complementation in functional discourse grammar kees hengeveld amsterdam center for language and...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar
Kees HengeveldAmsterdam Center for Language and
Communication
![Page 2: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Introduction
- Earlier work on adverbial subordination (Hengeveld 1997) led to the identification of three parameters that govern the selection of deranked (≈non-finite) and/or balanced (≈finite) verb forms in adverbial clauses- These parameters were defined independently of the adverbial nature of the clauses studied, and should therefore be equally applicable to complement clauses
![Page 3: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Introduction
- The current paper tests this prediction by applying the parameters concerned to the systems of complementation in the languages of the same sample that was used for adverbial subordination.- In doing so I will also apply some new insights that have come out of work on Functional Discourse Grammar (Hengeveld & Mackenzie (2008), which allow for a more systematic treatment.
![Page 4: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Introduction
![Page 5: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Introduction
Some recurrent abbreviations:CC = complement clauseCTP = complement taking predicate
![Page 6: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Contents
1. Layering in Functional Discourse Grammar2. Layers and CCs3. Initial prediction4. Layers and the typology of CCs5. Factuality and the typology of CCs6. Presupposedness and the typology of CCs7. Interaction between layers, factuality, and presupposedness8. Conclusions
![Page 7: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
1. Layering in Functional Discourse Grammar
![Page 8: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Frames, Lexemes,Primary operators
Templates,Auxiliaries, Secondary operators
Interpersonal Level
Representational Level
Formulation
Morphosyntactic Encoding
Morphosyntactic Level
Phonological Encoding
Phonological Level
Prosodic patterns,Morphemes, Tertiary operators
![Page 9: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Frames, Lexemes, Primary operators
Templates,Auxiliaries, Secondary operators
Interpersonal Level
Representational Level
Formulation
Morphosyntactic Encoding
Morphosyntactic Level
Phonological Encoding
Phonological Level
Prosodic patterns,Morphemes, Tertiary operators
![Page 10: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Frames, Lexemes, Primary operators
Templates,Auxiliaries, Secondary operators
Interpersonal Level
Representational Level
Formulation
Morphosyntactic Encoding
Morphosyntactic Level
Phonological Encoding
Phonological Level
Prosodic patterns,Morphemes, Tertiary operators
![Page 11: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Interpersonal Level
(π M1: [
Move(π A1: [
Discourse Act(π F1)
Illocution
(π P1)S
Speaker
(π P2)A
Addressee(π C1: [
Communicated Content
(π T1)Φ
Ascriptive Subact
(π R1)Φ
Referential Subact
] (C1)Φ
Communicated Content] (A1)Φ
Discourse Act] (M1))
Move
![Page 12: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Representational Level(π p1:
Propositional Content
(π ep1:
Episode(π e1:
State-of-Affairs
[(π f1: [Configurational Property
(π f1)Lexical Property
(π x1)Φ
Individual
] (f1))Configurational
Property(e1)Φ])
State-of-Affairs(ep1))
Episode(p1))
Propositional Content
![Page 13: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Operators and modifiers
- A layer can be further specified in two different ways, through operators (π) and modifiers (σ) These grammatical strategies are different, but the semantic effects are comparable. Some examples:
![Page 14: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Operators and modifiers
(π p1: [.....] (p1))
π = InferHe must be home.
( p1: [.....] (p1): σ (p1) σ = apparently
Apparently he is home
![Page 15: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Operators and modifiers
(π e1: [.....] (p1))
π = HabHe used to arrive late.
( e1: [.....] (p1): σ (p1) σ = normally
He normally arrives late
![Page 16: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Layers and complementation
- Layers can also occur as arguments of CTPs, and thus be the pragmatic and/or semantic counterpart of complement clauses- Every layer stands for a certain entity type, such as ‘propositional content’, ‘state-of-affairs’, etc.- The semantics of the CTP determines with which entity type it can combine, e.g.
![Page 17: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Layers and complementation
(CTP) (π p1: [.....] (p1): σ (e1))ϕ
CTP = seemIt seems that he is home
(CTP) (π e1: [.....] (e1): σ (e1))ϕ
CTP = customaryIt is customary for him to arrive late
![Page 18: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Operators, modifiers, CTPs
- As a result of this approach, interpersonal and representational layers can be interpreted as a classification of CCs, with a steadily decreasing degree of internal complexity the lower one gets in the hierarchical structure.- At the same time, the underlying layers predict what kind of distintions can and cannot be expressed in CCs of these different types, as the lower one gets, the more operator and modifier positions are lost.
![Page 19: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
2. Layering and complement clauses
![Page 20: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Interpersonal layers underlying complement clauses
(π M1: (π A1: [… (π C1: [(T1) (R1)] (C1): Σ (C1))] (A1): Σ (A1)) (M1): Σ (M1))
ex. CTP conclude(π A1: [… (π C1: [(T1) (R1)]
(C1): Σ (C1))] (A1): Σ (A1))
ex. CTP go_without_saying
(π C1: [(T1) (R1)] (C1): Σ (C1))
ex. CTP say
![Page 21: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
M-complement
(f1: [(f2: concludeV (f2)) (x1)A (M1: [(A1), (A2) ... ] (M1) Σ (M1 ))U] (f1))
While it is difficult to make generalizations about such a diverse public, it is easy to conclude [that, in sum these actions have led to a net loss of vegetative cover relative to pre-settlement condi-tions, as well as a substantial change in the type of vegetation present. At the same time, public consciousness regarding the importance of urban vegetation has certainly risen in the last ten years, although how much of that awareness has translated into changed behavior vis a vis urban plants in Quito is an open question.] (Internet)
![Page 22: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
A-complement
(f1: [(f2: go_without_sayingV (f2)) (A1: [... (C1)] (A1): Σ (A1))U] (f1))
It goes without saying [that, in addition (*in sum), issues such as quality and a customer-oriented approach will be kept in mind.] (Internet)
![Page 23: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
C-complement
(f1: [(f2: sayV (f2)) (x1)A (C1: [(T1) (R1)] (C1): Σ (C1 ))U] (f1))
He said [that reportedly (*in addition) there was some history of threats of domestic abuse in the family.] (Internet)
![Page 24: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Representational layers underlying complement clauses
(π p1: (π ep1: (π e1: (π f1: [(f2) (x1)] (f1): σ (f1)) (e1): σ (e1)) (ep1): σ (ep1)) (p1): σ (p1))
(ex. CTP believe)(π ep1: (π e1: (π f1: [(f2) (x1)] (f1): σ (f1)) (e1): σ (e1))
(ep1): σ (ep1))
(ex. CTP be_possible) (π e1: (π f1: [(f2)
(x1)] (f1): σ (f1)) (e1): σ (e1))
(ex. CTP see)
(π f1: [(f2) (x1)] (f1): σ (f1))
(ex. CTP continue)
![Page 25: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
p-complement
(f1: [(f2: believeV (f2)) (x1)A (p1: (ep1) … (ep2) (p1): σ (p1))U] (f1))
We believe [that possibly (*reportedly) as much as 60 percent (or more) of the population already believe [that the government is hiding what they know about worldly visitors.] (Internet)
![Page 26: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
ep-complement
(f1: [(f2: possibleAdj (f1)) (ep1: (e1) … (e2)) (ep1): σ (ep1))U] (f1))
It is possible [that later today or tomorrow (*probably) she will cover for the Loch Fyne allowing her larger fleet mate to go for her annual overhaul].
![Page 27: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
e-complement
(f1: [(f2: wantV (f2)) (x1)A (e1: (f3: … (f3)) (e1): σ (e1))U] (f1))
Lili wanted me [to come over after lunch (*yesterday)]. (Internet)
![Page 28: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
f-complement
(f1: [(f2: continueV (f2)) (x1)A (f3: [(f4) (x1)A] (f3): σ (f3))U] (f1))
The police continued [to shoot indiscriminately into the crowd (*after lunch)]. (Internet)
![Page 29: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
3. Initial prediction
![Page 30: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Initial prediction
- The higher the highest layer underlying a complement clause is, the more likely it is that the verb form it contains is a balanced one. - The lower the highest layer underlying a complement clause is, the more likely it is that the verb form it contains is a deranked one.
![Page 31: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Initial prediction
- A balanced verb form is one that can be used in a main clause. - A deranked verb form is one that can only be used in a subordinate clause.
![Page 32: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Initial prediction
- Explanation 1: The higher the highest layer underlying a complement clause is, the more operator positions it contains. The operators occupying these positions have to be expressed, generally on the verb.- Explanation 2: The higher the highest layer underlying a complement clause is, the more the complement clause is like a main clause.
![Page 33: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
4. Layering and the typology of complement clauses
![Page 34: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
The entity type hierarchy
f ⊃ e ⊃ ep ⊃ p⊃ C (⊃ A ⊃ M)
The more to the right on the hierarchy the highest layer is that a CC expresses, the more likely it is that this CC contains a balanced verb form
The more to the left on the hierarchy the highest layer is that a CC expresses, the more likely it is that this CC contains a deranked verb form
![Page 35: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
CCs, CTPs and layers
f e ep p CPhase
continuePerception
seeCertainty
be_certainBelief
believeAssertion
say
![Page 36: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
The entity type hierarchyf
Phasee
Perceptionep
Certaintyp
BeliefC
AssertionAbkhaz + + + + +English + + +/– +/– +/–Dutch + + – +/– +/–Spanish + + – +/– –Basque + + – – –Polish + – – – –Greek – – – – –
![Page 37: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
The entity type hierarchy: Immediate perception
![Page 38: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
The entity type hierarchyf
Phasee
Perceptionep
Certaintyp
BeliefC
AssertionAbkhaz + + + + +English + + +/– +/– +/–Dutch + + – +/– +/–Spanish + + – +/– –Basque + + – – –Polish + – – – –Greek – – – – –
![Page 39: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
The entity type hierarchy?f
Phasee
Perceptionep
Possibilityp
BeliefC
AssertionAbkhaz + + + + +English + + – +/– +/–Dutch + + – +/– +/–Spanish + + – +/– –Basque + + – – –Polish + – – – –Greek – – – – –
![Page 40: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
The entity type hierarchy?
English
(1) a. It is certain that Tom will come.b. Tom is certain to come.
(2) a. It is possible that Tom will come.b. *Tom is possible to come.
![Page 41: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
5. Factuality and the typology of complement clauses
![Page 42: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Factuality
- In some languages there is a major division between complement clauses that are factual in nature and those that are not. - Factuality is a cover term that hosts distinctions that apply in different ways to the different entity types.
![Page 43: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
FactualityFactual Non-factual
C Endorsed by the speaker Not endorsed by the speakerp True Not trueep Real Not reale Realized Not realizedf Applicable Not applicable
![Page 44: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Factual and non-factual CCs
f e ep p CFactual Phase
continue
Percep-tionsee
Cer-tainty
certain
Belief
believe
Asser-tionsay
Non-factual
-- Wanting
want
Possi-bility
possible
Doubt
doubt
Ques-tionask
![Page 45: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
The factuality hierarchy
factual ⊃ non-factual
Non-factual CCs are more likely to contain a balanced verb form than factual CCs.
Factual CCs are more likely to contain a deranked verb form than non-factual CCs.
![Page 46: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
The factuality hierarchy
Explanation:
There is a tendency in languages to mark the non-factual rather than the factual status of a complement clause explicitly, e.g. by means of a subjunctive
![Page 47: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Factual and non-factual CCs
f e ep p CFactual Phase
continue
Percep-tionsee
Cer-tainty
certain
Belief
believe
Asser-tionsay
Non-factual
Wanting
want
Possi-bility
possible
Doubt
doubt
Ques-tionask
![Page 48: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
The factuality hierarchy
ePerception
eWanting
Chuvash + +
Irish + +/–
Armenian +/– +/–
Polish – +/–
Albanian +/– –
Maltese – –
![Page 49: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Factual and non-factual CCs
f e ep p CFactual Phase
continue
Percep-tionsee
Cer-tainty
certain
Belief
believe
Asser-tionsay
Non-factual
Wanting
want
Possi-bility
possible
Doubt
doubt
Ques-tionask
![Page 50: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
The factuality hierarchy
epCertainty
epPossibility
Turkish + +
Latin + +/–
Finnish +/– +/–
English +/– –
Armenian – –
![Page 51: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Factual and non-factual CCs
f e ep p CFactual Phase
continue
Percep-tionsee
Cer-tainty
certain
Belief
believe
Asser-tionsay
Non-factual
Wanting
want
Possi-bility
possible
Doubt
doubt
Ques-tionask
![Page 52: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
The factuality hierarchy
pBelief
pDoubt
Turkish + +
Latin + +/–
Georgian +/– +/–
Danish +/– –
Hungarian – –
![Page 53: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Factual and non-factual CCs
f e ep p CFactual Phase
continue
Percep-tionsee
Cer-tainty
certain
Belief
believe
Asser-tionsay
Non-factual
Wanting
want
Possi-bility
possible
Doubt
doubt
Ques-tionask
![Page 54: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
The factuality hierarchy
CAssertion
CQuestion
Abkhaz + +
German +/– –
Latvian – –
![Page 55: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
The factuality hierarchy: Wanting
![Page 56: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
The entity type hierarchy: Immediate perception
![Page 57: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Factuality and Entity Type
Arme-nian
f e ep p C
Factual Phase Percep-tion
Cer-tainty
Belief Asser-tion
+ +/– – – –Non-factual
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
+/– – – –
![Page 58: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
Factuality and Entity Type
Abkhaz f e ep p C
Factual Phase Percep-tion
Cer-tainty
Belief Asser-tion
+ + + + +Non-factual
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
+ + + +
![Page 59: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Factuality and Entity Type
Bulga-rian
f e ep p C
Factual Phase Percep-tion
Cer-tainty
Belief Asser-tion
– – – – –Non-factual
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
– – – –
![Page 60: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
Factuality and Entity Type
Latin f e ep p C
Factual Phase Percep-tion
Cer-tainty
Belief Asser-tion
+ + + + +/–Non-factual
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
+ – +/– –
![Page 61: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
Factuality and Entity Type
Alba-nian
f e ep p C
Factual Phase Percep-tion
Cer-tainty
Belief Asser-tion
+/– +/– – – –Non-factual
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
– – – –
![Page 62: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
The factuality hierarchy
ePerception
eWanting
Chuvash + +
Irish + +/–
Lithuanian +/– +/–
Polish – +/–
Albanian +/– –
Maltese – –
![Page 63: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
The factuality hierarchy?
ePerception
eImpediment
Chuvash + +
Irish + +
Lithuanian +/– +
Polish – +/–
Albanian +/– –
Maltese – –
![Page 64: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
The factuality hierarchy?Lithuanian(1) Aš nori-u, kad
ji ižei-tų.I.NOM want-PRES.1.SG that she.NOM
leave.SUBJ.3‘I want her to leave.’
(2) Aš nori-u ižei-ti.I.NOM want-PRES.1.SG leave-INF‘I want to leave.’
(3) Jis sutrukd-é Tom-uiten nuei-ti.he prevent-PST.3.SG Tom-DAT therego-INF
‘He prevented Tom from going there.’
![Page 65: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
6. Presupposedness and the typology of complement clauses
![Page 66: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
Presupposedness
- In some languages there is a major division between complement clauses that are presupposed in nature and those that are not. - Presupposedness is a cover term that hosts distinctions that apply in different ways to the different entity and factuality types
![Page 67: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
Presupposedness
Factuale implied to be realized (force)ep presupposed to be real (commentative)p presupposed to be true (knowledge)Non-factuale implied not to be realized (prevent)ep presupposed not to be real (pretence)p presupposed not to be true (unreal wish)
![Page 68: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
The presupposedness hierarchy
Presupposed ⊃ Non-presupposed
Non-presupposed CCs are more likely to contain a balanced verb form than presupposed CCs.
Presupposed CCs are more likely to contain a deranked verb form than non-presupposed CCs.
![Page 69: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
The presupposedness hierarchy
Explanation
The factuality or non-factuality value of a presupposed CC is implied by the meaning of the CTP and therefore there is less need to express this value explicitly.
![Page 70: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
Presupposed and non-presupposed CCs
f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase
continue
Perception
see
Certainty
certain
Belief
believe
Assertion
sayPresupp. Manipu-
lationforce
Com-mentregret
Know-ledgeknow
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting
want
Possi-bility
possible
Doubt
doubt
Question
askPresupp. Impedi-
mentprevent
Pretence
act as if
Unreal Wishwish
![Page 71: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
Presupposed and non-presupposed CCs
f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase
continue
Perception
see
Certainty
certain
Belief
believe
Assertion
sayPresupp. Manipu-
lationforce
Com-mentregret
Know-ledgeknow
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting
want
Possi-bility
possible
Doubt
doubt
Question
askPresupp. Impedi-
mentprevent
Pretence
act as if
Unreal Wishwish
![Page 72: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
The presupposedness hierarchy
e - factualManipulation
e - factualPerception
Lezgian + +
Lithuanian + +/–
Danish +/– +/–
Armenian + –
Polish +/– –
Kurmanji – –
![Page 73: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
Presupposed and non-presupposed CCs
f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase
continue
Perception
see
Certainty
certain
Belief
believe
Assertion
sayPresupp. Manipu-
lationforce
Com-mentregret
Know-ledgeknow
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting
want
Possi-bility
possible
Doubt
doubt
Question
askPresupp. Impedi-
mentprevent
Pretence
act as if
Unreal Wishwish
![Page 74: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
The presupposedness hierarchy
ep - factualComment
e - factualCertainty
Chuvash + +
English +/– +/–
Lithuanian +/– –
Ossetic – –
![Page 75: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75
Presupposed and non-presupposed CCs
f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase
continue
Perception
see
Certainty
certain
Belief
believe
Assertion
sayPresupp. Manipu-
lationforce
Com-mentregret
Know-ledgeknow
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting
want
Possi-bility
possible
Doubt
doubt
Question
askPresupp. Impedi-
mentprevent
Pretence
act as if
Unreal Wishwish
![Page 76: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
The presupposedness hierarchy
p - factualKnowledge
p - factualBelief
Latin + +
Spanish +/– +/–
Chechen + –
Armenian +/– –
Bulgarian – –
![Page 77: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
Presupposed and non-presupposed CCs
f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase
continue
Perception
see
Certainty
certain
Belief
believe
Assertion
sayPresupp. Manipu-
lationforce
Com-mentregret
Know-ledgeknow
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting
want
Possi-bility
possible
Doubt
doubt
Question
askPresupp. Impedi-
mentprevent
Pretence
act as if
Unreal Wishwish
![Page 78: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78
The presupposedness hierarchy
e – non-factualImpediment
e – non-factualWanting
Finnish + +
Ossetic + +/–
Russian +/– +/–
Albanian – –
![Page 79: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79
Presupposed and non-presupposed CCs
f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase
continue
Perception
see
Certainty
certain
Belief
believe
Assertion
sayPresupp. Manipu-
lationforce
Com-mentregret
Know-ledgeknow
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting
want
Possi-bility
possible
Doubt
doubt
Question
askPresupp. Impedi-
mentprevent
Pretence
act as if
Unreal Wishwish
![Page 80: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80
The presupposedness hierarchy
ep – non-factualPretence
ep – non-factualPossibility
Turkish + +
Irish +/– +/–
Armenian +/– –
Basque – –
![Page 81: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81
Presupposed and non-presupposed CCs
f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase
continue
Perception
see
Certainty
certain
Belief
believe
Assertion
sayPresupp. Manipu-
lationforce
Com-mentregret
Know-ledgeknow
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting
want
Possi-bility
possible
Doubt
doubt
Question
askPresupp. Impedi-
mentprevent
Pretence
act as if
Unreal Wishwish
![Page 82: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
82
The presupposedness hierarchy
p – non-factualUnreal Wish
p – non-factualDoubt
Turkish + +
German +/– +/–
Armenian +/– –
Danish – –
![Page 83: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
83
The presupposedness hierarchy: Manipulation
![Page 84: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84
The presupposedness hierarchy: Perception
![Page 85: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
85
The presupposedness hierarchy: Commentative
![Page 86: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
86
Presupposedness and factuality
Albanian f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase Perception Certainty Belief Assertion
+/- +/- + + +
Presupp. Manipu-lation
Com-ment
Know-ledge
+/- + + +
![Page 87: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
87
Presupposedness and factuality
Lithua-nian
f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase Perception Certainty Belief Assertion
+ +/- - - -
Presupp. Manipu-lation
Com-ment
Know-ledge
+ +/- -
![Page 88: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
88
Presupposedness and factuality
Arme-nian
f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase Perception Certainty Belief Assertion
+ +/- - - -
Presupp. Manipu-lation
Com-ment
Know-ledge
+ +/- +/-
![Page 89: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
89
Presupposedness and factuality
Polish f e ep p C
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Question
+/- - - -
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pretence Unreal Wish
+/- - -
![Page 90: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
90
Presupposedness and factuality
Irish f e ep p C
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Question
+/- +/- +/- -
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pretence Unreal Wish
+ +/- +/-
![Page 91: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
91
Presupposedness and factuality
Lithua-nian
f e ep p C
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Question
+/- - - -
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pretence Unreal Wish
+ +/- - -
![Page 92: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
7. Interaction between entity types, factuality, and presupposedness
![Page 93: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
93
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 94: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
94
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 95: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
95
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 96: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
96
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 97: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
97
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 98: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
98
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 99: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
99
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 100: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
100
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 101: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
101
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 102: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
102
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 103: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
103
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 104: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
104
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 105: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
105
The layering hierarchy – factual presupposed
eManipulation
epComment
CKnowledge
Chechen + + +Finnish + +/– +/–Georgian +/– +/– +/–Basque + +/– –Catalan +/– +/– –Ossetic + – –Albanian +/– – –Bulgarian – – –
![Page 106: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
106
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 107: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
107
The layering hierarchy – non-factual non-presupposed
eWanting
epPossibility
pDoubt
CQuestion
Turkish + + + +Finnish + +/– +/– –English +/– – +/– –Georgian +/– +/– +/– –Basque +/– – – –Maltese – – – –
![Page 108: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
108
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 109: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
109
The layering hierarchy – non factual presupposed
eImpediment
epPretence
CUnreal Wish
Turkish + + +Armenian + +/– +/–Spanish +/– +/– +/–Lithuanian + +/– –Latvian + – –Polish +/– – –Kurmanji – – –
![Page 110: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
110
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 111: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
111
The factuality hierarchy - presupposed
e – presupposedManipulation
e – presupposedImpediment
Latvian + +
Basque + +/–
Danish +/– +/–
Georgian +/– –
Maltese – –
![Page 112: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
112
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 113: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
113
The factuality hierarchy - presupposed
e – presupposedComment
e – presupposedPretence
Chuvash + +
Latin + +/–
German +/– +/–
Catalan +/– –
Ossetic – –
![Page 114: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
114
Interaction
f e ep p CFactual Non-pre-
supposedPhase Percep-
tionCer-
taintyBelief Asser-
tionPresupp. Manipu-
lationCom-ment
Know-ledge
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting Possi-bility
Doubt Ques-tion
Presupp. Impedi-ment
Pre-tence
Unreal Wish
![Page 115: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
115
The factuality hierarchy - presupposed
e – presupposedKnowledge
e – presupposedUnreal Wish
Turkish + +
Russian +/– +/–
Danish +/– –
Lithuanian – –
![Page 116: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
116
Interaction - Types
Type 1: strictly balancingType 2: balancing > eType 3: balancing > epType 4: balancing > pType 5: deranking CType 6: strictly deranking
![Page 117: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
117
Type 1: strictly balancingMaltese f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase
–
Percep-tion
–
Cer-tainty
–
Belief
–
Asser-tion
–
Presupp. Manipu-lation
–
Com-ment
–
Know-ledge
–
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting
–
Possi-bility
–
Doubt
–
Ques-tion
–
Presupp. Impedi-ment
–
Pre-tence
–
Unreal Wish
–
![Page 118: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
118
Type 2: balancing > eOssetic f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase
+
Percep-tion+/–
Cer-tainty
–
Belief
–
Asser-tion
–
Presupp. Manipu-lation
+
Com-ment
–
Know-ledge
–
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting
+/–
Possi-bility
–
Doubt
–
Ques-tion
–
Presupp. Impedi-ment
+
Pre-tence
–
Unreal Wish
–
![Page 119: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
119
Type 3: balancing > ep Basque f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase
+
Percep-tion
+
Cer-tainty
–
Belief
–
Asser-tion
–
Presupp. Manipu-lation
+
Com-ment+/–
Know-ledge
–
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting
+/–
Possi-bility
–
Doubt
–
Ques-tion
–
Presupp. Impedi-ment+/–
Pre-tence
–
Unreal Wish
–
![Page 120: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
120
Type 4: balancing > pArme-nian
f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase
+
Percep-tion+/–
Cer-tainty
–
Belief
–
Asser-tion
–
Presupp. Manipu-lation
+
Com-ment+/–
Know-ledge+/–
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting
+/–
Possi-bility
–
Doubt
–
Ques-tion
–
Presupp. Impedi-ment
+
Pre-tence+/–
Unreal Wish+/–
![Page 121: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
121
Type 5: deranking CFinnish f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase
+
Percep-tion
+
Cer-tainty
+/–
Belief
+/–
Asser-tion+/–
Presupp. Manipu-lation
+
Com-ment+/–
Know-ledge+/–
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting
+
Possi-bility+/–
Doubt
+/–
Ques-tion
–
Presupp. Impedi-ment
+
Pre-tence+/–
Unreal Wish+/–
![Page 122: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
122
Type 6: strictly derankingTurkish f e ep p C
Factual Non-pre-supposed
Phase
+
Percep-tion
+
Cer-tainty
+
Belief
+
Asser-tion
+
Presupp. Manipu-lation
+
Com-ment
+
Know-ledge
+
Non-factual
Non-pre-supposed
Wanting
+
Possi-bility
+
Doubt
+
Ques-tion
+
Presupp. Impedi-ment
+
Pre-tence
+
Unreal Wish
+
![Page 123: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
123
Types
![Page 124: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
124
Interaction - Types
Type 1: strictly balancing blueType 2: balancing > e
lavenderType 3: balancing > ep
purpleType 4: balancing > p
redType 5: deranking C
orangeType 6: strictly deranking yellow
![Page 125: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
8. Conclusions
![Page 126: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
126
Conclusions
- The layered approach to complementation allows for a fine-grained classification of CCs- There is a strong crosslinguistically valid correlation between the highest layer the underlying representation a CC contains and its balanced or deranked expression- This correlation only obtains systematically when factual and non-factual and presupposed and non-presupposed CCs are distinguished and kept separate
![Page 127: Complementation in Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022102719/56649e705503460f94b6e8df/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
127
This presentation is available at www.keeshengeveld.nl