comprehensive exam presentation slides
DESCRIPTION
Slides from my comprehensive exam presentation on October 30, 2008.TRANSCRIPT
Synaptic noise and motor unit discharge during voluntary contractions
performed by young and old adults
Michael Pascoe, M.S.
• Motor unit anatomy
• Motor unit physiology
• Intrinsic properties
• Discharge characteristics
• Synaptic noise
• Changes with healthy aging
Outline
Motor unit discharge
Intrinsic properties
Synaptic input
Muscle force
Characteristics
Noise
• Motor unit anatomy
• Motor unit physiology
• Intrinsic properties
• Discharge characteristics
• Synaptic noise
• Changes with healthy aging
Outline
Motor unit
Motor unit pool
range: 10-1,500
Innervation number
range: 10-3,000
• Motor unit anatomy
• Motor unit physiology
• Intrinsic properties
• Discharge characteristics
• Synaptic noise
• Changes with healthy aging
Outline
• Motor unit anatomy
• Motor unit physiology
• Intrinsic properties
• Discharge characteristics
• Synaptic noise
• Changes with healthy aging
Outline
Input resistanceI (nA)
+2
+1
-80 -70 -50 -40
-1
-2
Vm (mV)
Hyperpolarization Depolarization
Inw
ard
Out
war
d
∆V = IRin
Rin = I∆V
Rheobase current
Time (ms)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Voltage threshold
Mem
bran
e po
tent
ial (
mV
)
0
-20
-40
-60Resting membrane
potential
0
4
8
Cur
rent
(nA
)Rheobase
Accommodation
Burke & Nelson 1971
50 mV
5 nA
50 ms 50 ms
4 nA/ms44 nA11 ms
0.2 nA/ms63 nA
306 ms
Afterhyperpolarization period
50
0
-50Mem
bran
e po
tent
ial (
mV)
Afterhyperpolarizationperiod
Times (ms)0 10 100
• Motor unit anatomy
• Motor unit physiology
• Intrinsic properties
• Discharge characteristics
• Synaptic noise
• Changes with healthy aging
Outline
Control of muscle force
(1) Recruitment
Action potentials
ForceA
B
(2) Rate coding
Size principle
∆V = IRin
EPSP thresholdRest
0
Em
∆V
Interneuron
ISyn
Diameter
Rin
Diameter
Rin
Em
0
Rest
EPSP
Actionpotential
threshold∆V
Minimal and maximal discharge rates
Force
Van Cutsem et al. 1997
Discharge rate variability
• Motor unit anatomy
• Motor unit physiology
• Intrinsic properties
• Discharge characteristics
• Synaptic noise
• Changes with healthy aging
Outline
Synaptic noise
Motor neuron
Axon hillock
InputISI
Vt
Vm
• Motor unit anatomy
• Motor unit physiology
• Intrinsic properties
• Discharge characteristics
• Synaptic noise
• Changes with healthy aging
Outline
Healthy Aging
! Disability & Loss of
Independence
" Motor Unit
# Motor Performance
" Muscle Control
Outline
• Changes with healthy aging
• Motor unit anatomy
• Motor unit physiology
• Intrinsic properties
• Discharge characteristics
Motor neuron number decreases with age
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100
Age (years)
Lim
b m
otor
neu
rons
in t
hous
ands
Tomlinson & Irving 1977
Motor unit remodeling
Motor unit remodeling
Motor unit remodeling
Fewer motor unitsLarger innervation number
Innervation number increases with age
0
400
800
1,200
1,600
2,000
0 10 20 30 40 50
Young Adults Old Adults
EMG
Am
plitu
de (μV
)
Recruitment Threshold (% Max force)Masakado et al. 1994
Outline
• Changes with healthy aging
• Motor unit anatomy
• Motor unit physiology
• Intrinsic properties
• Discharge characteristics
Input resistance increases with age
Study Young Old ∆
Chase et al. 1985 1.0 ± 0.6 1.6 ± 1.0 + 37%
Morales et al. 1987 1.0 ± 0.6 1.4 ± 0.8 + 29%
Kalmar et al. 2008 1.5 ± 0.7 2.3 ± 1.3 + 50%
values given in MΩ
Rheobase current decreases with age
Study Young Old ∆
Morales et al. 1987 13.7 ± 8.9 11.0 ± 7.7 - 20%
Kalmar et al. 2008 11.2 ± 5.0 8.04 ± 3.9 - 29%
values given in nA
Afterhyperpolarization period
Study Model ∆ w/ Age
Morales et al. 1987 Cat lumbar ↔
Engelhardt et al. 1989 Cat lumbar ↑
Cameron et al. 1991 Cat phrenic ↓
Kalmar et al. 2008 Rat lumbar ↑
Piotrkiewicz et al. 2007 Human biceps brachii ↑
Outline
• Changes with healthy aging
• Motor unit anatomy
• Motor unit physiology
• Intrinsic properties
• Discharge characteristics
Recruitment and rate coding with age
• Greater proportion of lower recruitment threshold motor units
• Upper limit is reduced
• (90% in young to 64% in old)
• Size principle still holds
Klass et al. 2002, 2008
Recruitment and rate coding with age
Muscle force (%Max)Barry et al. 2007
Discharge rate variability
• Greater in old adults
• Similar in young and old
• When individual motor units are tracked there are no differences
• These studies used brief contractions and perhaps differences can be seen during longer duration contractions
• Movement is produced by varying the number of active motor units and the rate at which they discharge action potentials
• Features of motor unit anatomy, physiology, and synaptic noise influence the output of motor units
Summary
Summary (cont’d)• With healthy aging there are reductions in the
performance of the motor system that imply changes in motor units
• Anatomy: reduced number of motor units, and an increased innervation number
• Intrinsic properties: increased input resistance and decreased rheobase current
• Discharge characteristics: greater proportion of lower threshold motor units, a reduced upper limit of recruitment, and reduced maximal discharge rates
Conclusions
• Changes in motor unit properties are associated with reductions in muscle force control
• Reduced ability to control muscle force can lead to an increased disability and loss of independence
Thank you