A class and homework course

Rex Sadler Sandra Sadler

THIRD EDITION

TEACHER BOOK

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ContentsPreface vii

Acknowledgements viii

1 Enjoying texts 1Comprehension Film review 1

Poem 3Information report 4

Spelling and vocabulary Texts 6Language Sentences 7

Phrases 9Punctuation Why do we use punctuation marks? 10The craft of writing  Becoming a better writer 11

2 Ancient times 12Comprehension Gladiators 12Spelling and vocabulary Ancient worlds 14Language Nouns 15Punctuation Starting and finishing sentences 17The craft of writing People from other times 18

3 Around the world 19Comprehension Expedition to the jungles of Borneo 19Spelling and vocabulary Getaway 21Language Common and proper nouns 22Punctuation Making sense with sentences 24The craft of writing Life experiences 25

4 People 26Comprehension Mrs Pratchett 26Spelling and vocabulary Occupations 28Language Nouns—gender 29Punctuation Capital letters and full stops 30The craft of writing People 32

5 Climb every mountain 33Comprehension Cliffhanger 33Spelling and vocabulary On the mountain 35Language Collective nouns 37Punctuation Statements and questions 38The craft of writing Overcoming adversity 39

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6 Feelings and emotions 40Comprehension What it feels like to survive a volcanic eruption 40Spelling and vocabulary That’s life! 42Language Abstract nouns 43Punctuation Types of sentences 44The craft of writing What it feels like to … 46

7 Drive 47Comprehension Car accident 47Spelling and vocabulary On the road 49Language Revision—nouns 51Punctuation Using capital letters for proper nouns 52The craft of writing An accident 53

8 Marooned! 54Comprehension The blue dolphins 54Spelling and vocabulary Survival 56Language Synonyms 58Punctuation Commas 59The craft of writing Castaway 60

9 Food, glorious food! 61Comprehension The pizza 61Spelling and vocabulary Food, food, food! 63Language Antonyms 64Punctuation Apostrophes—abbreviating words 65The craft of writing Food, glorious food 67

10 Cities 68Comprehension A city under siege 68Spelling and vocabulary Cityscape 70Language Homonyms 71Punctuation Apostrophes—avoiding confusion 73The craft of writing Cities, towns and other places 74

11 Fantasy 75Comprehension The Grand High Witch 75Spelling and vocabulary The world of fantasy 77Language Adjectives 79Punctuation Apostrophes—ownership 80The craft of writing Villains 81

12 Alien worlds 82Comprehension The Tripod 82Spelling and vocabulary Space mission 84Language Verbs 85Punctuation Capital letters 86The craft of writing The time machine 88

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13 The animal kingdom 89Comprehension Skunks 89Spelling and vocabulary Creatures great and small 91Language Idioms 92Punctuation Uses of the comma 94The craft of writing Animal experiences 95

14 Fashion 96Comprehension Jeans 96Spelling and vocabulary Glitz and glamour 98Language Adverbs 100Punctuation Abbreviations 101The craft of writing Clothes and fashions 102

15 Speaking personally 103Comprehension Chased by a boar 103Spelling and vocabulary Describing people 105Language Word families 107Punctuation Paragraphs 108The craft of writing Eyewitness accounts 109

16 The long arm of the law 110Comprehension The worst bank robbers 110

The noisiest burglar 111Spelling and vocabulary Law and order 112Language Prefixes 113Punctuation Quotation marks for speech 115The craft of writing A crime scene 116

17 The world of computers 117Comprehension Space demons 117Spelling and vocabulary Computers 119Language Suffixes 120Punctuation More about quotation marks 121The craft of writing Inventions 123

18 House and home 124Comprehension Bilbo Baggins’s house and home 124Spelling and vocabulary Home, sweet home 126Language Making comparisons using similes 127Punctuation Direct and indirect speech 129The craft of writing Houses and homes 130

19 Wildfire 131Comprehension Firestorm 131Spelling and vocabulary Fire 133Language Making comparisons—similes and metaphors 134Punctuation Using quotation marks for titles 136The craft of writing Disaster 137

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20 Family and friends 138Comprehension A friend in need 138Spelling and vocabulary Family and friends 140Language Using better words 141Punctuation Punctuating lists 143The craft of writing Family and friends 144

21 Sun, surf and sand 145Comprehension A shark tried to eat me 145Spelling and vocabulary The beach 147Language Shades of meaning 148Punctuation Revision—punctuating sentences 149The craft of writing The sea 150

22 Just in time 151Comprehension The land that time forgot 151Spelling and vocabulary Words in time 153Language Prefixes and suffixes 154Punctuation Revision—sentences 155The craft of writing Long, long ago 156

Back-of-the-book dictionary 157

Teachers will find extra activities, ‘Fun with words’, online.

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1Enjoying textsComprehensionRead the following texts and answer the questions for each one.

Film review

How to Train Your Dragon 3DCRITICS RATING 8/10 Rated PG

Talk to the animals … Viking teenager Hiccup befriends

Toothless the dragon

WHAT if your dad was the strong, not-so-silent type, the leader of the Viking tribe, going about his daily business of slaying dragons ... and you were a spindly-legged weakling teenager?

You’d probably feel like Hiccup (voiced by Jay Baruchel), a spindly-legged weakling teenager who doesn’t fit his family’s long line of dragon slayers in the land of Berk. It’s a constant source of shame for his father, Stoick (voiced by Gerard Butler), a big, burly Viking (with a big Scottish burr).

But when Hiccup comes face to snout with one of the most feared of the dragons, he inadvertently discovers a more positive and powerful way of dealing with the Viking’s ‘dragon problem’ than using a sword or a sledgehammer and goes on to change the lives of his entire tribe—and that of the dragons. That’s the essential moral of the story, that problems can be solved without violence. Not a bad message. The film also covers the father–son relationship with an equally positive message.

Magnificent 3D animation brings this family movie to life. The screenplay is smart, funny and has something to say. But perhaps the target audience of 10- to 14-year-olds will be even more impressed with the spectacular flying sequences, with Hiccup riding bareback through the air—or the mass fly-past by a dozen different types of dragons.

The production elements all contribute to the immersive experience of an adventure in which humour plays a key role and the main characters quickly become familiar and real.

There is a hint of romance as Hiccup and the feisty Astrid (voiced by Ferrera) find common ground and the charmingly fearsome, feline-inspired dragon, Toothless, makes an indelible impression.

The screenplay is based on Cressida Cowell’s popular book, which could become as hot as a dragon’s breath.

Andrew L Urban

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Reading for understanding

 1 How do you know from the first paragraph that the movie is a fantasy?The words ‘slaying dragons’ indicate the film belongs to the fantasy genre.

 2 What evidence can you find in the first paragraph to show that Hiccup is not a character you would expect to be the hero?Hiccup is described as ‘a spindly-legged weakling’.

 3 In what ways is Hiccup’s father different to him?Hiccup’s father is a big, burly Viking and a dragon slayer.

 4 Where do Hiccup and his father live?They live in the land of Berk.

 5 What is the essential moral of the story?The essential moral is that problems can be solved without violence.

 6 Give an example of an equally positive message in the film.The relationship between the father and son also gives a positive message.

 7 Who, according to the reviewer, is the target audience of the film?The target audience of the film is 10- to 14-year-olds.

 8 What flying sequences did the reviewer feel would be likely to impress younger viewers?The spectacular flying sequences with Hiccup riding bareback through the air and the mass

fly-past by a dozen different types of dragons would be likely to impress younger viewers.

 9 Identify the reviewer’s simile that predicts an increase in popularity of the book on which the film is based.‘As hot as a dragon’s breath’ is the simile that predicts the book’s increasing popularity.

10 Using the back-of-the-book dictionary, give the meaning of:a burr: rough or indistinct pronunciation

b inadvertently: not intended or deliberate

c fearsome: causing fear

d feline:  belonging or relating to the cat family

e indelible: incapable of being rubbed out or removed

10 marks

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PoemOur new teacherThis teacher has such scary teeth,they look just like a shark’s;His eyes gleam in the sunlightlike a pair of purple sparks.His voice is just as boomingas the roar from some big gun;He can imitate a thunderstorm for a gruesome bit of fun.And now Billy who was sillyalmost every other dayDoes his tables, writes his spellings,hides his comic book away.Every lesson lasts a lifetime ...with our noses to each page,We imagine bars on windowsand the classroom seems a cage.

So, please come back, Miss Fothergill:though you won’t believe it’s true,We all loved you as our teacher;we were oh, so fond of you!

David Bateson

Reading for understanding

 1 Who seems to be the narrator of this poem?The narrator seems to be a young school student.

 2 What does the simile ‘like a shark’s’ suggest about the new teacher’s teeth?The simile suggests that his teeth are large and sharp.

 3 Identify the simile that describes the gleaming of the new teacher’s eyes.The simile is ‘like a pair of purple sparks’.

 4 What is the sound of the new teacher’s voice similar to?His voice is similar to the roar of some big gun (or a thunderstorm).

 5 How has Billy’s behaviour changed?Billy now does his tables and spelling and hides his comic book.

 6 Explain the meaning of ‘with our noses to each page’.The students are working hard reading their books and writing.

 7 Why do you think the narrator says, ‘We imagine bars on windows’? The students feel they have lost their freedom and are in a prison.

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 8 What is the narrator’s plea in the final stanza?The narrator begs the previous teacher, Miss Fothergill, to come back.

 9 What contrast do you think there would be between Miss Fothergill and the new teacher?Miss Fothergill would have been kind and caring, whereas the new teacher is a strong

disciplinarian.

10 Write down words that rhyme with each of the following:a shark’s sparks

b page cage

c true you

10 marks

Information report

The taipan—the world’s deadliest snakeAUSTRALIA is home to two different types of taipan—the inland taipan and the coastal taipan. The inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), which grows up to 2.5 m, produces the deadliest venom of any snake in the world, but luckily it only lives in the deserts of central eastern Australia, where few humans visit. No human deaths caused by the inland taipan have been recorded, because an effective antivenom has been produced.

Inland taipans live in deep cracks in the soil to escape the extreme heat of summer. During summer their scales are a light straw colour to reflect the heat, whereas in winter their scales change to a dark brown in order to absorb the sun’s rays.

The inland taipan’s favourite food is native rats. When the rats are plentiful, the population of the snakes rises dramatically—female taipans lay between 12 and 20 eggs in the soil or in abandoned animal burrows. In extremely dry years, however, the rat population decreases through starvation, so there is little food for the snakes and their death rate rises.

The longest recorded coastal taipan was 3.35 m. Coastal taipans (Oxyuranus scutellatus) live in northern Queensland and in the Northern Territory. They are often seen in sugar-growing areas and on grassy sand dunes. Their favourite foods are small, warm-blooded mammals such as rats, lizards, quolls and bandicoots.

Coastal taipans are very aggressive and

have large fangs through which they inject a very potent venom. The venom is capable of paralysing small marsupials in a very short time. One strike could potentially deliver enough toxin to kill several humans. Coastal taipans have been responsible for many human deaths. The toxins in the venom cause communication between the body’s muscles and the brain to shut down. Once bitten, the taipan’s prey convulses and suffers from internal bleeding and the taipan waits for its prey to die before devouring it.

Coastal taipan

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Reading for understanding

 1 ‘No human deaths caused by the inland taipan have been recorded.’ Why?An effective antivenom has been produced.

 2 Which type of taipan is the longer? The coastal taipan is longer.

 3 How does the inland taipan escape from the extreme heat of summer?The inland taipan lives in deep cracks in the soil to escape the heat.

 4 What is the reason for the difference in the colour of the inland taipan’s scales between summer and winter?In summer the taipan’s scales are a light straw colour to reflect the heat. In winter its scales

change to dark brown to absorb the sun’s rays.

 5 What causes the death rate of the inland taipan to rise?The death rate of the inland taipan rises in extremely dry years when the native rat population

decreases through starvation. This is because the native rats are the main food source of the

inland taipan.

 6 Why is the coastal taipan more likely to kill a human than the inland taipan?The coastal taipan is much more likely to encounter humans than the inland taipan.

 7 What are the coastal taipan’s favourite foods?The coastal taipan’s favourite foods are small, warm-blooded mammals such as rats, lizards,

quolls and bandicoots.

 8 Why is the taipan’s bite extremely dangerous for humans?One strike could deliver enough poison to kill several human beings.

 9 What effect does the toxin in the taipan’s venom have on an animal’s nervous system? The toxin causes the communication between the body’s muscles and the brain to shut down.

10 Using the back-of-the-book dictionary, write down the meaning of these words: a dunes:  sand hills shaped by the wind

b potent: full of power or strength

c toxin: a poisonous substance

10 marks

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Spelling and vocabulary

myth documentary advertisement poem magazinelegend autobiography interview ballad newspaperrecipe cartoon fantasy novel epitaphdrama narrative fiction symbol menucomedy tragedy letter haiku atlasdiary speech dictionary elegy biography

TextsSpelling tests can be created

from the word list in each unit.

What text am I?

Use the following clues to identify the texts from the list. 1 I enable people to read the news each day newspaper

 2 I give people the meanings and spellings of words dictionary

 3 I am a book of maps atlas

 4 I am a list of dishes served in a restaurant menu

 5 I am a funny drawing or animated film cartoon

 6 I am a three-line poem of 17 syllables haiku

 7 I am a story of a person’s life written by somebody else biography  8 I am a simple poem with short verses that tells a story ballad

 9 I am the words written on a tombstone epitaph

10 I am a list of ingredients in cooking instructions recipe

11 I am a written message often sent by post letter

12 I am a record of daily happenings diary

13 I am a notice about something for sale advertisement

14 I am a story about imaginary worlds and creatures fantasy

15 I am a meeting in which someone is asked questions interview

16 I am a mournful poem ending in ‘y’ elegy

16 marks

Word skills

1 Write down the following words in alphabetical order.haiku newspaper fantasy fiction documentary letter dictionary

dictionary documentary fantasy fiction haiku letter newspaper

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2 By adding the suffixes –ist or –er, write down the name of the person derived from each of these words:a diary diarist c interview interviewer

b novel novelist d biography biographer

5 marks

5 marks

LanguageSentencesA sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense by itself. A sentence is usually made up of two parts. The part that tells us who or what does the action is called the subject. The number of words in the subject varies. The subject can be a noun or pronoun or a group of words. The rest of the sentence is called the predicate. The predicate always includes the verb. The subject in the following sentences is in italics. The remainder in normal type is the predicate.

Gigantic updrafts and downdrafts of air swept through the vortex above them. from Blue Fin by Colin Thiele

The whole crest of the slope above them suddenly boiled over with flame.from February Dragon by Colin Thiele

Identifying the subject and predicate

To find the subject of a sentence, ask ‘Who?’ or ‘What?’ before the verb. Write down the subjects of these well-crafted sentences.

1 A great column of water rose up out of the sea. (from Blue Fin by Colin Thiele)Subject: A great column of water

Predicate: rose up out of the sea

Back-of-the-book dictionaryThe word ‘advertisement’ is derived from the Latin words ad and verto.Ad means ‘towards’ and verto (versus) means ‘I turn’. The advertiser sets out to sell a particular product by ‘turning’ the desire of the audience ‘towards’ it. Use the back-of-the-book dictionary to write down the meanings of the following words derived from verto.

divert: to turn aside from a path or course

reverse: to turn back or to drive backwards

vertigo: dizziness; a dizzy spell when everything seems to be whirling

convert: to change into a different form

invert: to turn upside down or put in the opposite order

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2 Hundreds of tons of water seemed to crash down on the ship. (from Blue Fin by Colin Thiele)Subject: Hundreds of tons of water

Predicate: seemed to crash down on the ship

3 A burst of lightning lit up the sea with supernatural brilliance. (from The Boy Who Was Afraid by Armstrong Sperry)Subject: A burst of lightning

Predicate: lit up the sea with supernatural brilliance

4 An instantaneous crack of thunder shattered the world. (from The Boy Who Was Afraid by Armstrong Sperry)Subject: An instantaneous crack of thunder

Predicate: shattered the world

5 The anemones expand like soft and brilliant flowers. (from Cannery Row by John Steinbeck)Subject: The anemones

Predicate: expand like soft and brilliant flowers

6 The greenish purple cloud was looming heavily over and along the opposite hills. (from The Rocks of Honey by Patricia Wrightson)Subject:  The greenish purple cloud

Predicate:  was looming heavily over and along the opposite hills

12 marks

Missing subjects

Complete the following sentences by adding a subject from the box.

Tokyo Joan of Arc The Nile Ned KellyMichelangelo Harry Potter Shakespeare GreenlandMtEverest ThePacific Mercedes AlfredNobel

1 Greenland is the least densely populated country in the world. 2 Shakespeare wrote the tragedy Romeo and Juliet. 3 Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. 4 Harry Potter is a famous character in a series of novels. 5 Mt Everest is a very high mountain. 6 Ned Kelly was an Australian bushranger. 7 The Pacific is the world’s largest ocean. 8 The Nile is the longest river in the world. 9 Alfred Nobel invented dynamite in 1866.10 Joan of Arc is a French heroine.11 Mercedes is the make of a famous car. 12 Tokyo is the capital city of Japan.

12 marks

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PhrasesA phrase is a group of words that does not make sense on its own. Unlike a sentence, a phrase does not have a finite (or complete) verb.

at the zoo    an elephant    in the shower    flying dragons

Identifying sentences and phrases

Write the word ‘phrase’ or ‘sentence’ next to each of the following examples. 1 At midday phrase 7 She visited the zoo sentence

2 By the river phrase 8 Going away phrase

3 He watched the movie sentence 9 I‘ve been to school sentence

4 They went home sentence 10 A few days ago phrase

5 I love cooking sentence 11 Over the rainbow phrase

6 Inside the cave phrase 12 The computer crashed sentence

12 marks

Completing phrases

Complete each of the following phrases by inserting the name of the missing object.e.g. the pendulum of a the pendulum of a clock

1 the radius of a circle 6 the yolk of an egg

2 the spokes of a wheel 7 the lens of a camera

3 the fuselage of an aeroplane 8 the kernel of a nut

4 the rungs of a ladder 9 the summit of a mountain

5 the hilt of a sword 10 the chapter of a book

10 marks

Missing phrases

Phrases often give sentences greater vitality. In the following passage, Obie has fallen head over heels in love with Laurie. The writer uses both phrases and sentences to communicate Obie’s feelings. Correctly insert the phrases from the box that are missing from the passage.

in a rosy haze in love in the movies at the sight of her into the earth on his face

Obie in loveObie was in love . Wildly, improbably and wonderfully in love. The kind of thing he thought happened only in the movies . Her name was Laurie Gundarson and she was beautiful. Obie’s legs dissolved at the sight of her , and he felt as though he would sink into the

earth and disappear. He had never known such happiness or such sweet torture. He lived his days and nights in a rosy haze and went around with a stunned and radiant expression on his face .

from Beyond the Chocolate War by Robert Cormier

6 marks

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PunctuationWhy do we use punctuation marks?When we are speaking, we naturally stop at the end of a sentence. We also use pauses to help our listeners follow our meaning. We can even indicate a question or exclamation by changing the pitch of our voice.

In our writing, we use punctuation marks to indicate these pauses and changes of expression. Can you imagine how confusing it would be to read and write without punctuation? The purpose of punctuation marks is to clarify written language. It is possible for one punctuation mark to alter the whole meaning of a sentence. Look at the difference a mere comma makes in these two sentences:

Let’s eat Grandma!

Let’s eat, Grandma!

Using punctuation to change the meaning

Rewrite the following sentences, changing the punctuation in each sentence to produce a more accurate meaning. Hints are given in brackets.

1 Has the doctor rung Elizabeth? (Add a comma.)Has the doctor rung, Elizabeth?

2 Have you eaten Father? (Add a comma.)Have you eaten, Father?

3 The visitors ate ice-cream cheese chocolate pizza and meat pies. (Insert three commas.)The visitors ate ice-cream, cheese, chocolate, pizza and meat pies.

4 The huskies, having eaten the explorers, moved on. (Remove the two existing commas and add a new comma.)The huskies having eaten, the explorers moved on.

5 Caesar entered on his head A helmet on each foot A sandal in his hand he had His trusty sword to boot.(Add full stops and capital letters.)Caesar entered. On his head

A helmet. On each foot

A sandal. In his hand he had

His trusty sword to boot.

6 Emily gets enjoyment from cooking her family and her dog. (Add a comma.)Emily gets enjoyment from cooking, her family and her dog.

7 The amazing giant panda eats, shoots and leaves. (Remove comma.)The amazing giant panda eats shoots and leaves.

7 marks

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The craft of writingBecoming a better writerFrom time to time, successful writers give practical advice on what techniques have helped them in their writing careers. Here is a very important hint from author Christobel Mattingley:

When you write about something you know, the words come more easily. It may be real—a place, a person or a happening. Or it may be something in your own mind, that you’ve made up. It has to be so real to you that your words make it live for other people. Then it is true to itself. And you are true to yourself.

Here is an opportunity to write about something you know. Write 200 words on one of the following:

• Recount some of your earliest childhood memories. Begin ‘I remember when …’• Describe your first days at high school.• Write a description titled ‘My bedroom’.

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