COMPILATION OF TABLES AND CONSTANTS

Resistivities of common materials and alloys

Material ρ(10-8 Ω-m)Aluminum (Al) 2.6Brass 6Carbon (C) 350Constantan (60% Cu and 40% Ni) 50Copper (Cu) 1.7Manganin(84% Cu, 12% Mn, 4% Ni)

44

Nichrome 100Silver (Mg) 1.5Tungsten (W) 5.6

Inferred Absolute zero temperatures

Material Inferred Absolute Zero (oC)Aluminum -236Copper, annealed -234.5Copper, hard-drawn -242Iron -180Nickel -147Silver -243Steel,soft -218Tin -218Tungsten -202Zinc -250

Temperature-resistance coefficients

Material α20

Nickel 0.006

Iron 0.0055

Tungsten 0.0045

Copper, annealed

0.00393

Aluminum 0.0039

Lead 0.0039

Copper, hard-drawn

0.00382

Silver 0.0038

Zinc 0.0037

Material α20

Gold, pure 0.0034

Platinum 0.003

Brass 0.002

Nichrome 0.00044

German Silver

0.0004

Nichrome II 0.00016

Manganin 0.00003

Advance 0.000018

Constantan 0.000008

Resistor color coding

Color 1st Digit 2nd Digit Multiplier ToleranceBlack 0 0 100 20Brown 1 1 101 1Red 2 2 102 2Orange 3 3 103 3Yellow 4 4 104 GMVGreen 5 5 105 5Blue 6 6 106 -Violet 7 7 107 -Gray 8 8 108 -White 9 9 109 -Gold - - 0.1 5Silver - - 0.01 10

Relative permittivities or dielectric constants

Dielectric Material r (Average Value)Vacuum 1.0000Air 1.0006Teflon 2.0Paper, paraffined 2.5Rubber 3.0Transformer oil 4.0Mica 5.0Porcelain 6.0Bakelite 7.0Glass 7.5Distiled water 80.0Barium-strontium tantanice (ceramic)

7500.0

Reciprocals

Resistance (Ω) Conductance (S)Reactance (Ω) Susceptance (B)Impedance (Z) Admittance (Y)Capacitance (F) Elastance (Daraf)

BJT Configurations

Configuration Attributes

Common BaseUsed for impedance matching application especially for low to high impedance conversion

Common Emitter The most used configuration for amplifier application

Common Collector (Emitter Follower)

Also for impedance matching application useful for hight to low impedance conversion.Most common for impedance matching

Types of Biasing

Bias Configuration Attributes

Fixed-biasHas the greatest power gain but the most unstable type of biasing configuration.

Voltage Divider BiasConsidered the most stable of all the biasing configurations but requires more resistors than any other biasing

Emitter-Stabilized More stable than fixed-bias but with a smaller power gain

Voltage FeedbackHas the advantage of requiring fewer resistors compared to voltage divider bias without reducing the stability.

Classes of Amplifier

Amplifier Class Operation Description

Class A

Output signal is 100% replica of the input signalGood fidelity but low efficiency25%50% (transfomer coupled)

Class ABoperates with a small forward bias of the transistor so that some collector current flows at all times25%(50%) and 78.5%

Class Bused either where the signal needs to be cut in half 78.5%

Class Cbiased so that current is non zero for less than one-half cycle.

Gates of Integrated circuits

Integration GatesVery large-scale integration (VLSI)

More than 1000 gates

Large-scale integration (LSI) More then 100 gatesMedium-scale integration (MSI) 10 to 100 gatesSmall-scale integration (SSI) Up to 9 gates

Temperature range of integrated circuits

Temperature Range Application-550C to 1250C Military and Space00C to 700C Commercial and Industrial

Modulation types

Type AttributeA3E Double sideband full carrierR3E Single sideband reduced carrierJ3E Single sideband suppressed

carrierB8E Independent sideband C3F Vestigial sidebandH3E Single sideband full carrierG3E Phase modulation