complete network(1)

8/10/2019 Complete Network(1)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliograph


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The past si! weeks ha"e rendered me a guaranti#ied e!perience and ha"e brought me

in contact with a pro#essional institution who ha"e positi"el contributed to m "isionknowledge $ understanding o# the technical $ social aspects o# so#tware engineering%

At the "er honest I am indebted to &r% Ashwani Arora head o# 'T

computer (ardware $ Networking engg% College #or granting me permission to

undertake this pro)ect here onward the #ul#illment o# m bachelor o# technolog to be

submitted to *A+A,IN+-A COLLE'E OF EN''% $ TEC(% %

I e!press m warm thanks to m training incharge &r% .anka) Singh #or

#ull co/operation 0 length talks and pro"iding pictures 0 C+1s $ other material% (e sparedtime #or me to share "alued in#ormation about m training%

In the success o# m endea"our I also thanks to &iss% &onika Ba)a)

counsellor o# the institution who plas the pillars role to m success#ul training $

pro"ide me encouragement and moti"ation that made me more determined

In the last I grate#ull acknowledge the competent aid cheer#ull rendered b all the

sta## o# the 'T computer (ardware $ Networking engg% College &oga%


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INT-O+2CTION

Networking is the process o# connecting two or more computers with

each other #or resource sharing % Networking is used in "arious #orms like telephonenetwork0 mobile network 0 cable network 0 computer network etc Computer networking

becomes "er precious part o# e"er #ield% Computer networking is needed to calculate 0

to store in#ormation $ to suppl the same when needed% The process o# networking is

"er big $ e!pensi"e but modern machines are so small $ e##icient that the ha"e

giant memories $ can make millions o# calculations in the #raction o# a second% Our

cable T%,% 0 cordless telephones 0 mobile phones $ e/mail are due to computer

networking%

Computer networking becomes "er use#ul in the area o# banking 0business $ o##ices #or calculating $ storing the in#ormation 0 in document transmission

through e/mail 0 in area o# education 0 medicine $ health care to diagnose disease 0 in

scienti#ic applications #or research 0 in railwa #or the booking o# tickets 0 in ad"ertising

etc%

Thus computer networking has a lot o# applications in each $ e"er #ield% The wonders

o# computer networking ha"e made our li#e "er com#ortable%


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NET3O-4IN'

To connect two or more computers #or resource sharing is called networking% To make

the connections between two or more computers LAN CA-+ and hub is used%

The resources shared in networking are #iles0 #olders 0 printers0 internet0 cd / rom dri"ers

etc%

T*.ES OF NET3O-4IN' 5/

There are two tpes o# networking 5/

67 .eer to .eer networking

87 Ser"er9Client networking

.EE- TO .EE- NET3O-4IN' 5/


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.eer to .eer networking is also called workgroup networking% In this networking ser"er

$ clients changed according to the situation% There is no securit in .eer to .eer

networking% In this networking the workgroup name o# both the computers should be

same but I. address di##erent% I# workgroup names are di##erent then both the computers

can1t be connected to each other %

SE-,E- 9 CLIENT NET3O-4IN' 5/

Ser"er 9 Client networking consist o# one ser"er and number o# clients associated with

them% There is securit in ser"er 9 client networking% This tpe o# networking is also

called domain base networking% +omain means it supports to all the clients associated

with ser"er%

.-OTOCOLS

.-OTOCOL 5/

.rotocol is a communication rule which is used to connect the two or more computers

with each other% In networking the protocol is also called language%

E!ample5/

Our network consist o# : computers% To pro"ide the I. address we select

the same protocols on each computer% Then onl the : computers can understand the

language o# each other%

T*.ES OF .-OTOCOLS 5/

67 TC.9I. .rotocol

87 FT. .rotocol

;7 S&T. .rotocol


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TC.9I. .-OTOCOL 5/ TC.9I. stands #or transport control

protocol or transmission con#igure protocol%

TC.9I. protocol is also called uni"ersal protocol because this protocol is present in

e"er operating sstem% This protocol supports I. address% Internet can1t be operate

without this protocol% This protocol is neccessar to access the internet%

FT. .-OTOCOL 5/

FT. protocol stands #or #ile trans#er protocol% This protocol is also present in each $

e"er operating sstem% This protocol is used to trans#er the #ile in network%

S&T. .-OTOCOL5/

S&T. protocol stands #or simple mail trans#er protocol% This protocol is used to send

the mail in network%

.O.; .-OTOCOL5/

.O.; protocol is post o##ice protocol o# "ersion ;%This protocol is used to recei"e the

mail in network%

... .-OTOCOL5/

... protocol is point to point protocol% This protocol is used to access the modem in

network%

(TT. .-OTOCOL5/

(TT. protocol is hper te!t trans#er protocol% This protocol is used to access the web

page on the internet%

+(C. .-OTOCOL5/

+(C. protocol stands #or dnamic host con#igure protocol% This protocol is used to

pro"ide the automatic I. address to the clients #rom the ser"er side%

(2B5/

(2B is a network de"ice which is used to connect two or computers with each other%

(2B is used in star topolog%

T*.ES OF (2B5/


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67 .assi"e hub

87 Acti"e hub

;7 Intelligent hub

.ASSI,E (2B5/

.assi"e hub is like an e!tension board which is used to connect two or morecomputers with each other% .assi"e hub does1nt contain signal ampli#iers $ power is not

gi"en to this hub% It1s speed is slow i%e 6> mbps%

ACTI,E (2B5/

Acti"e hub is like a passi"e hub the di##erence is onl that power is gi"en to this hub

to ampli#ies the signal% It1s speed is 6> to 6>> mbps%

INTELLI'ENT (2B5/

Intelligent hub is act as a switch% The speed o# this hub is 6> to 6>> mbps%

E!ample5

A network consist o# : computers% I# we send a message #rom #irst computer to #i#th

computer then it will directl goes #rom 6st computer to :th computer same as that o# a

switch% But in the case o# hub the msg go through all the network not directl #rom

source to destination%

+IA'-A& OF (2B 5


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S3ITC( 5/

Switch is a network de"ice which is used to connect two or more computers with each

other% Switch is used in large network%


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T*.ES OF S3ITC(5/

67&anageable switch

87Non manageable switch

&ANA'EABLE S3ITC(5/

&anageable switches are those switches which can be managed or con#igured% In these

switches the IOS sstem is not installed this is installed b the user% These switches are

"er costl%

NON &ANA'EABLE S3ITC(5/

These tpe o# switches can1t be managed or con#igured are called non manageable

switches% These are alread managed b the compan $ we can1t con#igured them% TheIOS ? internet operating sstem 7 is alread installed in these tpe o# switches b the

compan% These switches are not costl%

+IFFE-ENCE BET3EEEN (2B $ S3ITC(5/

(2B S3ITC(

67 (ub works on phsical address%

87 (ub supports to I. address%

;7 One collision domain $ one broadcastdomain%


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CABLE &E+IA5/

Cable media is the process o# connecting two or more computers with each other

through phsical cable%

T*.ES OF CABLE &E+IA5/

67 Co/a!ial cable

87 ST.92T. cable

;7 Fibre optics cable

CO/A@IAL CABLE5/

Co/a!ial cable is used to connect two or more computers with each other %

This cable is used in bus topolog% Co/a!ial cable is like a dish cable% The data trans#erspeed o# co/a!ial cable is 6> mbps $ distance is :>> m%

ST.92T. CABLE5/

Shielded twisted pair cable 9 unshielded twisted pair cable%

ST. CABLE5/

ST. cable is used to connect two more computers with each other% This cable is used

in star topolog% There are wires in this cable ha"ing < pairs% Each pair is o# twowires% So that this cable is also called twisted pair cable%

ST. cable consist o# a co"er so that this is called shielded twisted pair cable% Co"er

increases the ualit o# the cable% But it becomes more e!pensi"e then 2T. $ used in

large companies% The data trans#er speed o# ST. cable is :>> mbps $ distance is 6>> m%

2T. CABLE5/

2nshielded twisted pair cable is also used to connect two or more computers with each

other% There is no an co"er in this tpe o# cable%

So that this is called unshielded twisted pair cable% This is also used in star topolog %

2T. cable ha"ing wires $ < pairs% Each pair is o# two wires% Also called twisted pair

cable% +ata trans#er speed o# 2T. cable is 6/6>> mbps $ distance is 6>>m%


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O.TICAL FIB-E CABLE5/

This cable is used to connect large networks% Optical #ibre cable is used b IS.

? Internet ser"ice pro"ider 7%There is no generation o# E&I% This cable is "er costl%+ata trans#er speed o# #ibre optics cable is 6>> mbps to 8gbps $ distance is 8/8: km%

3I-ELESS &E+IA5/

The process o# connecting two or more computers with each other without the use o#

wires in our network is called wireless media%

T*.ES OF 3I-ELESS &E+IA5/

67 3i/Fi media

87 ,/SAT media

3I/FI &E+IA5/

3hen two or more computers are connected together without the use o# wires within

one building or a room is called wi/#i media% This tpe o# networking is present in

small organiations% 3ireless de"ices are a"ailable in the market on the basis o# the

distance% A de"ice ha"ing the more distance will be more costl%

E!ample5/ Bluetooth is the cheapest 3i/Fi de"ice0 microwa"es0 radio wa"es 0 in#raredwa"es%

,/SAT &E+IA5/

This media is used to connect large networks with each other% ,/sat media is also called

"irtual satellite media%

+IA'-A& OF -O2TE-S 5


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&AC A++-ESS

&AC ?media access control7 address is the address o# a particular LAN card% This is

also called phsical address or hardware address% &AC address is present on chipset%

The &AC address o# two LAN cards will ne"er be same% (ardware address is o# > 5E= 5A: 5BC 5C= 5B> he!adecimal number sstem

=D


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To pro"ide the uniue number to the computers in our network is called I. addressing%

It supports to TC.9I. protocol% I. address is used to pro"ide the address to all the

computers present in a network% Networking is based on I. address%

I. address is made up b two partitions5/

67 Network partition

87 (ost partition

The I. address normall used b users is o# "ersion < $ works on ;8 bits% I. address

is alwas gi"en in decimal #ormat%

E!ample5/

6 8 ; %6 decimal #ormat

;8 bitsI. address works in our network on the basis o# : classes 5/

A0B0C0+0E % These are also known b the name EBC+IC ? e!tended binor coded

decimal interchange code 7% The classes used in our network are A 0B $C% There is no

authorit to use the + $ E classes% Each class contain di##erent network bit $ host bit%

T*.ES OF I. A++-ESS BASE+ ON CLASSES5/

I. "ersion


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68G%>%>%6 I. address is the reser"e I. address also called loop back I. address used #or

testing o# LAN card % This I. address is b de#ault store in our network% Loop back

address is used to check the connecti"it between the LAN card $ the TC.9I.% It can1t

be used as a I. address%

I. A++-ESS 6>%>%>%6

S2BNET &AS4 8::%>%>%>

NET3O-4 I+ 6>%>%>%>

FI-ST I+ 6>%>%>%6

LAST I+ 6>%>%>%8:%>%>%8::

This I. address is o# "ersion < $ belongs to class A%

NOTE5/

I. "ersion < is o# ;8 bits $ in decimal #ormat% But I. "ersion = is o# 68 bits $ in

he!adecimal #ormat%

CLASS A5/

Subnet mask5 8::%>%>%>

NET3O-4 (OST (OST (OST

8:: 8:: 8:: 8::

68 =< ;8 6= < 8 6

bits 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Network bits bits

(ost bits 8< bitsTotal bits ;8 bits

CLASS B5/

Subnet mask 5 8::%8::%>%>

bits bits bits bits


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Class C 5 68%6=%>%> to 68%6=%8::%8::

I&.O-TANT CO&&AN+S 5/

67 C5H ipcon#ig 5/

This command is used to check the I. address o# their own sstem%

Start

run

cmd

c5Hipcon#ig enter

I. address 6>%>%>%:

Subnet mask 8::%8::%8::%>H

+e#ault gatewa %

87 getmac 5/

This command is used to check the &AC address o# LAN card o# our sstem%

Start

-un

Cmd

'etmac

.hsical address

>>5/;>/6/AB/


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E!ample 5/ a network consist o# : pc1s ha"ing di##erent I. address 0 i# we ha"e to check

the connecti"it between them then we ping them% I# there is connecti"it then both the

pc1s will ping with each other otherwise the will not ping%

To ping 5/

.ing J 68%6=%>%: ?I. address o# own sstem 7

.ing J 68%6=%>%8 ? I. address o# another sstem 7

OSI &O+EL

OSI stands #or open standard interconnection% OSI model was created b ISO in 6G>%The process o# sending the data #rom one computer to another computer b which

method $ root is decided b OSI model%

ISO ?international standard organiation7 de"eloped this model on the basis o# de#ence

agenc o# 2SA ha"ing their own network which was relied on TC.9I.% TC.9I. is the

prior model created in the world also called +O+ model% B using this model onl

di##erence computers o# 2SA can communicate%

OSI &O+EL 3O-4S ON G LA*E-S 3(IC( A-E 'I,EN BELO3 5/


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A..LICATION LA*E-5/

This laer is the se"enth laer o# OSI model% All the user le"el works are per#ormed on

application laer%

E!ample5/ data sending 0 data recei"ing 0 trans#ormation o# mone using internet%

All these works are done on application laer%

.-ESENTATION LA*E-5/

.resentation laer is the si!th number laer o# the OSI model% This laer includes the

setup o# data #ormat% +ata coding is also done on this laer%

+ata #ormat is o# "arious tpes like5/

67 Te!t #ormat

Te!t #ormat is #urther di"ided into two tpes5/

a7 EBC+IC5/ e!tended binor coded decimal in#ormation code% This #ormat runs in appletalk $ IB&%

b7 ASCII 5/American standard code #or in#ormation interchange%

87 'raphic mode

;7 ,ideo #ormat5/ &.E' ? mo"ing picture e!port groups7%


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SESSION LA*E-5/

Session laer is the #i#th number laer o# OSI model% It1s #unction to send the data to

destination through session o# protocols% This work is done onl on this laer%

E!ample5/ -.C ? remote process call 7 0 SKL ? seuence uer language 7% NETBE2IS 0

NFS%

T-ANS.O-T LA*E-5/

This laer is the #ourth number laer o# OSI model% It1s main work is to trans#er the

data to destination point% TC. $ 2+. protocols works on this laer% The data #ormat is

segment%

-ELIABLE +ATA +ELI,E-*5/

TC. protocol pro"ides reliable data deli"er in network% Because TC. pro"ides an

acknowledgement reliable connection%

2N-ELIABLE +ATA +ELI,E-*5/

2nreliable data deli"er is pro"ided b 2+.? user datagram

protocol7% 2+. protocol works with +(C. connection network% The speed o# this

network is much more than reliable connection%

NOTE 5/

-eliable connection is called oriented connection $ unreliable connection is called

connectionless%

-EA+* O- NOT -EA+* SI'NAL5/

3hen multiple data is send b the source computer to the destination computer then

o"er#low occurs at destination whichresults in tra##ic generation% In that condition destination computer sends a message to

the source computer in the #orm o# not read signal%

A#ter the remo"al o# the tra##ic it shows the read signal%

NET3O-4 LA*E-5/


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This laer is the third number laer o# OSI model% The main #unction o# this laer is

to pro"ide the I. address to host working in the network% To per#orm this work I.

protocol is used% The #ormat o# data on this laer is packet%

E!ample5/

+ata #ormat is o# two tpes5/

67 +ata packet

87 -oute update packet

+ATA .AC4ET5/

It1s main work to brought the data to the routers on

Inter network b using routed protocols% -outed protocols are those protocols which

mainl works in network like TC.9I.%

The routed protocols used here are I. $ I.@%

+ATA LIN4 LA*E-5/

This laer is the second number laer o# the OSI model% The #unction o# this laer is

to trans#er the data into #rames recei"ed #rom the upper laer% On this laer the &AC

address is added to the data #ormat which result in #rames%

.(*SICAL LA*E-5/

.hsical laer is the #irst number laer o# the OSI model% On this laer the data is

#inall sends in binor #ormat i%e in >06 #orm% Cable 0 connector 0 hub $ repeater works

in this laer%

CABLE INSTALLATION

2T. CABLE INSTALLATION5

2T. cable is used in two was5/

67 cross cable

87 straight cable

C-OSS CABLE5/


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6

+IA'-A& OF NO-&AL C-OSS CABLE 5

6 8

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