COMPLEX OBJECTCOMPLEX OBJECT

COMPLEX SUBJECTCOMPLEX SUBJECT

Complex Object

noun (Mum, teacher)/pronoun (him..)

+the infinitive

Example: I wanted the director of this

coffee-shop to stop its work(noun in the common case)

She made him buy her a new car.

(pronoun in the objective case)

The verbs used with The verbs used with Complex ObjectComplex Object wish & intention: to wish, to want, to desire, would like, to mean, to intend, to choose mental activity (generally with the verb “to be”)to know, to expect, to believe, to think, to consider, to suppose, to expect, to imagine, to find, to feel, to trust

Examples I

I want you to start for the trip immediately.

I didn’t mean him to learn the dialogue by heart.

I don’t choose you to live in the hotel.

Examples IIExamples II1. I know him to be the most

unscrupulous man I ever knew. 2. If you suppose this young lady to

be intelligent enough, you’re definitely mistaken.

3. Everybody expected her to marry Tom.

4. The doctor found Pete’s heart to have stopped 2 hours before. (perfect infinitive for prior actions)

NB! The verbs to think, to consider, to find can be used without an infinitive!!!He thought her beautiful. I found the key idea of the

lection interesting.

feelings & emotions:to like, to dislike, to love, to hate, can’t

stand/bear e.g. I dislike you to talk like that. I can’t bear you to behave so nasty! order & permission + compulsion:to order, to allow, to let, to ask for, to

force to have, to suffer, to get, to make, to

causee.g. She ordered the car to be ready by 6 o’clock. James suffered his wife to wear such short skirts.

(разрешать неохотно, скрепя сердце) I won’t have you speak like that!

(close to “to suffer” in the meaning)NB! The underlined words don’t take TO-inf in active

voice! In Passive voice “to let” is substituted with “to allow”!

Compulsion (a impune)

Her steps made him turn his head. (!!! bare inf)

The noise caused her to awake. She caused the telegramme to be sent

at once.I can’t get her to start doing homework.I had her go there. (!!!

bare inf)

sense perception:to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe, to notice

!!! These verbs in the Active Voice are used with BARE Infinitive !!! In the Passive voice the particle TO appears!

e.g. I felt the blood rush into my cheeks.

I saw Jim enter the room.

Note 1If “to see” means “to understand”

Complex Object is NOTNOT used! I saw that he didn’t realize the danger.Note 2If “to hear” means “to learn”, “to

be told”,a clause or a gerund is usedI hear that he left for the South/of

his leaving for the South.

After the verbs “to know” and “to help” both variants of the infinitive can follow!!! In modern English a bare infinitive is more common.

But in Passive Voice the TO-inf is used! I’ve never known him (to) be so

mean. Could you help me (to) fix the car? She was known to have worked as

a teacher.

The verbs used with a bare infinitive in Active Voiceto make, to force, to have (compulsion)to let (in Passive “to allow” is used instead)to see, to hear, to watch, to observe, to noticeto feel

In Passive Voice they take TO-inf after

CompareCompare Complex Object +

InfinitiveComplex Object +

Participle II saw him enter the room.I noticed him frown. I felt her tremble.I heard her speak.

I saw him entering the bar.I noticed him frowning.I felt her trembling.I heard her speaking.

Complex SubjectComplex Subject

noun/pronoun + infinitive

In all voices we use CS with particle TO !!!

Complex Subject is used with:

…is said to…is heard to…is seen to…is known to…is reported to…is expected to…is believed to…is considered

etc…

to see, to feel, to hear…- sense perception

to know, to expect, to believe…- mental activity

to make, to order, to force…- order, request, permission

to say, to inform, to reportto appear, to seem, to happen, to

prove, to turn out to be likely, to be sure, to be certain

Complex Subject

Personal Impersonal

construction construction

He is known to be a liar. It is known (that) he is a liar.

ExamplesHe was heard to laugh merrily.Anne’s father was heard

approaching at that moment (to express the process we use Participle I)

He was believed to be honest and intelligent.

Julie was made to take part in the trip.

She is said to have become famous. (completed action)

The child seems to be asleep.