................................................................SE-7328

Required:Pan�larger�than�the�plate

Hot�and�cold�water

P �Plate�expands�visiblyP ��Hole�diameter�increases�as�temperature�risesP �View�on�an�overhead�projectorSimilar to the classic ball and ring demonstration, the large disk ini-tially fits in the large hole with a gap showing. Then when the large disk is immersed in hot water, it expands and no longer fits into the hole. But this set has many other advantages. The expansions are large enough to see and measure with a meter stick. The large disk sitting in the hole can be put in a clear container and placed on an overhead projector so students can see the gap. Then when hot water is poured over both the disk and the sheet with the hole, students can still see the gap because both the disk and the hole are expanding.Also, the sheet has another smaller hole and a smaller disk which is slightly greater in diameter than the hole. Heating the plate causes the hole to expand and the disk will then fit into the hole. Then if the plate and the disk are allowed to cool with the disk in the hole, the disk will be stuck in the hole (although you can easily push it out).

Includes:Plate with two holesLarge diskSmall diskManual with demonstrations and experiment

Plate dimensions: 20 cm x 28 cm x 0.5 cm

12.4 cm diameter hole

12.2 cm diameter disk

7.07 cm diameter hole

7.15 cm diameter disk

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NEW NEW


PASCO Thermodynamics – Thermoelectric

78

P ��Demonstrate�the�First�Law�of��Thermodynamics

P ��Reversible

Thermoelectric�ConverterTD-8550A

FeaturesDemonstrates that a temperature differential is essential for extracting usable energyProduces electrical energy from a temperature differentialProduces a temperature differential with electrical energy15 cm tall with 6 cm diameter fan

How It WorksThe Thermoelectric Converter uses a series of semiconductor thermoelectric cells to convert thermal energy into electrical ener-gy. The output from the cells drives a small electric motor.

Heat to Electrical EnergyPlace one leg of the Thermoelectric Converter into cold water, the other into hot. The fan turns as the converter draws energy from the hot source (typically a 50°C temperature differential is required).

Electrical Energy to HeatPass a current (3 A DC at 5 V) through the Thermoelectric Converter. It acts as a “heat pump.” One leg becomes warmer while the other becomes cooler.

When a temperature differential is established between the two legs, the fan turns.

Thermoelectric Converter�..................................................TD-8550A �

Required:Containers�for�holding�hot�water,�cold�water,�etc.

Triple�Output�Power�Supply�........................................SE-8587� � �

Alcohol��Thermometer�.........................................SE-9084A� �

Energy�Transfer�–�Thermoelectric� ET-8782

P ��Fully�Functional�Heat�Pump�and�Heat�EngineP �Use�Voltage�and�Current�Sensors�to�Measure�Energy�ConversionsP �Temperature�Sensors�can�Monitor�both�Reservoir�TemperaturesP ��Models�a�Refrigeration�System

The Energy Transfer - Thermoelectric circuit board helps students better understand heat engines and heat pumps. Using a Peltier device, cooling and heating effects can be observed and measured using PASCO probeware. In addition, a cooling fan, heat sink and foam insula-tion can be used to determine their effect on the heating and cooling of the Peltier device.

Includes:Energy Transfer – Thermoelectric Circuit BoardHeat Sink

As the device is switched from heat pump to heat engine, DataStudio displays Power, Energy, Heat

Transfer, and Temperature.

Energy Transfer – Thermoelectric�....................................................................................ET-8782

Required:Power�Supply�(18�Volt�DC,�5�A)�............................................................................................SE-9720A� �

Recommended�for�use�with�PASPORT:

Voltage/Current�Sensor�.............................................................................................................PS-2115� p.�5�

Quad�Temperature�Sensor�......................................................................................................PS-2143� p.�70�

Fast�Response�Temperature�Probe�...................................................................................PS-2135� p.�70�

PASPORT�Interface�..............................................................................................................................................................p.�4

Output�PortsMeasure current and voltage in Peltier device to determine energy input.

Temperature�PortsA 10 kΩ thermistor mounted in each aluminum plate of the Peltier device is used to continuously measure temperature.

Load�ResistorsFor output efficiency

studies of the Peltier device.

Knife�SwitchUse to toggle between heat

engine and heat pump modes of

operation.Cooling�FanProvides additional heat dissipation from hot side of Peltier device.

Peltier�DeviceTwo aluminum plates are fastened to each side of the semi-con-ductor Peltier device. One plate heats while the other cools when DC current passes through the device.

Foam Insulation (2)Thermistor Temperature Cables (2)Short Patch Cords (8)

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PASCOThermodynamics – Thermoelectric

79

Thermoelectric�ConverterTD-8550A

How Peltier Devices Work

Heat PumpA Peltier device is constructed of two ceramic plates with p and n semiconductors in between. As DC current is passed through the device, one plate warms and the other plate cools and the voltage across and current through the Peltier device can be measured.

Heat EngineUsing the temperature difference across its plates, the Peltier device generates current as the plates move to an equilibrium temperature. The current and voltage generated by the Peltier device can be used with output load resistors to determine the energy generated. The generated energy can be compared to the input energy to determine appropriate efficiencies. Furthermore, the effects on efficiency when changing the load resistance or temperature difference between the plates can be examined.

Hot Side

Cold Side

Aluminum(Hot Side)

Peltier Device

Aluminum(Cold Side)

Qh

Qc

Work DCVoltage

I

I

+–

Hot Side

Cold Side

LoadResistor

I

I

Aluminum(Hot Side)

Peltier Device

Aluminum(Cold Side)

Qh

Qc

Work

Measure the real efficiency of a heat engine when operated between different temperature differentials.

P �Real�Investigation�into�Carnot�EfficiencyP �Heat�Engines�&�Heat�PumpsP �5%�Accuracy

Thermal�Efficiency�ApparatusTD-8564

The Thermal Efficiency Apparatus is a real heat engine that can be used to investigate and clarify the principles at work in Carnot’s ideal heat engine. Like Carnot’s model, it can be operated as a heat engine, converting heat into work, or operated in reverse as a heat pump, transferring heat from a cold source to a hot source. Results are typically accurate to better than 5%.

How it WorksThe key element is a Peltier device, a semiconductor that turns thermal energy into electrical energy. The device is sandwiched between two blocks of aluminum which act as the hot and cold reservoirs. One block is water-cooled using the built-in pump. The other is electrically heated. A 100 kΩ thermistor is implanted in each block so temperatures can be measured with a digital ohmmeter.

The energy supplied to this heat engine is the electrical energy used to heat the aluminum block. The heat engine does work by running a current through the load resistor. Both the energy in and the work out are easily determined by measuring currents and voltages.

To�9�VDC�Adapter(included)

Cooling�WaterIn/out ports

Load�Resistors

Thermistor�Conversion�Chart

Power�SupplyInputs for heater

Peltier�DeviceThermistor�Connections

The apparatus on these two pages use a thermoelectric Peltier device as the basis of the heat engine/heat pump system.

Typical�Experiments

Check out the experiments on the web at www.pasco.com

1. Real Efficiency vs. Temperature Difference 2. Carnot Efficiency 3. Heat Pump Coefficient of Performance 4. Thermal Conductivity 5. Load for Optimum Performance

Order Information:

Thermal Efficiency Apparatus�........................................TD-8564 Required:Basic-Digital�Multimeter(s)�(four�needed)�..............SE-9786A� � ��Triple�Output�Power�Supply�...............................................SE-8587� �or:�Two�voltmeters,�two�ammeters,�one�ohmmeter�and�a�power�supply��providing�12�VDC�@�up�to�3�A

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PASCO Thermodynamics – Radiation

80

Thermal Radiation LaboratoryTD-8855

With the Radiation Sensor, a versatile Radiation Cube and the Stefan-Boltzman Lamp, four key experiments in thermal radiation can be performed.

Students begin with a study of thermal radiation from different types of surfaces at the same temperature. The Thermal Radiation Cube has four different surfaces which can be monitored (black matte, white matte, polished aluminum and dull aluminum). The cube is heated electrically with a 100-watt bulb (its output can be varied). The thick aluminum walls assure the same temperature on all four walls to within a fraction of a degree. The Radiation Sensor provides an accurate measure of thermal radiation throughout the infrared region. Its output is a voltage that is proportional to the intensity of radiation.

Another important introductory experiment is the Inverse Square Law. The Stefan-Boltzman Lamp uses a special bulb to provide a near-perfect point source, providing accurate results.

Finally, students can verify the Stefan-Boltzman Law for both low and high temperatures using the Radiation Cube for the low temperatures and the Stefan-Boltzman Lamp for the high temperatures.

Typical Experiments

With Teacher’s Guide and Sample Data.

1. Introduction to Thermal Radiation

2. Stefan-Boltzman Law at Low Temperatures. (Rrad = σT4)

3. Inverse Square Law

4. Stefan-Boltzman Law at High Temperatures

Thermal Radiation Laboratory................................................TD-8855

Required:Basic Digital Multimeter ...............................................SE-9786A

Power Supply ........................................SF-9584B

Includes:Thermal Radiation Cube (TD-8554A)Stefan-Boltzman Lamp (TD-8555)Radiation Sensor (TD-8553)

Radiation Cans TD-8570A

(Temperature probes not included)

Radiation Cans (set of 3) .................................TD-8570A Quad Temperature Sensor .....................................PS-2143 p. 70 Temperature Probe ........................................PS-2153 PASPORT Interface ........................................p. 4

Why are car radiators black?


The Black, White, and Silver Radiation Cans are filled with hot water, and allowed to cool.


PASCOThermodynamics – Stirling Engines

81

Glass Stirling EngineSE-8636

“Visible” Stirling Engine

A Stirling Engine is a straightforward, prac-tical example of a heat engine. A piston coupled to a foam air displacer shuffles air back and forth between hot and cold reservoirs. The expansion and contraction of air as it is heated and cooled drives the engine.

This “Visible” Stirling Engine will run while sitting on top of an ice bath, a hot coffee mug or even a dish of ice cream. It provides a vivid demonstration of the thermodynamics of a Stirling Engine.

P Runs on 4˚CΔTP Ultra-low

Friction

Low Delta-T Stirling EngineSE-8576A

The SE-8576A Stirling Engine runs on the heat from a warm hand (approximately a 4 °C differential from room temperature). This beautifully made engine featuring high precision components, low- friction graphite piston, ball bearings and counter-weighted cranks will amaze students. When it’s not used in class, teachers can set it on the back of their computer moni-tor and explain thermodynamics to stu-dents who come into their office.

Stirling EngineSE-8562

This sturdy engine is manufactured com-pletely from precision-machined metal parts. Simply add a little alcohol (denatured is recommended— do not use “rubbing” alcohol) for fuel and a match.

The included book, Stirling Cycle Engines, includes over 100 pages of history, illustra-tions and descriptions of the operation of various Stirling engines.

FeaturesEasily Visible: All movable parts are clearly visible for a more in-depth demonstration

Small Temperature Differences: Runs on temperature differentials as low as 20 °C

Flexible Piston: Piston is a grey siliconerubber diaphragm that moves so students can see the air expand and contract

“Visible” Stirling Engine .......................................................SE-8575

Low Delta-T Stirling Engine ...................................SE-8576A

Visible Stirling Engine Kit .................................................. SE-8590 Glass Stirling Engine ....................... SE-8636

Visible Stirling Engine KitSE-8590

See the pistons at work. Look inside the glass cylinders at the Stirling Cycle prin-ciple in action. This engine is extremely interesting to watch, is well built, and runs at speeds up to 1500 RPM. To illustrate the versatility of a Stirling Engine, we provide a burner for denatured alcohol and a platform for solid fuel. A sample quantity of ESBIT dry fuel is supplied with the engine as well.

Both cylinders are transparent so the action of the pistons can be viewed.

Features:Gyro-quality ball bearingsMachined flywheelAluminum cooling finsReplaceable,adjustable Pyrex® heat capReplaceable Pyrex® power cylinderDual fuel capabilitySolid hardwood platformCompletely assembled and ready to run

Specifications: 9” length x 4” height x 6” width.

This kit includes all the parts and instruc-tions to build the Visible Stirling Engine SE-8575 shown above. No machining is required. Some common hand tools and glue are required but not included.

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NEW

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Stirling Engine ...................................SE-8562

Required: Denatured Alcohol

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SE-8575


PASCO Thermodynamics – Heat Engine

82

Heat Engine Efficiency

The built-in temperature ports of the Xplorer GLX monitor the Hot and Cold water baths, the Rotary Motion Sensor measures the position of the Heat Engine piston, and the pressure of the air inside the Heat Engine is measured using the Dual Pressure Sensor. The graph is drawn in real time on the Xplorer GLX screen as the heat engine is taken through its cycle.

P Measure the actual efficiency of a real heat engine, and bring the concept of P-V diagrams to life.

PASCO Heat Engine: Extracts heat from a large hot-water reservoir and does work to lift a weight.

�Real-time Graph: The heat engine cycle is traced on aPressure vs. Volume graph as the engine goes through each part of its cycle, closing the cycle as waste heat is exhausted to the ice-water reservoir.

�Heat Engine Efficiency: Students compare the area inside the P-V cycle to the actual work done lifting the weight, and see how the efficiency of this heat engine compares to the theoretical maximum.

Cold Bath

Rotary Motion Sensor

Hot Bath

200 g Mass

Heat Engine

Xplorer GLX®

Dual Pressure Sensor

Air Chamber

Graphite PistonUltra-Low Friction

Temperature Sensors

See page 105 for mass sets, page 107 for bases and support rods.

Heat Engine ..................................TD-8572 Rotary Motion Sensor ...........PS-2120 p. 5 Dual Pressure Sensor ...........PS-2181 p. 5 Xplorer GLX ..................................PS-2002 p. 4 3-liter Plastic Container Set ..............................ME-7559

When the air chamber is moved from the cold water bath to the hot bath, the piston moves up and lifts the 200 g mass, doing work. The mass is removed, and then the air chamber is returned to the cold bath, creating an isobaric/isothermal cycle.

The DataStudio® graph above shows an isobaric/isothermal heat engine cycle operating between a cold water bath at 0.5°C and a hot water bath at 53.0°C.

Give meaning to the abstract drawing of a heat engine cycle and let your students see the connection to the real world.

Cold Reservoir(Ice water bath)

Hot Reservoir(Hot water bath)

Q c Q h

Heat Engine(Air filled cylinder with piston)

Tc Th

Work(Lifting Mass)

Includes:Heat EngineAir ChamberRubber Stoppers (one and two hole)Tubing with Quick Connect FittingsShut-off Valve and One-way Valve

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PASCOThermodynamics – Heat Engine

83

Pascal’s Principal is demonstrated by connecting two pistons of different diameters.

More weight is required on the bigger piston to balance the weight on the smaller piston.

Shown with TD-8572 Heat Engine.

Small Piston Heat EngineTD-8592

P Small Piston (8.1 mm dia.) is More Sensitive to Pressure and Temperature Changes

P Connect to Heat Engine to Study Pascal’s Principle

The Small Piston Heat Engine features a piston with one-quarter the surface area of the original Heat Engine (TD-8572). It includes the same high-quality Pyrex cylinder and low-friction graphite piston. In addition, the Quick Connect ports allow the two heat engines to be used with one another or with the same set of accessories.

Includes:Small Piston Heat EngineAir Chamber with Rubber StopperPlastic Tubing with Quick-Connect Fittings

Typical Applications Investigate Pascal’s Principle Demonstrate a Real-Time Heat Engine Cycle

Small Piston Heat Engine ............................................................................ TD-8592

Thermobile Nitinol Heat EngineSE-9089

The Thermobile is a Nitinol wire (memory wire) loop around two wheels. Nitinol (nickel-titanium) wire is called memory wire because it returns to its original shape when heated. In this case, the wire has been programmed by holding it in a straight line while heating it to a high temperature. After cooling, the straight wire was wrapped around the two pulleys.

When the brass wheel is immersed in hot water, the wheels will begin to turn. When the brass wheel heats up, the wire in contact with it is heated, and tries to straighten out. When the wheel is spinning, the wire on one side of the wheel is hotter and bows out more than the other end. This results in an unbalanced torque on the wheel, causing it to turn.

P Simple Heat Engine Based on Nitinol Memory Wire

P Instructions Included

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Thermobile Nitinol Heat Engine .................................................SE-9089

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Thermobile Heat Engine includes instruction manual and storage box.

NEW

compression igniter constant volume gas …...tially in the sphere. the slopes of the two graphs...

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