compiled ite 1013 notes

ITE1013 Information Technology Fundamentals For Internal Circulation Only

1

1.0 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BASICS

1.1 A World of Computer

Computers are everywhere.

What Is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory. Its processing cycle begins with collecting data (input) and ends with producing information (output).

Data raw facts

Information a collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves.

Input

(data)

process Output

(information)


2

The Components of Computer

A computer contains many electric, electronic and mechanical components known as hardware.

Component Description

Input Device Allows user to enter data and instructions into a computer

Output Device Hardware component that conveys information to one or more people

System Unit Case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data

Storage Device Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage Media

Communication Device Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and information to and from one or more computers or mobile devices

The Components of a Computer (examples)


3

1.2 Information Systems Vs Information Technology Information Technology IT refers to all of the computer-based information systems used by organizations and their underlying technologies. Elements of IT : Hardware, software, databases, networks and other related components. Information System (IS) A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate and disseminate data and information and provide feedback to meet an objective. Examples of IS include ATM, airline reservation systems, course reservation systems etc. IS is more than a computer. IS is more than a computer.

Perspective on information systems Elements of IS

Input

(data)

process Output

(information)

feedback


4

Information System vs Information Technology

1.3 Latest technology in Information Technology

The rate at which new computer hardware products are arriving in the market is simply mind-boggling. As the technology advances, the size and the price of the devices come down, while the efficiency and capacity increase. The scenario is same in all cases, whether it is about internal components like processor, motherboard, RAM, graphics card, and hard disk or for peripheral accessories like mouse, keyboard, and monitors. Personal computers became popular only before about three decades back. But already there are huge piles of outdated and antique hardware components and devices. This is a tribute to the tremendous rate of development of latest technologies in computer hardware field. Perhaps, the newest entrant into the archeological catalogue of computer peripherals is CRT monitors. The sleek looking LCD monitors are spreading like computer virus.

Data storage devices have attracted considerable attention of the technology developers. New kinds of storage devices such as newer versions of flash memory cards, hard disks using latest technology and disks of ever-increasing capacity are the results of advancement in latest technology in compute hardware. The memory size of the random access memory (RAM) cards is soaring to enable the smooth functioning of graphics animation software packages and streaming video websites. Also, computer motherboards have undergone substantial changes over the years. More and more functions are being


5

added to the motherboard. Also, despite the incredible improvement in performance and functionalities, the price of these components has actually fallen steadily.

The most vital component of a computer is the microprocessor. It is in this field that a battle of developing latest technologies in computer hardware takes place. The pace of development of microprocessor increases as the competition between the major processor chip manufacturing companies, Intel and AMD, intensifies. Both the companies are engaging in a neck and neck competition and continuously outdo each other in introducing new technologies.

In the field of computer peripherals, the latest technology in computer hardware is in developing yet another version of wireless mouse and keyboard. The concept of wireless mouse and keyboard is about a decade old. But the development of these items is still a work in progress. The latest products of wireless mouse and keyboard are said to be highly durable and error free.

Some of the developments in the latest technology in computer hardware are gearing up for changing the present concept of desktop and laptop computers. With new developments making possible the convergence of mobile phone technology and computers, a new breed of fully functional palm-top computers are going to be introduced in near future. With touch screen monitors and without the need for a mouse, these gadgets are likely to become the next big leap in the constantly leaping technological development field.


6

2.0 COMPUTER HARDWARE

2.1 Components of Computer Hardware

2.1.1 Input Devices

An input device is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions into

a computer.

2.1.1.1 Keyboard

An ergonomic keyboard has a design that reduces the chance of wrist and hand injuries.

Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of the workplace.

Keyboards on mobile devices typically are smaller and/or have fewer keys. Some phones have

.


7

2.1.1.2 Pointing Device

A pointing device is an input device that allows a user to control a pointer on the screen. A

pointer is a small symbol on the screen whose location and shape change as a user moves a

pointing device.

Mouse

A mouse is a pointing device that fits under the palm of

your hand comfortably

Most widely used pointing device on desktop

computers

A mouse can be wired or wireless

Trackball

A trackball is a stationary pointing device with a ball on

its top or side

Touch Screen & Touchpad

A touch screen is a touch-sensitive display device

A touchpad is a small, flat, rectangular pointing device

that is sensitive to pressure and motion


8

Pointing Stick

A pointing stick is a pressure-sensitive pointing device

shaped like a pencil eraser that is positioned between

keys on a keyboard

Pen Input

With pen input, you touch a stylus or digital pen on a

flat surface to write, draw, or make selections

Game Controller

Video games and computer games use a game

controller as the input device that directs movements

and actions of on-screen objects.

Game pads

Joystick & wheels

Light guns

Motion-sensing controller

2.1.1.3 Digital Camera

A digital camera is a mobile device that allows users to take pictures and store them digitally.

Studio cameras

Field cameras

Point-and-shoot camera


9

2.1.1.4 Voice Input

Voice input is the process of entering input by speaking into a microphone. Voice recognition is

tinguishing spoken words. Audio input is the process of entering

any sound into the computer.

Music production software allows users to record, compose, mix, and edit music and sounds.

2.1.1.5 Video Input

Video input is the process of capturing full-

storage medium.

A Web cam is a type of digital video camera that enables a user to:

Transfer video and images

Connect the camera to a port on the system unit

Record video on a digital video (DV) camera or use a video

capture card to convert analog signals to digital

Sound Effects Music Speech


10

Capture video and still images

Send e-mail messages with video attachments

Add live images to instant messages

Broadcast live images over the Internet

Make video telephone calls

A video conference is a meeting between two or more geographically separated people.

2.1.1.6 Scanners & Reading Devices

Optical character recognition (OCR) involves reading characters from ordinary documents. A

turnaround document is a document you return to the company that creates and sends it.


11

Optical mark recognition (OMR) reads hand-drawn marks such as small circles or rectangles.

An OMR device scans the documents and matches the patterns of light

A bar code reader, also called a bar code scanner uses laser beams to read bar codes

RFID (radio frequency identification) uses radio signals to communicate with a tag placed in

or attached to an object. An RFID reader reads information on the tag via radio waves. RFID

can track:

Magnetic stripe card readers read the magnetic stripe on the back of cards such as:

Credit cards

Entertainment cards

Bank cards

Other similar cards

MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) devices read text printed with magnetized ink. An

MICR reader converts MICR characters into a form the computer can process. Banking

industry uses MICR for check processing.


12

Data collection devices obtain data directly at the location where the transaction or event

takes place. Used in:

Restaurants

Grocery stores

Factories

Warehouses

The outdoors

2.1.2 Output Devices

An output device is any hardware component that conveys information to one or more people.

Four commonly used output devices are a printer, a monitor, speakers and a portable media

player.

2.1.2.1 Display Device

A display device visually conveys text, graphics, and video information. A monitor is packaged as

a separate peripheral:

LCD monitor

Widescreen

Liquid crystal display (LCD) uses a liquid compound to present information on a display device.


13

Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device. A higher resolution

uses a greater number of pixels.

The graphics processing unit (GPU) controls the manipulation and display of graphics on a display

device. LCD monitors use a digital signal and should plug into a DVI port, and HDMI port, or a

DisplayPort.

Plasma monitors are display devices that use gas plasma technology and offer screen sizes up to

150 inches.


14

Televisions also are a good output device - Require a converter if you are connecting your

computer to an analog television. Digital television (DTV) offers a crisper, higher-quality output.

HDTV is the most advanced form of digital television. A CRT monitor is a desktop monitor that

contains a cathode-ray tube. Have a much larger footprint than do LCD monitors.

2.1.2.2 Printers

A printer produces text and graphics on a physical medium. Printed information is called a hard

copy, or printout. The orientation is either Landscape or portrait. Two types of printer:

i. Nonimpact printer

ii. Impact printer

Nonimpact Printer


15

Printer Description

Ink-jet Printers

An ink-jet printer forms characters and

graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink

onto a piece of paper

Color or black-and-white

Printers with a higher dpi (dots per inch)

produce a higher quality output

Photo Printer

A photo printer produces colour photo-lab-

quality pictures

Most use ink-jet technology

PictBridge allows you to print photos directly

from a digital camera

Print from a memory card and preview photos

on a built-in LCD screen

Multi -Function Peripheral

A multifunction peripheral (MFP) is a single

device that prints, scans, copies, and in some

cases, faxes

Sometimes called an all-in-one device

Thermal Printer

A thermal printer generates images by pushing

electrically heated pins against the heat-

sensitive paper

Two types:

o Thermal wax-transfer printer

o Dye-sublimation printer


16

Mobile Printer

A mobile printer is a small, lightweight,

battery-powered printer that allows a mobile

user to print from a notebook computer, smart

phone, or other mobile device

Label Printer

A label printer is a small printer that prints on

adhesive-type material

A postage printer prints postage stamps

Postage also can be printed on other types of

printers

Plotters

Plotters are used to produce high-quality

drawings

Large-format printers create photo-realistic

quality colour prints on a larger scale


17

Impact Printer

Impact printers form characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism

against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper. Two types of impact printer:

Dot-Matrix printer produces printed images when tiny wire pins on a print head

mechanism strike an inked ribbon

Line printer prints an entire line at a time

2.1.2.3 Speakers, Headphones & Ear buds

An audio output device produces music, speech, or other sounds. Most computer users attach

speakers to their computers to:

Generate higher-quality sounds for playing games

Interact with multimedia presentations

Listen to music

View movies

Headphones are speakers that cover or are placed outside of the ear. Earbuds (also called

earphones) rest inside the ear canal. Wireless speakers are specifically designed to play audio

from a portable media player.


18

hen the computer talks to you through

the speakers.

Some Web sites dedicate themselves to providing voice output

Often works with voice input

VoIP uses voice output and voice input

2.1.2.4 Other Output Devices

Other output devices are available for specific uses and applications.

Devices Description

Data Projector

A data projector is a device that takes the text and

images displaying on a computer screen and projects

them on a larger screen

LCD projector

Digital light processing (DLP) projector

Interactive Whiteboards

An interactive whiteboard is a touch-sensitive device,

resembling a dry-erase board, that displays the image

on a connected computer screen


19

2.1.3 Storage

Storage holds data, instruction, and information for future use. A storage medium is the physical

material on which a computer keeps data, instruction and information. A storage device is the

computer hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from storage media.

Reading is the process of transferring items from a storage medium into memory

Writing is the process of transferring items from memory to a storage medium

Access time measures:

o The amount of time it takes a storage device to locate an item on a storage

medium

o The time required to deliver an item from memory to the processor

2.1.3.1 Hard Disks

A hard disk contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store

data, instructions, and information. Formatting is the process of dividing the disk into tracks and

sectors so that the operating system can store and locate data and information on the disk. A

head crash occurs when a read/write head touches the surface of a platter. Always keep a

backup of your hard disk.


20

2.1.3.2 Flash Memory Storage

A memory card is a removable flash memory device that you insert and remove from a slot in a

computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer.

USB flash drives plug into a USB port on a computer or mobile device (512 MB-100 GB).


21

An Express Card module is a removable device that fits in an Express Card slot. It is developed by

the PCMCIA and commonly used in notebook computers.


22

2.1.3.3 Cloud Storage

Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides storage to computer users (may or may not be

free).

Users subscribe to cloud storage for a variety of reasons:

Access files from any computer

Store large files instantaneously

Allow others to access their files

View time-critical data and images immediately

Store offsite backups

Provide data center functions

2.1.3.4 Optical Disks

An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is

written and read by a laser. Typically it stores software, data, digital photos, movies and music.

Two types of optical disks is Read only or rewritable.


23


24

2.1.3.5 Other Types of Storage

Storage Description

Tape

Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable

of storing large amounts of data and information.

A tape drive reads and writes data and information on a

tape (sequential access)

Magnetic Stripe Cards & Smart Cards

A magnetic stripe card contains a magnetic stripe that

stores information.

A smart card stores data on a thin microprocessor

embedded in the card

Microfilm & Microfiche

Microfilm and microfiche store microscopic images of

documents on a roll or sheet film


25

2.1.4 System Unit

The system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process

data. The inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer includes:

1. Drive Bay

2. Power Supply

3. Sound Card

4. Video Card

5. Processor

6. Memory

What is the motherboard? The motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit. A

computer chip contains integrated circuits.

What is the Processor? The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets

and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer. It contains Control Unit (CU)

which directs and coordinates operations in computer and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) which

performs arithmetic, comparison and logical operations.


26

The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz). The

leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD. A processor

chip generates heat that could cause the chip to burn up.

Require additional cooling

Heat sinks

Liquid cooling technology

What is the Memory? Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting

to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of

processing the data. Stores three basic categories of items:

Each location in memory has an address. Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),

megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB).


27

The system unit contains two types of memory:

Three basic types of RAM chips exist:

What is Bay(s)? A bay is an opening inside the system unit in which you can install additional

equipment. A drive bay typically holds disk drives.


28

What is Power Supply? The power supply converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power.

Some external peripherals have an AC adapter, which is an external power supply.

2.1.5 Connector Components

Port / Connector Description

Serial Port: Transmits one bit of data at a time. Connects slow-

speed devices, such as mouse, keyboard and modem.

Parallel Port: Connects devices that can transfer more than one

bit at a time, such as a printer

PS/2 PORTS /6-PIN MINI DIN, 5-PIN DIN

PS/2 keyboard or PS/2 mouse ports are used to connect the PC

to its keyboard and mouse.


29

Bluetooth Port

A Bluetooth wireless port adapter converts a USB port into a

Bluetooth port

FireWire Port

FireWire ports are forms of a serial port that make use of

FireWire technology to transfer data rapidly from one electronic

device to another.

SCSI Port

SCSI or Small Computer System Interface is a set of standards for

connecting computers and peripheral devices for data transfer.

SCSI is commonly used for hard disks and tape drives, but can

connect a wide range of other devices like optical drives like

CD/DVD drive if the specific device being connected supports the

standard. There are different SCSI port types like parallel SCSI,

serial SCSI, Fiber SCSI and iSCSI.

eSata Port

eSATA is a External Serial ATA interface. Serial ATA is a

commonly used interface for internal Hard Drives, and eSATA is

an extension of that specification to be used with external

devices.

IrDA Port

Short for Infrared Data Association, a group of device

manufacturers that developed a standard for transmitting data

via infrared light waves.

IrDA ports support roughly the same transmission rates as

traditional parallel ports. The only restrictions on their use is that

the two devices must be within a few feet of each other and

there must be a clear line of sight between them


30

2.2 Portable Device

Portables are built with the intention of being lightweight and fitting within a certain size or form factor.

Portable devices include batteries, hard drives, PCMCIA Cards, and memory.

Hardware Description

Notebook Computers

Notebook computers incorporate the system unit, input unit, and output

unit into a single, lightweight package, that can be carried around by the

user. They are also called portables, laptop computers, palmtops, or personal

digital assistant (PDA), depending on their size and what they can do.

Batteries

Originally, portables used Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cad) batteries and were in an

external battery pack that would attach to the portable device. More

recently, Nickel Metal-Hydride (NiMH) and Lithium-Ion batteries have been

used in portable devices. These batteries usually last for a little over two

hours, depending on their size and the power consumption by the device.


31

PCMCIA Card

The Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA)

card is a special expansion card type designed primarily to accommodate the

needs of the portable computer market.

Portable Computer

Display

Notebook and laptop computers use non-CRT type displays, also referred to

as flat panel displays. Two examples of such displays are Liquid Crystal

Display (LCD) and gas-plasma panels.

They are much lighter and more compact than CRT monitors.

They require much less electrical energy to operate.

Both types of display units can be operated from batteries.

Docking Station / Port

Replicator

A port replicator is an external device that provides connections to

peripherals through ports built into the device .A docking station is an

external device that attaches to a mobile computer or device

Cooling Fan

Overheating can cause the system to slow down and malfunction. Keeping

the notebook cooler can be as simple as raising the notebook slightly to

allow air to circulate under the computer. Notebook cooler pads can be

purchased that utilize fans powered by the USB port help keep the notebook

cool.


32

Infrared Device

Infrared technology, also known as Infrared Radiation (IR) is used for wireless

transmission between computer devices and in remote controls for

television and stereo systems. To successfully link two devices, there must be

a transmitter and receiver with an unobstructed line of sight between the

devices.

Wireless Access point

Radio signals are used in wireless networking technologies to enable

computers to broadcast their information to one another using. A wireless

access point is utilized so that computers in a client/server network

communicate.

2.3 Multimedia Capabilities Tools

Multimedia is a term typically used to mean the combination of text, sound, and motion video.

Multimedia has been described as the addition of animated images as in an animated GIF on the web.

Multimedia is distinguished from traditional motion pictures or movies both by the scale of the

production (multimedia is usually smaller and less expensive) and by the addition of audience

participation or interactive multimedia. The minimum hardware requirements include a computer

monitor, video accelerator card, and sound adapter card with attached speakers.

The types of computer hardware and software necessary to develop multimedia on the PC vary.

The minimum hardware requirements include a computer monitor, video accelerator card, and sound

adapter card with attached speakers.


33

2.3.1 The Video Adapter

A video adapter is an integrated circuit card in a computer that provides digital-to-analog

conversion, video RAM, and a video controller so that data can be sent to a computer display.

Almost all displays and video adapters adhere to the standard Video Graphics Array (VGA).

VGA is how data is passed between the computer and the display.

A display or monitor is a computer output surface and projecting mechanism that shows text

and often graphic images.

Most computer monitors use analog signals to display the image.

This requirement and the need to continually refresh the displayed image means that the

computer also needs a display or video adapter.

2.3.2 Characterizing Computer Display

The Visual Graphics Array (VGA) mode is the lowest common denominator of display modes.

Depending on the resolution setting, it can provide up to 256 colors.

Dot pitch is the size of an individual beam that gets through to light up a point of phosphor on

the screen.

Computer video displays can be characterized according to the following criteria:

Color capability

Sharpness and view ability

The size of the screen

The projection technology

2.3.3 Sound Card & Speaker System

The output of the sound card requires additional amplification if external

speakers are used. Sound cards do have the capability of directly driving

low-power headphones. The system internal speaker can also produce audio

output, or it can be amplified through external audio amplifier systems for

applications such as "Surround Sound".


34

2.3.3.1 Sound Card Operation

A sound card is a device (either in the form of an expansion card or a chipset) that allows

the computer to handle audio information.

Basic responsibility of a sound card is the input, processing, and output of audio

information.

2.3.3.2 Physical Installation of Sound Cards

Installing a sound card is similar to installing any other adapter card.

Refer to the user guide to determine what hardware configuration settings should be

made before inserting the card into the system.


35

2.3.3.4 Connecting the CD-ROM or DVD Player to the Sound Card

A common connection is cabling the CD-ROM or DVDROM drive to the sound card to

produce digital audio.

All CD-ROM drives have an analog audio out connector for connecting to a sound card.

Most DVDROM drives offer a digital audio out connection.

DVDs are capable of audio streams containing multiple channels.

2.3.3.5 Sound Card Driver and Software Installation and Configuration

A sound card driver is the software that allows the computer operating system to

communicate with the hardware.

Faulty drivers can cause either distorted audio output, no audio output, or can adversely

affect the performance of a computer.

Most sound card manufacturers include a disk or CD with their product.Once the sound

card is installed, the driver can be installed, changed, or updated by using the Device

Manager.


36

2.3.3.6 MIDI and External-Audio Source Connection

Common external-audio source connections include:

MIDI port Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) used to connect musical devices.

Microphones can be connected to a sound card using the female 3.5mm mini jack port

on the face of the sound card.

The microphone in port is to be used with non-amplified sources.

The line in port is used to capture audio from amplified sources with line out options.

Manufacturers are adding external digital audio source capture components.

The major advantage of using the digital in option is that there is no analog to digital

conversion necessary to capture the audio information.


37

2.3.4 Drives

Compact Disk, Read Only Memory (CD-ROMs) are a very popular type of removable

media.

CD-ROM drives are categorized by their case type, bus type, and read speed.

The CD-ROM drive needs to be connected to a 40-pin IDE cable that is then connected to

the IDE controller.

An internal CD-ROM drive uses the standard Molex power connector that supplies 12

volts to other devices inside a PC.

2.3.4.1 Recording CDS with CD-R and CD-RW

CD recorders allow users to "burn" their own CDs containing music, data, video, or any

combination thereof.

Currently there are two major types of CD recorders:

1. CD-R - stands for Compact Disc - Recordable

2. CD-RW stands for Compact Disc Rewritable

It is recommended to be aware of copyright or licensing limitations when copying any

type of CD.


38

2.3.4.2 DVD Players

DVDs share the same physical size of a CD-ROM but can handle a much greater amount

of information.

DVDs are used for movies and audio, as well as data.

Computer DVD drives can also play movies and music as well as read data discs.

Manufacturers can now place their entire program on a single DVD instead of multiple

lower capacity CDs.

A DVD drive can read DVDs and CDs while a CD-ROM drive can only read CDs.

2.3.4.3 Recordable DVD

There are four different methods of DVD recording.

1. DVD-R (recordable) is similar to CD-R technology in that it allows the media to be

written one time only

2. DVD-RAM Using the Random Access Memory (RAM) technology allows users to

write and overwrite discs 100,000 times

3. The DVD-RW (re-writable) is a technology designed to address compatibility and

re-recording issues


39

4. DVD+RW - has the ability to use a variable bit-rate when encoding certain types

of media

2.3.5 Digital Cameras

A digital camera has a series of lenses that focus light to create an image of a scene just

like a conventional film camera.

It focuses light onto a semiconductor device that records the light electronically instead

of focusing this light onto a piece of film.

Many digital cameras use an LCD screen and fixed storage connected to the computer to

download the images.

2.3.6 Video Cameras

There are two types of video cameras: analog and digital.

Analog camcorders record video and audio signals as an analog track on video tape.


40

Digital recorders record information digitally, as bytes. This allows the image to be

reproduced without losing any image or audio quality.

Digital video can be downloaded to a computer, where it can be edited or posted on the

Internet.


41

3.0 COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Computer Software /program, tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform

them. Consist of

1. System Software

2. Application Software

3.1 System Software

System software consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the

computer and its devices. Consist of

1. Operating System

2. Utility Programs

3.2 Operating System

An operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that work together to

coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources


42

3.3 Operating System Functions

1. The process of starting or restarting a computer is called booting

Cold boot : Turning on a computer that has been powered off completely

Warm boot: Using the operating system to restart a computer

2. Steps how the pc boot.

a. Then power supply sends a signal to the components in the system unit

b. The processor finds the ROM chip(s) that contains the BIOS (basic input/output system)

c. The BIOS perform the POST (power-on self test), which checks components, such as the

mouse, keyboard and adapter cards

d. The results of the POST are compared with data in the CMOS chips

e. The BIOS may look for the system files on a USB flash drive or on optical disc drive or may

look directly on drive C (hard disk)

f. The system files and the kernel of the operating system load into memory (RAM) from

storage (i.e hard disk)

g. The operating system loads configuration information, may request user information, starts

several background processes. And displays the desktop on the screen

3. A boot drive is the drive from which your computer starts

4. You can boot from a boot disk.

5. A recovery disk contains a few system files that will start the computer

6. An operating system includes various shut down options

Sleep mode saves any open documents and programs to RAM, turns off all unneeded

functions, and then places the computer in a low-power state

Hibernate saves any open documents and programs to a hard disk before removing

power from the computer


43

7. A user interface controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed

on the screen

8. With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images

9. With a command-line interface, a user uses the keyboard to enter data and instructions

10. Program management features of operating systems:

a. Single user and multiuser

b. Single tasking and multitasking

c. Foreground and background

d. Preemptive multitasking

e. Multiprocessing

11. Memory management optimizes the use of RAM.

12. Virtual memory is a portion of a storage medium functioning as additional RAM

13. The operating system determines the order in which tasks are processed

14. A driver is a small program that tells the operating system how to communicate with a specific

device

15. Plug and Play automatically configures new devices as you install them

16. Operating systems typically provide a means to establish Internet connections.

17. A performance monitor is a program that assesses and reports information about various

computer resources and devices

18. Operating systems often provide users with the capability of:

a. Managing files

b. Searching for files

c. Viewing images

d. Securing a computer


44

e. Uninstalling programs

f. Cleaning up disks

g. Defragmenting disks

h. Diagnosing problems

i. Backing up files and disks

j. Setting up screen savers

19. Automatic update automatically provides updates to the program

20. Some operating systems are designed to work with a server on a network.

21. A server operating system organizes and coordinates how multiple users access and share

resources on a network

22. A network administrator uses the server operating system to:

a. Add and remove users, computers, and other devices

b. Install software and administer network security

23. Each user has a user account

a. A user name, or user ID, identifies a specific user

b. A password is a private combination of characters associated with the user name

3.4 Types of Operating Systems

1. Stand-alone

2. Server

3. Embedded


45

3.5 Stand-Alone Operating Systems

1. A stand-alone operating system is a complete operating system that works on a desktop computer,

notebook computer, or mobile computing device

2. Examples: Windows 7, Mac OS X, Unix, Linux

3. Windows 7

editions: Windows 7 Starter , Windows 7 Home Premium , Windows 7 Ultimate , Windows 7

Professional

4. Windows 7 provides programs such as: Windows Firewall, Windows DVD Maker , Windows Media

Player, Desktop Gadget Gallery

5. The Macintosh operating system has set the standard for operating system ease of use. Latest

version is Mac OS X.

6. UNIX is a multitasking operating system developed in the early 1970s

7. Linux is an open-source, popular, multitasking UNIX-type operating system

3.6 Server Operating Systems

1. Allows users to share resources on a network

2. Administers security by establishing user name and password for each user

3. Windows Server 2008 is an upgrade to Windows Server 2003. It is part of the Windows Server 2008

family and has multiple editions. Most editions include Hyper-V, a virtualization technology.

Virtualization is the practice of sharing or pooling computing resources


46

3.7 Embedded Operating Systems

1. An embedded operating system resides on a ROM chip on a mobile device or consumer electronic

device

a. Windows Embedded CE- is scaled-down version of Windows

b. Windows Phone 7

c. Palm OS

d. iPhone OS

e. BlackBerry

f. Google Android

g. Embedded Linux - Scaled-down Linux operating system designed for smart phones, PDAs, smart

watches, set-top boxes, Internet telephones, and other devices

h. Symbian OS:- Open-source, multitasking operating system designed for smart phones Make

telephone calls, save appointments, browse Web, send and receive text and picture messages,

e-mail messages, faxes, and more

3.8 Utility Programs

1. A utility program is a type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks

2. A file manager is a utility that performs functions related to file management

a. Displaying a list of files

b. Organizing files in folders

c. Copying, renaming, deleting, moving, and sorting files and folders

d. Creating shortcuts


47

3. A search utility is a program that attempts to locate a file on your computer based on criteria you

specify

4. An image viewer allows users to display, copy, and print the contents of a graphics file

5. An uninstaller removes a program, as well as any associated entries in the system files

6. A disk cleanup utility searches for and removes unnecessary files

a. Downloaded program files

b. Temporary Internet files

c. Deleted files

d. Unused program files

7. A disk defragmenter reorg

operating system accesses data more quickly and programs run faster

a. Defragmenting

8. A backup utility allows users to copy files to another storage medium

9. A restore utility reverses the process and returns backed up files to their original form

10. A screen saver

occurs for a specified time

11. A personal firewall detects and protects a personal computer from unauthorized intrusions

a. A virus describes a potentially damaging computer program that affects a computer Negatively

b. A worm copies itself repeatedly in memory or over a network

c. A Trojan horse hides within or looks like a legitimate program

12. An antivirus program protects a computer against viruses


48

13. Spyware ects

information about the user. A spyware remover detects and deletes spyware and other similar

programs

14. Adware displays an online advertisement in a banner or pop-up window. An adware remover is a

program that detects and deletes adware

15. Filters are programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed

a. Web filtering software

b. Anti-spam programs

c. Phishing filters

d. Pop-up blockers

16. A file compression utility shrinks the size of a file(s).Compressing files frees up room on the storage

media. Two types of compression

a. Lossy

b. Lossless

17. Compressed files sometimes are called zipped files. It can be uncompressed.

18. A media player allows you to view images and animation, listen to audio, and watch video files on

your computer


49

19. Disc burning software writes text, graphics, audio, and video files on a recordable or rewritable

optical disc

20. A personal computer maintenance utility identifies and fixes operating system problems, detects


50

3.9 Application Software

1. Application software consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/or

assist with personal tasks.

a. To make business activities more efficient

b. To assist with graphics and multimedia projects

c. To support home, personal, and educational tasks

d. To facilitate communications

2. 4 categories of application Software

a. Business

b. Graphics and Multimedia

c. Home/Personal/Educational

d. communication

3. The software is available in a variety of forms:

a. Packaged software, mass-produced

b. Custom software, performs functions specific to a business or industry

c. Web-based software, hosted by a Web site

d. Open source software, provided for use, modification, and redistribution

e. Shareware, copyrighted software that is distributed free for trial period

f. Freeware, copyrighted software provided at no cost

g. Public-domain software, freeware with no copyright restrictions


51

Business software


52

Business Software is application software that assists people while performing business activities

1. Word processing software allows users to create and manipulate documents

a. Clip art is a collection of electronic drawings, photos, and other images

b. Additional word processing features include

c. Developing a document


53

2. Spreadsheet software allows users to organize data in rows and columns and perform

calculations

a. A function is a predefined formula that performs common calculations

b. Charting depicts data in a spreadsheet in graphical form

3. A database is a collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of

that data

a. Database software allows users to create, access, and manage a database

4. Presentation software allows users to create visual aids for presentations to communicate ideas,

messages, and other information to a group

5. Note taking software is application software that enables users to enter typed text, handwritten

comments, drawings, or sketches anywhere on a page

6. A software suite is a collection of individual programs available together as a unit

7. A personal information manager (PIM) is application software that includes Appointment

calendar , Address book and Notepad

8. Scaled down versions of software are available to work with smart phones and other mobile

devices

9. Project management software allows a user to plan, schedule, track, and analyze the events,

resources, and costs of a project

10. Accounting software helps companies record and report their financial transactions

11. Document management software provides a means for sharing, distributing, and searching

through documents by converting them into a format that can be viewed by any user


54

3.10 Graphics and Multimedia Software

1. computer-aided design (CAD): Sophisticated application software that allows you to create

engineering, architectural, and scientific designs

2. desktop publishing software: Enables you to design and produce sophisticated documents that

contain text, graphics, and many colors

3. paint/image editing software: Used to create and modify graphical images, and sometimes

called illustration software

4. professional photo editing software: Allows users to customize digital photos and Save images

in a variety of file formats


55

5. video and audio editing software:

a. Video editing software allows you to modify a segment of a video, called a clip

b. Audio editing software allows you to modify audio clips

6. multimedia authoring software: Allows you to combine text, graphics, audio, video, and

animation in an interactive application

7. Web page authoring software: helps users of all skill levels create Web pages that include

multimedia and interactive content. Some application software programs include Web page

authoring programs

3.11 Software for Home, Personal, and Educational Use

1. Personal finance software: GnuCash, HomeBank, AceMoney, iCash

2. Legal software: AbacusLaw, Bill4Time, Credenza, Practice Master

3. Tax preparation software: TurboTax, E-filing, TaxBrain, TaxCut

4. Personal DTP software: Microsoft Publisher, Adobe InDesign

5. Personal paint/image editing software: Photoshop, PicniK, Gimp

6. Personal photo editing software: Picasa, Windows Live Photo Gallery

7. Travel and mapping software: Microsoft Streets and Tips, Fugawi Global Navigator

8. Reference software: English-English Talking Dictionary, Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary

9. Entertainment software


56

3.12 Communications

1. Web Browser

2. E-Mail

3. Instant Messaging

4. Chat Room

5. Text, Picture, Video Messaging

6. RSS Aggregator

7. Blogging

8. Newsgroup/Message Board

9. FTP

10. VoIP

11. Video Conferencing


57

4.0 WORD PROCESSING

4.1 Introduction to Word Processing 4.1.1 Exploring Word Processing Screen Screen Layout

Menus

When you begin to explore Word 2007 you will notice a new look to the menu bar. You should remember three features as you work within Word 2007:

the Microsoft Office Button the Quick Access Toolbar the Ribbon


58

These three features contain many of the functions that were in the menu of previous versions of Word. The functions of these three features will be outlined below.

The Microsoft Office Button

The Microsoft Office button performs many of the functions that were located in the File menu of older versions of Word. This button allows you to create a new document, open an existing document, save or save as, print, send (through email or fax), publish or close.

The Ribbon

The Ribbon is the panel at the top portion of the document. It has seven tabs: Home, Insert, Page Layout, References, Mailings, Review, and View that contain many new and existing features of Word. Each tab is divided into groups. The groups are logical collections of features designed to perform functions that you will utilize in developing or editing your Word document. Commonly used features are displayed on the Ribbon, to view additional features within each group, click on the arrow at the bottom right of each group.


59

Each of the tabs contains the following tools:

Home: Clipboard, Fonts, Paragraph, Styles, and Editing.

Insert: Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Links, Header & Footer, Text, and Symbols

Page Layout: Themes, Page Setup, Page Background, Paragraph, Arrange

References: Table of Contents, Footnote, Citation & Bibliography, Captions, Index, and Table of

Authorities

Mailings: Create, Start Mail Merge, Write & Insert Fields, Preview Results, Finish

Review: Proofing, Comments, Tracking, Changes, Compare, Protect

View: Document Views, Show/Hide, Zoom, Window, Macros

Quick Access Toolbar

The quick access toolbar is a customizable toolbar that contains commands that you may want to use. You can place the quick access toolbar above or below the ribbon. To change the location of the quick access toolbar, click on the arrow at the end of the toolbar and click on Show Below the Ribbon.


60

You can also add items to the quick access toolbar. Right click on any item in the Office Button or the Ribbon and click on Add to Quick Access Toolbar and a shortcut will be added to the Quick Access Toolbar.

4.2 Working with document

4.2.1 Create a New Document

There are several ways to create new documents, open existing documents, and save documents in Word:

Click the Microsoft Office Button and Click New or Press CTRL+N (Depress the CTRL key while pressi on the keyboard

You will notice that when you click on the Microsoft Office Button and Click New, you have many choices about the types of documents you can create. If you wish to start from a blank document, click Blank. If you wish to start from a template, you can browse through your choices on the left, see the choices on center screen, and preview the selection on the right screen.


61

4.2.2 Opening an Existing Document

Click the Microsoft Office Button and Click Open, or

Press CTRL+O (Depress the CTRL key while pressin

If you have recently used the document you can click the Microsoft Office Button and click the name of the document in the Recent Documents section of the window Insert picture of recent document.

4.2.3 Saving a Document

Click the Microsoft Office Button and Click Save or Save As (remember, if ing the document to someone who does not have Office 2007, you will need to click the Office Button , click

Save As, and Click Word 97-2003 Document), or

Press CTRL+S (Depress the CTRL key while pressin Click the File icon on the Quick Access Toolbar


62

4.2.4 Renaming Documents

To rename a Word document while using the program:

Click the Office Button and find the file you want to rename. Right-click the document name with the mouse and select Rename from the shortcut menu. Type the new name for the file and press the ENTER key.

4.2.5 Working on Multiple Documents

Several documents can be opened simultaneously if you are typing or editing multiple documents at once. All open documents will be listed in the View Tab of the Ribbon when you click on Switch Windows. The current document has a checkmark beside the file name. Select another opendocument to view it.


63

4.2.6 Document Views

There are many ways to view a document in Word.

Print Layout: This is a view of the document, as it would appear when printed. It includes all tables, text, graphics, and images.

Full Screen Reading: This is a full view length view of a document. Good for viewing two pages at

a time.

Web Layout: This is a view of the document, as it would appear in a web browser.

Outline: This is an outline form of the document in the form of bullets.

Draft: This view does not display pictures or layouts, just text.

To view a document in different forms, click the document views shortcuts at the bottom of the screen

or:

Click the View Tab on the Ribbon Click on the appropriate document view.

4.2.7 Close a Document

To close a document:

Click the Office Button Click Close


64

4.3 Editing a document 4.3.1 Typing and inserting Text

To enter text just start typing! The text will appear where the blinking cursor is located. Move the cursor by using the arrow buttons on the keyboard or positioning the mouse and clicking the left button. The keyboard shortcuts listed below are also helpful when moving through the text of a document:

Move Action Keystroke

Beginning of the line HOME

End of the line END

Top of the document CTRL+HOME

End of the document CTRL+END

4.3.2 Selecting Text

To change any attributes of text it must be highlighted first. Select the text by dragging the mouse over the desired text while keeping the left mouse button depressed, or hold down the SHIFT key on the keyboard while using the arrow buttons to highlight the text. The following table contains shortcuts for selecting a portion of the text:

Selection Technique

Whole word double-click within the word

Whole paragraph triple-click within the paragraph

Several words or lines

drag the mouse over the words, or hold down SHIFT while using the arrow keys

Entire document choose Editing | Select | Select All from the Ribbon, or press

CTRL+A Deselect the text by clicking anywhere outside of the selection on the page or press an arrow key on the keyboard.


65

4.3.3 Inserting Additional Text

Text can be inserted in a document at any point using any of the following methods:

Type Text: Put your cursor where you want to add the text and begin typing

Copy and Paste Text: Highlight the text you wish to copy and right click and click Copy, put your cursor where you want the text in the document and right click and click Paste.

Cut and Paste Text: Highlight the text you wish to copy, right click, and click Cut, put your

cursor where you want the text in the document, right click, and click Paste.

Drag Text: Highlight the text you wish to move, click on it and drag it to the place where you want the text in the document.

You will notice that you can also use the Clipboard group on the Ribbon.

4.3.4 Rearranging Blocks of Text

To rearrange text within a document, you can utilize the Clipboard Group on the Home Tab of the Ribbon.

Insert picture of clipboard group labeled

Move text: Cut and Paste or Drag as shown above Copy Text: Copy and Paste as above or use the Clipboard group on the Ribbon Paste Text: Ctrl + V (hold down the CTRL and th the same time) or use the Clipboard group to Paste, Paste Special, or Paste as Hyperlink


66

4.3.5 Deleting Blocks of Text

Use the BACKSPACE and DELETE keys on the keyboard to delete text. Backspace will delete text to the left of the cursor and Delete will erase text to the right. To delete a large selection of text, highlight it using any of the methods outlined above and press the DELETE key.

4.3.6 Search and Replace Text

To find a particular word or phrase in a document:

Click Find on the Editing Group on the Ribbon

To find and replace a word or phrase in the document, click Replace on the Editing Group of the Ribbon.

4.3.7 Undo Changes

To undo changes: Click the Undo Button on the Quick Access Toolbar

4.4 Formatting Text and Paragraphs Styles

A style is a format-enhancing tool that includes font typefaces, font size, effects (bold, italics, underline, etc.), colors and more. You will notice that on the Home Tab of the Ribbon, that you have several areas that will control the style of your document: Font, Paragraph, and Styles.


67

4.4.1 Change Font Typeface and Size

To change the font typeface:

Click the arrow next to the font name and choose a font.

Remember that you can preview how the new font will look by highlighting the text, and hovering over the new font typeface.

To change the font size:

Click the arrow next to the font size and choose the appropriate size, or Click the increase or decrease font size buttons.


68

4.4.2 Font Styles and Effects

Font styles are predefined formatting options that are used to emphasize text. They include: Bold, Italic, and Underline. To add these to text:

Select the text and click the Font Styles included on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or Select the text and right click to display the font tools

Change Text Color

To change the text color:

Select the text and click the Colors button included on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or Highlight the text, right click, and choose the colors tool. Select the color by clicking the down arrow next to the font color button.

Highlight Text

Highlighting text allows you to use emphasize text as you would if you had a marker. To highlight text:

Select the text Click the Highlight Button on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or Select the text and right click and select the highlight tool To change the color of the highlighter click on down arrow next to the highlight button.


69

Copy Formatting

If you have already formatted text the way you want it and would like another portion of the document to have the same formatting, you can copy the formatting. To copy the formatting, do the following:

Select the text with the formatting you want to copy. Copy the format of the text selected by clicking the Format Painter button on the Clipboard

Group of the Home Tab

Apply the copied format by selecting the text and clicking on it.


70

Clear Formatting

To clear text formatting:

Select the text you wish to clear the formatting Click the Styles dialogue box on the Styles Group on the Home Tab Click Clear All


71

4.4.3 Formatting Paragraphs

Formatting paragraphs allows you to change the look of the overall document. You can access many of the tools of paragraph formatting by clicking the Page Layout Tab of the Ribbon or the Paragraph Group on the Home Tab of the Ribbon.

Change Paragraph Alignment

The paragraph alignment allows you to set how you want text to appear. To change the alignment:

Click the Home Tab

Choose the appropriate button for alignment on the Paragraph Group.

Align Left: the text is aligned with your left margin Center: The text is centered within your margins Align Right: Aligns text with the right margin Justify: Aligns text to both the left and right margins.

4.4.4 Indent Paragraphs

Indenting paragraphs allows you set text within a paragraph at different margins. There are several options for indenting:

First Line: Controls the left boundary for the first line of a paragraph Hanging: Controls the left boundary of every line in a paragraph except the first one Left: Controls the left boundary for every line in a paragraph Right: Controls the right boundary for every line in a paragraph


72

To indent paragraphs, you can do the following:

Click the Indent buttons to control the indent. Click the Indent button repeated times to increase the size of the indent.

Click the dialog box of the Paragraph Group

Click the Indents and Spacing Tab Select your indents


73

4.4.5 Add Borders and Shading

You can add borders and shading to paragraphs and entire pages. To create a border around a paragraph or paragraphs:

Select the area of text where you want the border or shading. Click the Borders Button on the Paragraph Group on the Home Tab Choose the Border and Shading Choose the appropriate options


74

4.4.6 Apply Styles

Styles are a present collection of formatting that you can apply to text. To utilize Quick Styles:

Select the text you wish to format. Click the dialog box next to the Styles Group on the Home Tab. Click the style you wish to apply.

4.4.7 Create Links

Creating links in a word document allows you to put in a URL that readers can click on to visit a web page. To insert a link:

Click the Hyperlink Button on the Links Group of the Insert Tab. Type in the text i Text to Displa ress i A


75

4.4.8 Change Spacing Between Paragraphs and Lines

You can change the space between lines and paragraphs by doing the following:

Select the paragraph or paragraphs you wish to change. On the Home Tab, Click the Paragraph Dialog Box Click the Indents and Spacing Tab In the Spacing section, adjust your spacing accordingly

4.4.9 Lists

Lists allow you to format and organize text with numbers, bullets, or in an outline.

Bulleted and Numbered Lists

Bulleted lists have bullet points, numbered lists have numbers, and outline lists combine numbers and letters depending on the organization of the list.

To add a list to existing text:

Select the text you wish to make a list


76

From the Paragraph Group on the Home Tab, Click the Bulleted or Numbered Lists button

To create a new list:

Place your cursor where you want the list in the document Click the Bulleted or Numbered Lists button Begin typing

Nested Lists

A nested list is list with several levels of indented text. To create a nested list:

Create your list following the directions above Click the Increase or Decrease Indent button

Formatting Lists

The bullet image and numbering format can be changed by using the Bullets or Numbering dialog box.

Select the entire list to change all the bullets or numbers, or Place the cursor on one line within the list to change a single bullet

Right click Click the arrow next to the bulleted or numbered list and choose a bullet or numbering style.


77

4.5 Further formatting of document 4.5.1 Styles

The use of Styles in Word will allow you to quickly format a document with a consistent and professional look. Styles can be saved for use in many documents.

Apply Styles

There are many styles that are already in Word ready for you to use. To view the available styles click the Styles dialog box on the Styles Group in the Home Tab. To apply a style:

Select the text Click the Styles Dialog Box Click the Style you choose

4.5.2 Creating New Styles

You can create styles for formatting that you use regularly. There are two ways to do this: New Styles or New Quick Styles.

New Styles

To create a new style:

Click the Styles Dialog Box

Click the New Style Button


78

Complete the New Style dialog box.

At the bottom of that dialog box, you can choose to add this to the Quick Style List or to make it available only in this document.


79

4.5.3 New Quick Style

To create a style easily:

Insert your cursor anywhere in the chosen style Click the Styles dialog box

Click Save Selection as New Quick Style

4.5.4 Style Inspector

To determine the style of a particular section of a document:

Insert cursor anywhere in the text that you want to explain the style Click the Styles Drop Down Menu


80

Click the Style Inspector Button


81

4.6 Proofing a document

There are many features to help you proofread your document. These include: Spelling and Grammar, Thesaurus, AutoCorrect, Default Dictionary, and Word Count.

4.6.1 Spelling and Grammar

To check the spelling and grammar of a document

Place the cursor at the beginning of the document or the beginning of the section that you want to check

Click the Review Tab on the Ribbon Click Spelling & Grammar on the Proofing Group.

Any errors will display a dialog box that allows you to choose a more appropriate spelling or phrasing.


82

If you wish to check the spelling of an individual word, you can right click any word that has been underlined by Word and choose a substitution.

4.6.2 Thesaurus

The Thesaurus allows you to view synonyms. To use the thesaurus:

Click the Review Tab of the Ribbon Click the Thesaurus Button on the Proofing Group. The thesaurus tool will appear on the right side of the screen and you can view word

options.


83

You can also access the thesaurus by right-clicking any word and choosing Synonyms on the menu.

4.6.3 Customize AutoCorrect

You can set up the AutoCorrect tool in Word to retain certain text the way it is. To customize

AutoCorrect:

Click the Microsoft Office button Click the Word Options Button Click the Proofing tab Click AutoCorrect Options button


84

On the AutoCorrect Tab, you can specify words you want to replace as you type

compiled ite 1013 notes

Documents

components of computer

information technology

information systems

producing information

data raw facts information

computer virus

computer hardware field

latest technology