complex orthogonal space-time processing in wireless communicatio
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Orthogonal Space-time Processing in Wireless CommunicationTRANSCRIPT
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University of WollongongResearch Online
University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections
2006
Complex orthogonal space-time processing inwireless communicationsLe Chung TranSECTE, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia, [email protected]
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Recommended CitationTran, Le Chung, Complex orthogonal space-time processing in wireless communications, PhD thesis, School of Electrical, Computerand Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, 2006. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/506
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A THESISENTITLED
Complex Orthogonal Space-Time ProcessingIn Wireless Communications
Submitted to theUniversity of Wollongong
in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy
Le Chung Tran
Bachelor of Telecommunication Engineering (First Class Honours)Hanoi University of Communication and Transportation, Vietnam,
1997
Master of Telecommunication EngineeringHanoi University of Technology, Vietnam, 2000
Australia, May 3, 2006
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To my family and PTH&
To my supervisors
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Abstract
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission has recently emerged as one
of the most significant technical breakthroughs in modern communication with a
chance to resolve the bottleneck of traffic capacity in the future wireless networks.
Communication theories show that MIMO systems can provide potentially a very
high capacity that, in many cases, grows approximately linearly with the number of
antennas.
Space-time processing is the main feature of MIMO systems. Space-Time Codes
(STCs) are the codes designed for the use in MIMO systems. Among a variety
of STCs, orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (STBCs) possess a much simpler
decoding method over other STCs. Because of that, this thesis examinesorthogonal
STBCs in MIMO systems. Furthermore, Complex Orthogonal STBCs (CO STBCs)
aremainly considered in this thesis since they can be used for PSK/QAM modulation
schemes, and therefore, are more practical than real STBCs.
The thesis starts with the backgrounds on MIMO systems and their capacity, on
STBCs, and on some conventional transmission diversity techniques. These back-
grounds are essential for the readers to overview the up-to-date scenario of the issues
related to this thesis.
After reviewing the state of the art of the issues related to this thesis and indicating
the gaps in the literature, the thesis proposes three newmaximum rate, order-8 CO
STBCs. These new CO STBCs are amenable to practical implementations because
they allow for a more uniform spread of power among the transmitter antennas, while
providing better performance than other conventional codes of order 8 for the same
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Abstract iii
peak power per transmitter antenna.
Based on the new proposed CO STBCs, multi-modulation schemes (MMSs) are pro-
posed to increase the information transmission rate of those new codes of order 8.
Simulation results show that, for the same MMSs and the same peak power per
transmitter antenna, the three new codes provide better error performance than the
conventional CO STBCs of the same order 8. In addition, the method to evaluate
the optimal inter-symbol power allocation in the proposed codes in single modula-
tion as well as in different MMSs for both Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN)
and flat Rayleigh fading channels is proposed. It turns out that, for some modulation
schemes, equal power transmission per symbol time slot is not only optimal from the
technical point of view, but also optimal in terms of achieving the best symbol er-
ror probability. The MMSs, which increase the information transmission rate of CO
STBCs, and the method to examine the optimal power allocation for multi-modulated
CO STBCs mentioned here can be easily generalized for CO STBCs of other orders.
Constructions ofsquare, maximum rate CO STBCs are well known. However, codes
constructed via the known methods include numerous zeros, which impede their
practical implementation, especially in high data rate systems. This disadvantage
is partially overcome by the three new CO STBCs of order 8 mentioned above. Nev-
ertheless, these codes still contain zeros which are undesirable or the design method
is neither generalnor easy yet.
By modifying the Williamson and the Wallis-Whiteman arraysto apply to complex
matrices, we discover two construction methods ofsquare, order-4n CO STBCs from
square, order-n codes. Applying the proposed methods, we constructsquare, max-
imum rate, order-8 CO STBCs with no zeros, such that the transmitted symbols
equally disperse through transmitter antennas. These codes have the advantages that
the power is equally transmitted via each transmitter antenna during every symbol
time slot and that a lower peak power per transmitter antennais required to achieve
the same bit error rates as in the conventional CO STBCs with zeros.
The combination of CO STBCs and a closed loop transmission diversity technique
using a feedback loop has received a considerable attentionin the literature since it
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Abstract iv
allows us to improve performance of wireless communicationchannels with coherent
detection. The thesis proposes an improved diversity Antenna Selection Technique
(AST), referred to as the(N + 1, N ;K) AST/STBC scheme, to improve further the
performance of such channels. Calculations and simulations show that our technique
performs well, especially, when it is combined with the Alamouti code [7].
While the combination between STBCs and a closed loop transmission diversity
technique in the case ofcoherent detection has been intensively considered in the
literature, it seems to be missing for the case ofdifferential detection. The thesis thus
proposes two ASTs for wireless channels utilizing Differential Space-Time Block
Codes (DSTBCs), referred to as the AST/DSTBC schemes. Thesetechniques im-
prove significantly the performance of wireless channels using DSTBCs (withdiffer-
ential detection).
The proposed AST/DSTBC schemes work very well in independent, flat Rayleigh
fading channels as well as in the case of perfect carrier recovery. Does this conclusion
still hold in the case of correlated, flat Rayleigh fading channels or in the case of
imperfect carrier recovery?
To answer this question, first, we propose here a very general, straightforward algo-
rithm for generation of anarbitrary number of Rayleigh envelopes with eitherequal
or unequal power, in wireless channels eitherwith or without Doppler frequency shift
effects. The proposed algorithm can be applied to the case ofspatial correlation,
such as with antenna arrays in Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems, or
spectral correlation between the random processes like in Orthogonal Frequency Di-
vision Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It can also be used for generating correlated
Rayleigh fading envelopes in eitherdiscrete-time instants or a real-time scenario.
The proposed algorithm is not onlymore generalized and more precise, but also
overcome all shortcomings of the conventional methods.
Based on the proposed algorithm, the performance of our AST/DSTBC techniques
proposed for systems utilizing DSTBCs in spatially correlated, flat Rayleigh fad-
ing channels is analyzed. Finally, the thesis examines the effect of imperfect car-
rier phase/frequency recovery at the receiver on the bit error performance of our
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Abstract v
AST/DSTBC schemes. The tolerance of differential detection associated with the
proposed ASTs to phase/frequency errors is then analyzed. These analyses show that
our ASTs not only work well in independent, flat Rayleigh fading channels as well
as in the case of perfect carrier recovery, but also are very robust in correlated, flat
Rayleigh fading channels as well as in the case of imperfect carrier recovery.
The thesis is concluded with useful recommendations on the issues examined here
and with a number of future research directions.
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Statement of Originality
This is to certify that the work described in this thesis is entirely my own, except
where due reference is made in the text.
No work in this thesis has been submitted for a degree to any other university or
institution.
Signed
Le Chung Tran
May 3, 2006
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Acknowledgments
I would like to sincerely thank my supervisors, Asso. Prof. Tadeusz A. Wysocki,
Prof. Jennifer Seberry and Prof. Alfred Mertins, who, with their great talents and
excellent expertise, have efficiently guided me as well as greatly supported me in a
very tough studying way towards the PhD degree. They have notonly supported me
in specialistic field, but also helped me to cope with difficulties in my daily life. I am
also indebted to Dr. Beata J. Wysocki, who has encouraged andhelped me to study
well. I would like to thank them for the enlightenment gainedby our collaborations
on papers, book chapters and projects.
I am grateful to various colleagues who have enhanced my understandings of the
subject, in particular to Assistant Prof. Sarah A. Spence, Dr. T. Xia, and Y. Zhao.
I would like to thank my family, especially, my parents and myPTH who have been
supporting me to achieve this degree. Without them, I would not have been success-
ful.
Last but not least, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all lecturers, officers,
assistants and colleagues in the School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunica-
tions Engineering as well as in the Telecommunications and Information Technology
Research Center - TITR - who have helped and assisted me to study well during the
time in the University of Wollongong, Australia.
The School of Electrical, Computer and TelecommunicationsEngineering, the Uni-
versity of Wollongong and TITR are really my second home withrespectable people
and with wonderful memories.
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Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Overview of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Contributions of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Publications Based on the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Literature Review 12
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Wireless Communications . . . . . 13
2.2.1 MIMO System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.2 Capacity of Additive White Gaussian Noise Channels withFixed Channel Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.3 Capacity of Flat Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3 Space-Time Block Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.1 Real Orthogonal Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.2 Complex Orthogonal Designs - CODs . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4 Transmission Diversity Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
2.4.1 Classification of Transmission Diversity Techniques. . . . 49
2.4.2 Spatial Diversity Combining Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.4.3 Transmit Diversity Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
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CONTENTS ix
2.5 Research Problems Considered in the Thesis and Conclusion . . . . 56
3 New Square, Complex Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes for EightTransmitter Antennas 60
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.2 New Complex Orthogonal Designs of Order Eight . . . . . . . . .. 61
3.3 Decoding Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.4 Choice of Signal Constellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
3.5 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4 Multi-Modulation Schemes to Achieve Higher Data Rate 76
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.2 Two New Complex Orthogonal STBCs For Eight Transmitter Antennas 80
4.3 MMSs to Increase the Data Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.4 Optimal Inter-Symbol Power Allocation in Single Modulation and inMMSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.4.1 AWGN Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.4.2 Flat Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.5 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5 Two Novel Construction Classes for Improved, Square CO STBCs 100
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.2 Definitions and Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.3 Design Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.4 Examples of Maximum Rate, Square, Order-8 CO STBCs with NoZero Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
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CONTENTS x
5.5 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6 Transmitter Diversity Antenna Selection Techniques for MIMO Systems121
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.2 Improved Antenna Selection Technique for Wireless Channels Uti-lizing STBCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.2.1 Theoretical Basis of Antenna Selection in Wireless ChannelsUsing STBCs with Coherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.2.2 The(N + 1, N ;K) AST/STBC Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.2.3 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.3 Transmitter Diversity Antenna Selection Techniques for WirelessChannels Utilizing DSTBCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.3.1 Reviews on DSTBCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.3.2 Definitions, Notations and Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.3.3 Basis of Transmitter Antenna Selection for Channels UsingDSTBCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.3.4 The General(M,N ;K) AST/DSTBC Scheme for ChannelsUtilizing DSTBCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.3.5 The Restricted(M,N ;K) AST/DSTBC Scheme . . . . . . 147
6.3.6 Spatial Diversity Order of the Proposed ASTs . . . . . . . .149
6.3.7 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
6.4 Discussions and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7 Performance of Diversity Antenna Selection Techniques in ImperfectChannels 160
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
7.2 A Generalized Algorithm for the Generation of Correlated RayleighFading Envelopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
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CONTENTS xi
7.2.1 Shortcomings of Conventional Methods . . . . . . . . . . . 162
7.2.2 Fading Correlation as Functions of Time Delay and Fre-quency Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.2.3 Fading Correlation as Functions of Spatial Separation in An-tenna Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
7.2.4 Generalized Algorithm to Generate Correlated, FlatRayleigh Fading Envelopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.2.5 Generation of Correlated Rayleigh Envelopes in a Real-TimeScenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.2.6 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.3 Performance of Diversity Antenna Selection Techniquesin Corre-lated, Flat Rayleigh Fading Channels Using DSTBCs . . . . . . . .188
7.3.1 AST/DSTBC Schemes in Correlated, Flat Rayleigh FadingChannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.3.2 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
7.4 Effect of Imperfect Carrier Recovery on the Performanceof the Di-versity Antenna Selection Techniques in Wireless ChannelsUtilizingDSTBCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.4.1 Effect of Phase Errors on the Performance of the ProposedAntenna Selection Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
7.4.2 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
7.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
8 Conclusion 208
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
8.2 Main Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
8.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
8.4 Future Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Bibliography 216
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CONTENTS xii
A Symbol Error Probability of M-ary PSK Signals in Flat Rayleigh FadingChannels 229
B Proof of the Decision Metrics for Unitary DSTBCs 231
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List of Figures
1.1 History and main milestones of STBCs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Structure of the thesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 The diagram of MIMO systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Capacity of MIMO systems with one Rx antenna (Multi-InputSingle-Output (MISO) systems) in fast or block flat Rayleighfad-ing channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Capacity of MIMO systems with one Tx antenna (Single-InputMulti-Output (SIMO) systems) in fast or block flat Rayleigh fadingchannels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Capacity of MIMO systems with equal numbers of Tx and Rx anten-nas in fast or block flat Rayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . .. 23
2.5 Space-time block encoding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.6 Selection combining method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.7 Scanning combining method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.8 Conventional baseband MRC technique using two receiverantennas. 54
2.9 Alamouti code vs. transmission without coding with QPSKmodula-tion and 8 PSK modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.1 A conventional COD of order eight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.2 CodeZ2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3 CodeZ3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.4 CodeZ4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
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LIST OF FIGURES xiv
3.5 The performance of codeZ2 compared to that of the conventionalcodeZ1 in Rayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.6 The performance of codeZ3 compared to that of the conventionalcodeZ1 in Rayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.7 The performance of codeZ4 compared to that of the conventionalcodeZ1 in Rayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.1 Two new CO STBCs proposed for eight transmitter antennas. . . . . 81
4.2 8 QAM signal constellation and bit mapping scheme. . . . . .. . . 82
4.3 SER vs. r in single modulation and MMSs depending on inAWGN channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.4 SER vs. with the inter-symbol power ratior=2 forC1, r=4 forC2and with the optimal valuesropt in AWGN channels. . . . . . . . . 88
4.5 SER vs. r in single modulation and MMSs depending on in flatRayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.6 SER vs. with the inter-symbol power ratior=2 forC1, r=4 forC2and with the optimal valuesropt in flat Rayleigh fading channels. . . 92
4.7 Comparison between the proposed codes and the conventional one in[87] in AWGN channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.8 Bit error performance of the codeC1 with different MMSs in AWGNchannels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.9 Bit error performance of the codeC2 with different MMSs in AWGNchannels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.10 Comparison between the proposed codes and the conventional one in[87] in flat Rayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.11 Bit error performance of the codeC1 with different MMSs in flatRayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.12 Bit error performance of the codeC2 with different MMSsin flatRayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.1 The performance of the proposed code in (5.32), comparedto theconventional codeZ1 and the proposed codesZ2, Z3, Z4 in Chapter 3. 118
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LIST OF FIGURES xv
6.1 The diagram of the(N + 1, N ;K) AST/STBC scheme. . . . . . . . 127
6.2 The proposed structure of the feedback information for channels us-ing STBCs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.3 The flow chart of the proposed(N + 1, N ;K) AST/STBC scheme. 129
6.4 BER vs. SNR for the Alamouti code and the Tarokh codeG4 [81]with and without antenna selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.5 Transmission of DSTBCs (a) without and (b) with the antenna selec-tion technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.6 The general (M,N ;K) AST/DSTBC scheme for systems usingDSTBCs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.7 Some examples of the transmitter antenna grouping for (a)the restricted (4,2;K) AST/DSTBC, (b) therestricted (3,2;K)AST/DSTBC and (c) therestricted (5,4;K) AST/DSTBC. . . . . . . 148
6.8 The Alamouti DSTBC with thegeneral (3,2;1) AST/DSTBC and therestricted (3,2;1) AST/DSTBC schemes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.9 Square, order-4, unitary DSTBC with thegeneral (5,4;1)AST/DSTBC and therestricted (5,4;1) AST/DSTBC schemes. . . . 156
7.1 Model to examine the spatial correlation between transmitter antennas.165
7.2 Model of a Rayleigh generator for an individual Rayleighenvelopecorresponding to a desirednormalized autocorrelation function. . . 179
7.3 Model for generatingN Rayleigh fading envelopes corresponding toa desirednormalized autocorrelation function in a real-time scenario. 182
7.4 Example of three equal power,spectrally correlated Rayleigh fadingenvelopes with GSM specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.5 Example of three equal power,spatially correlated Rayleigh fadingenvelopes with GSM specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7.6 Example of three equal power,spectrally correlated Rayleigh fadingenvelopes with IEEE 802.11a (OFDM) specifications. . . . . . . .. 187
7.7 Example of three equal power,spatially correlated Rayleigh fadingenvelopes with a not positive semi-definite covariance matrix. . . . . 188
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LIST OF FIGURES xvi
7.8 Histograms of Rayleigh fading envelopes produced by theproposedalgorithm in the four examples along with a Rayleigh PDF whereg
2
j= 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.9 Computational effort comparison between the method in [73] and theproposed algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.10 Proposed (3,2;1) AST/DSTBC schemes in correlated Rayleigh fad-ing channels corresponding to the set1 of covariance matrices. . . 193
7.11 Proposed (3,2;1) AST/DSTBC schemes in correlated Rayleigh fad-ing channels corresponding to the set2 of covariance matrices. . . 194
7.12 Proposed (4,2;1) AST/DSTBC schemes in correlated Rayleigh fad-ing channels corresponding to the set1 of covariance matrices. . . 195
7.13 Proposed (4,2;1) AST/DSTBC schemes in correlated Rayleigh fad-ing channels corresponding to the set2 of covariance matrices. . . 196
7.14 The effect of imperfect phase recovery on the performance of theAlamouti DSTBC without our ASTs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
7.15 The effect of imperfect phase recovery on the performance of thegeneral (3,2;1) AST/DSTBC scheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
7.16 The effect of imperfect phase recovery on the performance of thegeneral (4,2;1) AST/DSTBC scheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
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List of Tables
2.1 Some typical values ofpmin (orA(1, n)) for thefull-rate, real STBCs. 31
2.2 The maximum number of variables and the maximum rates ofsquare, real STBCs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3 The maximum number of variables and the maximum rates ofsquareCO STBCs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4 The maximum possible rates ofnon-square CO STBCs. . . . . . . . 39
2.5 The maximum number of variables ofnon-square CO STBCs. . . . 40
2.6 The optimal delay ofnon-square CO STBCs with the maximum pos-sible rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.7 Normalized channel capacity for several values of transmitter andreceiver antenna numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.1 Number of variables in an amicable pair withn = 8 [35] . . . . . . 62
3.2 Decision metrics for decoding codeZ1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.3 Decision metrics for decoding codeZ2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.4 Decision metrics for decoding codeZ3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.5 Decision metrics for decoding codeZ4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.1 Mapping rules for the symbolss1 ands2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.2 Mapping rules for the symbolss3 ands4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.3 The optimality of power allocation in single modulationand MMSsin AWGN channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
xvii
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LIST OF TABLES xviii
4.4 The optimality of power allocation in single modulationand MMSsin flat Rayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.1 The average processing time reduction of the proposed(N+1, N ;K)AST/STBC technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.2 Comparison between the proposed(N + 1, N ;K) AST/STBC andthe technique proposed in [51]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.3 SNR gains (dB) of the general (3,2;1) AST/DSTBC and the restricted(3,2;1) AST/DSTBC in the channel using Alamouti DSTBC. . . . .155
6.4 SNR gains (dB) of the proposed (5,4;1) AST/DSTBC schemesin thechannel using square, order-4, unitary DSTBC. . . . . . . . . . . .157
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List of Abbreviations
3G Third Generation wireless technology
3GPP The Third Generation Partnership Project
AOD Amicable Orthogonal Design
AST Antenna Selection Technique
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
BER Bit Error Rate
BLAST Bell Lab Layered Space-Time
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
BS Base Station
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CO STBC Complex Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code
COD Complex Orthogonal Design
const constant
CSI Channel State Information
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying
DS-SS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
DSTBC Differential Space-Time Block Code
DSTM Differential Space-Time Modulation
e.g. exempli gratia
ECK Exact Channel Knowledge
EGC Equal Gain Combining
etc. et cetera
FEC Forward Error Correction
FH-SS Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum
xix
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List of Abbreviations xx
GCOD Generalized Complex Orthogonal Design
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
i.e id est
i.i.d. identically independently distributed
IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
iff if and only if
ISI Inter-Symbol Interference
LAN Local Area Network
LOS Line Of Sight
LST Layered Space-Time Code
M-ary Multiple Level Modulation
M-PSK M-ary Phase Shift Keying
MC-SS Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
MISO Multi-Input Single-Output
ML Maximum Likelihood
MMS Multi-Modulation Scheme
MRC Maximum Ratio Combining
MS Mobile Station
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation
PCU Per Channel Use
PDF Probability Density Function
PSK Phase Shift Keying
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
rms root-mean-square
Rx antenna Receiver antenna
SC Scanning Combining
SCK Statistical Channel Knowledge
SER Symbol Error Rate
SIMO Single-Input Multi-Output
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List of Abbreviations xxi
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
STBC Space-Time Block Code
STC Space-Time Code
STS Symbol Time Slot
STTC Space-Time Trellis Code
SVD Singular Value Decomposition
Tx antenna Transmitter antenna
ULA Uniform Linear Array
w. r. t. with respect to
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
University of WollongongResearch Online2006
Complex orthogonal space-time processing in wireless communicationsLe Chung TranRecommended Citation
Copyright warningTitle pageAbstractAcknowledgmentsTable of ContentsList of FiguresList of TablesList of Abbreviations