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Chapter 10/11 Genetics 1 Inheritance Patterns Complete dominance The dominant allele is expressed over the recessive allele Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder Causes the deterioration of the nervous system Incomplete dominance One allele is not completely dominant over the recessive allele

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Page 1: Complete dominance Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder · Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder Causes the deterioration of the nervous system Incomplete dominance One

Chapter 10/11

Genetics 1

Inheritance Patterns

Complete dominance

The dominant alleleis expressed over the recessive allele

Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder

Causes the deterioration of the nervous system

Incomplete dominance One allele is not

completely dominant over the recessive allele

Page 2: Complete dominance Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder · Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder Causes the deterioration of the nervous system Incomplete dominance One

Chapter 10/11

Genetics 2

Inheritance Patterns

CodominanceBoth alleles for a gene are expressed

Sickle cell anemia- A codominant disorder

Defective hemoglobincauses the cells to have a sickle shape.

Heterozygous genotypessuffer some effects of thedisease and are resistant toMalaria

Homozygous genotypessuffer the full effects of the disease

Polygenic inheritance - theeffect of two or more genes on a single phenotype

Example: Skin color is controlled by three separate genes.

Page 3: Complete dominance Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder · Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder Causes the deterioration of the nervous system Incomplete dominance One

Chapter 10/11

Genetics 3

Blood Types There are multiple allelesfor blood types

Antigens - carbohydrates on the cell surface that determine the blood type

Antibodies - Proteins which attack foreign cells

Agglutination - antibodies cause the blood to clump up when the wrong blood types are mixed together

Page 4: Complete dominance Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder · Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder Causes the deterioration of the nervous system Incomplete dominance One

Chapter 10/11

Genetics 4

Blood Types Universal donor

Universal recipient

Punnett square

Page 5: Complete dominance Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder · Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder Causes the deterioration of the nervous system Incomplete dominance One

Chapter 10/11

Genetics 5

Linked Genes Walter Sutton (1902)

Chromosome theory of inheritance

Thomas Morgan

Discovered linked genes

Used fruit flies for his research

Genes located on thesame chromosome and can be inherited together

Linked genes do notassort independently during meiosis

Crossing over canunlink genes

Page 6: Complete dominance Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder · Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder Causes the deterioration of the nervous system Incomplete dominance One

Chapter 10/11

Genetics 6

Linked Genes

Sex linked genes

Genes located on the sex chromosome

XY = maleXX = female

The sperm cell determines the sex of a child since the egg cell always carries an X chromosome

There are no alleles on the Y chromosome

Hemophilia (blood clotting disorder) andColor blindness are recessivesex linked disorders

Page 7: Complete dominance Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder · Huntington's disease - a dominant disorder Causes the deterioration of the nervous system Incomplete dominance One

Chapter 10/11

Genetics 7

Mutagens - chemicals or radiationthat alter an organism's DNA

Mutation - a change in the organism's DNA

Mutations

A change to a single base pair

Base pair substitution

Base pair insertion and base pair deletion

replacement of one nucleotide pair with another

Addition or loss of a nucleotide pait

Chromosome mutation

Change in the numberof chromosomes

nondisjunction-a pair or sister chromatids or tetrads do not separate properly

Leads to gametes withtoo many or too few chromosomes

Aneuploidy - a fertilized eggwith too many or too few chromosomes

Trisomy - an extra chromosomeMonosomy - A chromosome is missingPolyploidy - an entire extra set of chromosomes

Can lead to a protein which does not function properly

Change in the structure of a chromosome

Point mutation

Karyotype - used in order to determine the chromosomes arenormal in number and appearance

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