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lines at the most. 3. The Objectives/Hypothesis: A bulleted list works nicely for this section. 4. The Introduction gives a brief background of the topic you are presenting. The reader should

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- summarises the findings, - discuss future directions

A bulleted list works well for this section 8. The references should be limited to no more than 10 citations (less if possible!). 9. Additional tips: Be: - brief - simple - eye-catching Use few words and LARGE PRINT. The audience should understand rapidly: - what was done, - why it was done - what was found by examining the poster from at least five feet away and within two minutes of time without an oral explanation. Summary diagrams may help.

• Standardize all nomenclature and define all abbreviations. Avoid excessive use of abbreviations. • Choose your very nicest and most significant pictures • Avoid dark or patterned backgrounds which make the poster difficult to read. • Tables (if any) should only contain the most important information. • A poster is usually be on the A0 format. Arrange your poster so the information flow and the sequence can be easily followed.

Bever Gr. Dixence Davos Adelboden Huttwil Bern Scha�hausen Basel Sion

Temperature

Drought

The model:

The study locations:

The results:

- Is paramterized for 30 species in Europe - climate sensitive - mechanistic

ForClim

An environmental gradient across Switzerland

Dynamizing tree height growth improves the simulation of forest productivity under climate change

L. Rasche, L. Fahse & H. BugmannForest Ecology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland

In gap models like ForClim maximum treeheight is a �xed species-speci�c parameter

We converted this parameter to a site-speci�c variable that is adjusted based

on drought and degree days

Model improvement:

The conclusions:

As a consequence, on cold and dry sitestrees do not grow as fast

and tall as before

Model application:

Productivitychanges

from currentto future**

climate

subalpine montane/submontane colline

Simulates tree - growth - mortality - establishmenton several small patches of land

The main question:How will climate change in�uence forest productivity in Switzerland?

may rise strongly in the subalpine zone

may stay rougly constant in themontane/submontane zone

may decrease strongly in thecolline zone

Forest productivity

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Mea

n ba

sal a

rea

incr

emen

t [m

/ ha

*a]

Bever Davos Huttwil Schaffh. SionGr.Dixence Adelboden Bern Basel

new model versionold model version

2

** A1B scenario, IPCC AR4

Changing the species-speci�c parameter maximum height to a site-speci�c variable

showed that changes in forest productivity may be more severe thanpreviously thought (b)

improved model performance (a)

Model performance test:

Comparison ofsimulated and measured biomass

a)

b)

* 3rd Swiss National forest inventory

100

200

300

400

Bio

mas

s [t/

ha]

measured*new model version

Bever Davos Huttwil Schaffh. SionGr.Dixence Adelboden Bern Basel

old model versionstandard deviation

Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyReferencesAjzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.Rogers, R. W., & Prentice-Dunn, S. (1997). Protection motivation theory. In D. S. Gochman (Ed.), Handbook of health behavior research I:

personal and social determinants (pp. 113-123). New York: Plenum Press.

Environmental Hazard: When Drinking Water is Poisonous Personal, Social, and Structural Factors Influencing the Use of Arsenic-Safe Deep Tubewells in Bangladesh

Jennifer Inauen and Hans-Joachim MoslerEawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology

Contact: jennifer.inauen@eawag.ch

I. Abstract

Data analysisMultiple linear regressions.

Dependent variable Proportion of drinking water from deep tubewells.

Independent variables Personal, social, and situational factors.

VI. Implications for practice VII. Mitigating geogenic contamination

V. Personal, social, and structural factors influencing the use of deep tubewells

Self-efficacy

Descriptive norm(DTW used by others)

Injunctive norm(others think neg. about

DTW users)

Taste of the water from the shallow well

Quantity of deep tubewell water used

.184*

.382***

-.147*

-.193**

Adj. R2 = .582***

Not significant factors in this model:Time, reservations about using deep tubewells / shallow tubewells, thinking positively about deep tubewell users, social benefit / response cost, easy accessibility, perceived healthiness of shallow tubewell water, taste of deep tubewell water.

• Social interventions should be at the core of campaigns: target families, and neighbors.

• Increase self-efficacy, e.g. by demonstrating that deep tubewells are easy to use.

• Emphasize the good taste of deep tubewell water.

• Novel behaviors always face barriers.• The Protection Motivation Theory (Rogers & Prentice-Dunn, 1997), and

the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) propose different factorsto influence people’s protective behaviors.

• These factors can be grouped into personal, social, and structural factors:

• In Bangladesh, millions of people drink arsenic-contaminated water.

• We hypothesized that different factors derived from psychological theories influence the use of arsenic-free deep tubewells.

• Social factors emerged as the most influential determinants of using deep tubewells.

• This research is part of an ongoing inter-, and transdisciplinary project – Water Resource Quality (WRQ).

• WRQ aims at building a framework to tackle geogenic contamination.

• See more at http://www.wrq.eawag.ch/index_EN

II. Arsenic in groundwater

Health effects of chronic arsenic exposure: arsenicosis

Prevention: arsenic-safe

deep tubewells

Deep tubewells provide safe water by tapping deeper,

arsenic-free aquifers.

• Arsenic contamination of ground-water is a global health threat.

• In Bangladesh, app. 20 million people drink water from arsenic-contaminated shallow tubewells.

• Skin lesions, cardiovascular diseases, cancer.

III. Determinants of protective behavior IV. Methods

• Sreenagar, Bangladesh

• N = 222 households

• Face-to-face interviews

• Structured questionnaire

Data collection

• Social influences are the most important predictors of deep tubewell use.

• More deep tubewell water is used,

• the more people feel confident in their ability to use deep tubewells,

• the more favorable descriptive, and injunctive norms, and

• the less tasty people perceive water from shallow tubewells.

Figure 1. Arsenic-contaminated shallow tubewell.

Figure 2. Skin lesions. Figure 3. Construction of an arsenic-safe deep tubewell.

Figure 5. Face-to-face interview, rural Bangladesh.

Figure 4. Personal, social, and structural factors proposed to influence deep tubewell use.

Figure 6. Multiple linear regression (n = 176): personal, social, and structural factors predicting the quantity of deep tubewell water used for drinking.Note. DTW = deep tubewell.

Figure 7. Group discussion as an intervention.

Protective

behavior

Personal factors:

Structural factors:

Social factors:

• Self-efficacy• Perceived barriers• Perceived benefit

• Descriptive norm• Injunctive norm• Social benefits / costs

• Accessibility• Time• Taste

Which factors influence the use of arsenic-safe deep tubewells?