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Literature review

Pollution

Pollution is the unclean state of the environment (land, atmosphere or water) resulting in physical,

chemical and biological changes that can seriously affect ecological systems. Pollution is mainly caused

by the improper disposal of waste into the environment. The various types of pollution that are included

in this research are ; Marine/Water pollution, Land base marine pollution, Land pollution, Agricultural

pollution, Industrial pollution and Urban pollution.

Marine pollution

This is the contribution by man of substances or energy into the marine environment resulting in

dangerous effects as harm to all various types of living resources, hazards to human health, hindrance to

marine activities including fishing and reduction of amenities. Increased economic developments and

growing demands of the increasing population contributes to our environmental destruction, especially

in the marine and coastal areas. The islands of Trinidad and Tobago are increasingly in demand by

tourists who visit various places in the Caribbean for their vacations. Trinidad, especially is an island

where tourists visit often to spend the best of leisure time and to do research on our culture. However,

if Trinidads environment becomes over populated via the land, sky and water, tourists can become sick

and therefore would be discouraged from visiting. This would be bad for Trinidads economy because

the level of foreign currency would be decreased and this is an unfavorable condition when it comes to

business. Water pollution can be damaging to the economy as it can be expensive to treat and prevent

contamination waste that does not break down quickly and accumulates in the earths waters and

eventually makes its way to the oceans. Water pollution can also affect the durability of farm goods

when absorbed into the roots and into the final product. If goods are spoilt too fast, the government or

private owners paying for export would have wasted the finance paid to acquire the goods. Even if we

are producing goods locally and they are infected and degraded by pollution, the buyers whom we are

exporting to would not want to trade with our country again because of the defects in our goods. The

business relationship could therefore be destroyed and we may not get another beneficial relationshipagain. We would have to keep our goods which would later on be spoilt if kept too long and the non-

purchase of these commodities would deny the chance of increasing the money supply of Trinidads

economy.

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Factors to prevent water pollution

Water pollution can be prevented by using the following ; Biological filters, chemical additives and sandfilters. These simple methods cost a lot of money to maintain, but prevention is better than cleaning up

pollution that has already occurred.

Factors affecting costs

1) The location of pollution is important because this determines how much the clean up wouldcost.

2) The contamination size also needs to be considered because the larger the size is the higher thecost.

3) The type of pollutant may also have an effect on the clean up costs. Some pollutants are moredifficult to clean up than others and theyd be more expensive.

Land based marine pollution

Land base marine pollution arises from domestic, agricultural, industrial and municipal sources.

Domestic wastes are normally associated with residential areas and housing developments and include

raw sewage(containing bacteria) and solid wastes such as glass, plastic products, aluminum cans and

general household wastes.

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Land pollution

Land pollution is the addition of undesirable material to the land that damages the terrestrial organismsand what reduces the use of the land by man for various activities which all contribute to the

development of the land and the people who live on it.

Land pollution affecting the market economy

Land pollution can affect the quality of the land soil for agriculture for farmers because when minerals

are washed and eroded, the richness of soil drops, decreasing the standard value for potential

cultivation of crops. When crops arent produced at specific periods, it gets scarce causing it hard for

farmers to earn their average returns, so therefore their costs to produce have gone up. Theyd have to

increase prices of final crops on the market. Consumers would now be negatively affected by these

inflated prices. Inflated prices can cause demand of less goods because other business whose resources

are market goods, would have to raise their selling price as well. Both buyers and sellers would suffer.

Agricultural pollution

This is where chemicals from fertilizers and pesticides are drawn from the agricultural crops and are

passed on to the main land and water ways. Chemicals find their way into soil and streams, causing the

water and soil to become contaminated. It was reported that in the Jamaica Star news paper in March

2005 that large amounts of gramazone (weed killer) were found in a section of the Rio Grande. Water

use by nearby communities had to seize for a while until tests approved that the water was safe for

human consumption again. Chemicals from pesticides and fertilizers used on farm crops seep into rivers

like the Rio Cobre and Hope river and eventually end up in the harbor. The garbage that has been

dumped in gullies is washed into the sea by heavy rains.

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Urban pollution

Urban populations are the source of most domestic solid waste in the Caribbean. Disposal of this waste

is one of the greatest challenges today in the fight against environmental degradation. Large

populations and increased consumer demand are producing huge quantities of garbage and much of

this is being dumped in gullies and rivers and eventually along the coast. This occurs because official

landfill sites are ineffective in handling these huge quantities of waste, there isnt even enough sewage

treatment plants to deal with the waste products produced by the increased population in cities.

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Findings

Pie Chart i llustrating individuals opinions on negative effects of pollution.

6

Isn't Enough

Treatment plants

40%

Decreases

development rate

30%

Affects

exported goods

20%

Discourages

Tourists

10%

Sales


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Questionnaire

1) What is pollution?.

2) Which two areas in Trinidad are polluted the most?.

3) Do you think pollution decreases Trinidads economic development rate?Yes No

4) Do you think it is costly to repair after pollution damages?Yes No

5) Do you think it is more costly to prevent than repair?Yes No

6) Does pollution affect your quality of life?Yes No

7) Does pollution affect your disposable income?Yes No

8) Do you think pollution is becoming worse?Yes No

9) Do you think that pollution discourages tourists?Yes No

10)If tourists are discouraged, will it decrease the rate of foreign currency in Trinidad?Yes No

11)Do you think that there is enough water sewage treatment plants?Yes No

12)Do you think that pollution is as intense in other countries?Yes No

13)Do you think pollution affects our exported goods as well as the money to be earned for them?Yes No

14)Do you think pollution would decrease and the economy would become more developed?Yes No

15)Do you think that we, as a community have the power to decrease the rate of pollution?Yes No

If your answer is yes, explain how we can do so in the space provided below.

.......

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Bar Chart illustrating decrease in agricultural

revenue annually

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

2000 2001 2002 2003

Decrease In Agricultural Revenue


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Name: Christopher Jaggasar

Date:31/01/11

Class: 2U6

Subject: Caribbean Studies

Topic: Pollution


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Table of Contents

Introduction page 1

Literature review page 2-5

Findings page 6-8

Interpretation of findings page 9-10

Discussion of Findings page 11

Data collection sources page 12

Acknowledgements page 13

Terms and Meanings page 14

Limitations page 15

Recommendations page 16


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Interpretation Of Findings

The Pie Chart

The Pie Chart Illustrates percentages of how many individuals have a view of the various effects ofpollution on the economy.

The above pie chart is divided into various sectors. Yellow sector shows that only ten percent of the

individuals in relation to the questionnaire says that pollution discourages tourists. This may occur

because of the unclean environment and the appearance would discourage tourists visit. They would

also not want to get any viruses because of the pollution. The orange sector illustrates that twenty

percent of the individuals say that pollution affects exported goods. The agricultural goods could be

infected and goods could spoil before arrival in the next country . Therefore the transaction could be

terminated. So far, we can observe that the finance from tourists and exported goods can be denied to

us because of pollution and its dreadful effects. The red sector shows thirty percent and says that it

decreases the development rate in the economy because damaged infrastructure would need repairs

and this would cause a keep back of other projects that could have been invested in. The Blue sector

illustrates the largest portion and that forty percent says there isnt enough water treatment plants in

Trinidad. This was decided because there is still a lot of polluted waters that are used in our homes and

in rivers.

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Isn't Enough

Treatment plants

40%

Decreases

development rate

30%

Affects

exported goods

20%

Discourages

Tourists

10%

Sales


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The Bar Chart

The above Bar chart illustrates the decreases in agricultural revenue over the years from 2000 to

2003.Each bar represents a year and the percentage of revenue it collects for that year. Due to the

intensifying effects of pollution, the revenue earned on an average basis has decreased. This is caused

when agricultural crops are destroyed by pollution and the resources become scarce. The farmer would

have lost the earlier set of goods and he earned no revenue for them, making his life harder in the

economic world. Costs would be high and less returns are acquired so Hence the agricultural decrease ofrevenue.

10

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

2000 2001 2002 2003

Decrease In Agricultural Revenue


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Discussion Of Findings

In the findings, we studied that some individuals interviewed using the questionnaire said that there

arent enough water sewage treatment plants. We analysed in the interpretation that the statement is

true. This is also proven in the Literature review under the subheading of Urban pollution. In urban

pollution , urban populations are the source of the most domestic solid waste in the Caribbean and

disposal of this is tough. A lot of garbage dumped and the water stays contaminated for a while because

there arent enough water treatment plants to treat the water to a standard where we can enjoy. The

sector of the pie chart that says it discourages tourists is stated in the literature review . The

environment when unclean and contaminated will discourage tourists(also said by Johanne John in the

Findings in Interviews conducted) from visiting Trinidad because of the fear of getting sick as well as for

their children. His stops foreign currency from entering into the economy as well. In the survey, their

was an answer give by an individual who said that pollution does not decrease the rate of economic

development because she says that we would continue to earn revenue from oil and natural gas.

However, in the Literature review, it was stated that pollution does decrease the rate of economic

development because when the government has to forgo projects which could have been invested in ,

to repair damages, their would be a pause in progress. This is not good especially for an economy that

wants to build a reputation and development of a high standard. This answer was not placed in the

piechart.

We studied and analysed a bar chart which illustrates the decreases in agricultural revenue over a

period of years. The barchart says that due to the harsh effects of pollution, the crops have been

destroyed and farmers havent earned any revenue for them. It shows as it continues, the average

revenue for agriculture drops. While in the Literature review, its almost the same explanation exceptthe literature review explains how the pollution of the crops occur when the pesticides and other

chemicals are absorbed into roots of crops and are passed on to the mainland and water ways. In the

literature review they also said that water use by nearby communities have been seized cause of

contamination and was tested after a while until water was safe for use again.

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Data Collection Sources

The data collection sources were all essential in this study and

were beneficial to my success of acquiring substantial data. Iused resources like the internet, personal interviews and a

textbook. The internet was a factor because it allows me to

search and gather different pieces of data all at a very fast

pace and I was able to analyse and choose which is the best

for my study. Personal interviews were conducted so that I

would get information straight from the source and I would beable to compare it with what I acquired from the internet. A

textbook was also used so that I could get another type of

processed data to do more analysis and comparison. It also

provided me with additional data which was not illustrated on

the displayed web pages that I encountered.

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Acknowledgements

I would like to give my best thanks to my internet sources which

provided me with a vast amount of information to complete my studies.

I also want to thank the Persons who provided data in the textbooks

and also those who took their precious time to allow me to interview

them about their opinions on this study.

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Terms and meanings

Salmonella This is a bacteria which is most likely to cause foodpoisoning and infects humans.

Ecological- this relates to organisms and land.

Chemical additives- Chemicals which are added to bring about an effect

in a product pertaining to its field.

Municipal sources- These are sources pertaining to government.

Terrestrial- Pertaining to earth.

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Limitations

These limitations were not of a great amount but they are as follows. One of thecharts were a bit difficult to achieve and then was time consuming to take some

of the data collected and to analyse it to be reconstructed into a diagram format.

Some of the statistics in relation to how various parts of the economy in Trinidad

are affected.

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Recommendation

Pollution within the country is a factor which affects the economy of Trinidad very bad and

measures should be taken and carried out to stop this degrading factor. I recommend that the

government use its resources both local and abroad in terms of economic relationships that has

been established to create more substantial water sewage treatment plants to purify our water

to a much higher degree. There should be programmes established to educate young

individuals about the dread full effects of polluting the environment by littering, dumping trash

into the rivers and lakes and smoking etc. We should all work together as one to reconstruct a

better garbage free zone for us to live happily in.

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