competitive english grammar 1 -...
TRANSCRIPT
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1. g`n; dh ckrks ds vHkhO;Dr djus ds ek/;e dks Hkk’kk dgrs gSA
2. English is the mixture of every language.
3. Grammar is rule or law which determine the
organisation of sentences and various parts of speech.
4. ;nh vaxszth dks NksVs ls NksVs Hkkx esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gS rks tks lcls
NksVk va’k izkIr gksrk gS mls alphabet dgrs gSAe.g. D,N,X etc.
5.tc ,d ls vf/kd alphabet vkil esa feyrs gS vkSj mlls dksbZ vFkZ
fudyrk gS rks mls word dgrs gSA e.g. we, cat, love etc.
6. tc ,d ls vf/kd word vkil esa feyrs gS vkSj mlls dksbZ vFkZ fudyrk
gS rks mls sentence dgrs gSA e.g. We love India.
7.okD; ds fru izew[k vax gksrs gSA (a) subject (b) verb (c) object.
(a)Subject- ge ftlds fo’k; esa ckr djrs gS ;k tks dk;Z dk djusokyk
gksrk gS mls subject dgrs gSA e.g. India is the best. Ram killed
Ravana.
(b) Verb- ftl “kCn ls fdlh dk;Z ds gksus ;k djus dk irk pys mls
verb dgrs gSA e.g. Ashoka was great. Ram killed Ravana.
(c) Object- tks fdlh ds dk;Z ls izHkkfor gksrk gS mls object dgrs gSA
e.g. I learn English.
8. okD; dk subject ;k rks noun gksxk ;k pronoun.
NOUN
9. Noun ,d latin “kCn gS ftldk vaxzsth gS name vkSj fgUnh gS uke
vFkkZr tks Hkh uke gksxk og noun gksxkA e.g. Geetansu, Boy, Water,
Love, Parliament etc.
10. tkfr ds n`f’Vdks.k ls ge noun dks ikp Hkkxks esa ckV ldrs gSA (a)
Proper noun (b) Common noun (c) Material noun (d) Abstract
noun (e) Collective noun.
(a) Proper noun- oSls uke tks fdlh dks vkSjks ls vyx djus ds fy,
fof”k’V :i ls iznku fd;k tkrk gS Proper noun dgykrk gSA e.g.
Tunu, Sada Nand, Sansa, Daudnagar, Aurangabad, Bihar etc.
N1-;g singular jgsxkA
N2-bldk izFke v{kj capital jgsxkA
N3-blds igys izk;% article ls cpk tk,xkA
Q. The great poet and dramatist / the Shakespeare / never
had any / university education.
N4-But proper noun will take “the” if it is used for praising
anyone.
Q. Dr. Kalam can / be called / the Vava of Modern India. (
NE )
N5
–And it will take ‘a/an’ if it is used for mocking.
Q. Every girl / thinks/ herself/ a Priyanka Chopra/ of her area.
(NE)
(b) Common Noun – oSls uke thl ij lHkh dk vf/kdkj gks] leqps tkrh
dk vf/kdkj gks ,d uke ysus ls leLr dk cks/k gks common noun
dgykrk gSA e.g. student, river, village etc.
N1-Common Noun gekjs leD+{k nks :iks esa vkrs gS ,dopu rFkk
cgwopuA
N2-tc ,dopu gks blds igys article yxsxkA e.g. The boy is happy.
N3-tc ;g cgwopu gksxk vius igys izk;% article ugh ysxkA e.g. Boys
are happy.
N4-If common noun plural number is made particular it will
take ‘the’.
Q. We the pupils of this college / having prepared well / to
appear in the test / of Indian railways / are going to Baroda.
(c) Material Noun- oSls uke ftuls ,sls oLrw dk cks/k gks ftUgs ukik ;k rkSyk tk lds] ftUgs vyx&vyx djds fxuuk ewf”dy gks rFkk ftuls fdlh
vU; oLrq dk fuekZu gksrk gks Material Noun dgykrs gSA e.g. Milk,
Rice, Gold etc.
N1-;g izk;%singular gS singular fdz;k ysrk gSA
Q. Selling peanuts peanut / on the road is/ the only means of
earning/ in respect of most of the people.
N2- ‘Dregs’ material noun gksus ds ckotwn plural gS plural verb ysrs
gSSA
Q. Dregs is are/ sitting and / need to pick /removed from
here.
Kameshwarsingh is the Principal of YSSKHS,Repura.
(N-NOTE)
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 2
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
N3- blds igys izk;% article ugh yxsxkA
Q. The milk Milk is/ a vital source /of energy for/ human
beings.
N4- If material noun is made particular it will take ‘the’.
Q. The water of the Ganga/ play very important / role in the
life / of the Hindus. (NE)
(d) Abstract Noun- oSls noun ftls ns[kk uk tk lds Nwvk uk tk lds
cfYd ftudh vuwHkwfr gks Abstract Noun dgykrs gSA e.g. love, death,
anger etc.
N1- ;s singular gS singular fdz;k ysrk gSA
N2- blds igys izk;% article ugh vkrsA
Q. The bravery Bravery is the / boon of God and/ it is not
enjoyed by craven.
N3- If abstract noun is made particular it will take ‘the’.
Q. The bravery of/ Jon of Arc is famous in/ the history of
France. (NE)
(e) Collective noun-oSls uke thues HkhM+ dk irk pys] Lkewg dk irk pys]
laxBu dk irk pys collective noun dgykrs gSA e.g. furniture,
police, parliament etc.
Collective noun tks Lo;a noun ds ,d izdkj gS fru
izdkj ds gksrs gSA (i) generalising (ii) group (iii) distributive.
(i) Generalising collective noun- HkhM+ es ls ,sls HkhM+] lewg es ls oSls
lewg tks fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ds lnL;ks ls feydj curs gS generalising
collective noun dgykrs gSA e.g. furniture, luggage, scenery etc.
N1-;g singular gS singular verb ysrk gSA
N2-blds igys ‘the’yxsxkA
Q. The sceneries scenery / of Kashmir is more/ beautiful than
that/of any other sight.
(ii) Group collective noun - fHkM+ esa ls oSls HkhM+ tks ,d gh izdkj ds
lnL;ks ls ehydj cus gks Group collective noun dgykrs gSA e.g.
cattle, people, police etc.
N1-;g plural gS plural verb ysxkA
N2-blds igys the yxsxkA
Q. The cattles cattle are grazing/ in my field and / destroying
my crops.
(iii)Distributive collective noun- fHkM+ es ls OkSls fHkM+ tks dHkh rks
vkil esa ,d jgrs gS vkSj dHkh foHkDr gks tkrs gS Distributive collective
noun dgykrs gSA e.g. government, committee, parliament etc.
N1-tc os vkil esa ,d jgrs gS singular jgrs gS singular verb ysrs gS
‘the’ ysrs gSA
Q. The government ......... united over Kashmir issue. (is/are)
N2- tc os vkil esa foHkDr gksrs gS plural le>s tkrs gS plural verb ysrs
gS ‘the’ ysrs gSA e.g. The juiry ........ taken their seats. (has /
have)
11. xuuk ds n`f’Vdksu ls leLr noun dks nks Hkkxks esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk
gSA (a) Countable (b) Uncountable.
(a) Countable noun - oSls noun thls vyx&vyx dj ds vklkuh ls
fxuk tk lds Countable noun dgykrs gSA e.g. boy, chair etc.
N1-;g singular Hkh gks ldsxk vkSj plural HkhA e.g. girl, girls.
N2- ;g ltho Hkh gks ldsxk vkSj futhZo HkhA e.g. girl ltho ] gun futhZoA
(b) Unountable noun - oSls noun thls vyx&vyx dj ds fxuuk
ewf”dy gks Uncountable noun dgykrs gSA e.g. water, love etc.
N1- ;g ,dopu jgsxkA
N2- ;g uhthZo jgsxkA
e.g. water is precious.
12. lajpuk ds n`f’Vdksu ls noun dks iw.k% nks Hkkxks esa ckVk x;k gSA
(a)Single (b) Compound.
(a)Single noun- oSls noun ftlds fuekZu esa ,d “kCn dk ;ksxnku gks
Single noun dgykrk gSA e.g. father, book, cup etc.
(b) Compound noun- oSls noun ftlds fuekZu esa ,d ls v/khd “kCnks
dk ;ksxnku gks Compound noun dgykrk gSA e.g. father-in-law,
cupful etc.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 3
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Compound noun tks Loa; ,d noun gS nks izdkj ds
gksrs gSA (i)Compound noun with hyphen (ii) Compound noun
without hyphen.
(i)Compound noun with hyphen- oSls compound noun tks vius
chp esa hyphen ysrs gS Compound noun with hyphen dgykrs gSA
e.g. class-room, father-in-law etc.
(ii) Compound noun without hyphen- oSls compound noun tks
vius chp esa hyphen ugh ysrs Compound noun without hyphen
dgykrs gSA blds var esa ful jgrk gSA e.g. cupful, spoonful etc.
13. Gender ds n`f’Vdku ls noun dks iw.k% pkj Hkkxks esa foHkDr fd;k
tkrk gSA (a) Masculine (b) Feminine (c) Common (d) Neuter.
(a) Masculine Gender- (Only male) oSls noun thlls uj gksus dk
cks/k gks ]tks mRifr dk;Z esa lgk;d gks Masculine Gender esa le>s tkrs
gSA e.g. father, king, hero etc.
(b)Feminine Gender- (Only female) oSls noun thlls eknk gksus dk
cks/k gks] tks vius “kjhj ls vius tSlk mRiUu dj lds Feminine Gender
esa le>s tkrs gSA e.g. mother, girl, queen etc.
(c) Common Gender- (either male or female but not clear by
name is called common gender) e.g. student, citizen, voter
etc.
(d) Neuter Gender- Noun that is undeveloped mentally or
sexually is called neuter gender e.g. child, pen, cat etc.
14. la[;k ds n`f’Vdks.k ls noun dks iwu% nks Hkkxks esa ckVk tkrk gSA(a)
Singular (b) Plural
(a) Singular- oSls noun thuls muds ,d gksus dk irk pys Singular
number esa le>s tkrs gSA e.g. student, teacher etc.
(b) Plural- oSls noun thuls muds ,d ls v/khd gksus dk irk pys Plural
number esa le>s tkrs gSAe.g. tables, girls etc.
15.tUe ds fopkj ls noun izk;% Singular jgrs gS muds Plural cuk, tkrs gS ftuds db fu;e gSA
16. vke rkSj ij noun ds var esa ‘s’ yxkdj muds Plural cuk;s tkrs gSA
e.g. chair chairs
pen pens
hand hands
leg legs
car cars
17. ;nh singular noun ds var esa ch, s, sh, ss,x rFkk z yxk jgs rks mls
plural cukus ds fy, es yxkuk iM+rk gSA
e.g. dish dishes
virus viruses
class classes
tax taxes
topaz topazes
torch torches
18. ysdhu ;nh “kCn ds var esa ch gks ijUrq mudk mPpkj.k ]d] tSlk gks rks
dsoy s yxk;k tk,xkA
e.g. stomach stomachs
momarch monarchs
19. ;nh noun ds var esa y gks vkSj y ds igys vowel
gks rks plural cukus ds fy, s yxk;k tkrk gSA
e.g. boy boys
day days
key keys
20. ;nh dhlh “kCn ds var esa y gks vkSj y ds igys consonent
gks rks plural cukus ds fy, y dks gVk nsrs gS cnys esa ies yxkrs gSA
e.g. body bodies
baby babies
army armies
21. ysdhu ;nh dhlh noun ds vUr esa y gks y ls igys consonant gks
vkSj og noun Lo;a proper noun gks rks y dks gVk,saxs ugh dsoy s
yxkdj dke pyk,saxsA
e.g. Bubly Bublys
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 4
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Kennedy Kennedys
February Februarys
22. oSls “kCn thuds var esa o gks vSkj o ds igys vowel gks rks dsoy s
yxkdj plural cuk;k tkrk gSA
e.g. bamboo bamboo
portfolio portfolios
23. oSls “kCn thuds var esa o gks vSkj o ds igys consonant gks rks dsoy
es yxk,saxsA
e.g. hero heroes
mango mangoes
tomato tomatoes
24. ijUrq rduhdh “kCnkoyh ls vk;s gw, “kCn ds vUr esa ;nh o gks vkSj o ls
igys consonant gks rks dsoy s yxk,saxsA
e.g. dynamo dynamos
photo photos
canto cantos
piano pianos
tornado tornados
negro Negros
zero zeros
25. ;nh dhlh “kCn ds var esa f ;k fe yxk jgs rks plural cukus ds fy, f
;k fe dks gVk nsrs gS cnys esa ves yxkrs gSA
e.g. leaf leaves
knife knives
sheaf sheaves
26. ysdhu ;nh dksb “kCn eqyr% noun ugh gks dksb vU; parts of
speech gks ijUrq noun ds Hkkrh dk;Z dj jgk gks rks f ;k fe dks gVk,saxs
ugh dsoy s yxkdj dke pyk,saxsA
e.g. chief chiefs
brief briefs
proof proofs
off offs
27. vaxzsth esa dqN ,sls “kCn gS tks vkSjks ds Hkkrh ckgj ls vaxzsth esa izos”k rks dj x;s ijUrq vaxzsth ds uh;eks dks ugh ekursA os vius fu;e vius lkFk ysdj vkrs gS tks muds ewy Hkk’kk dk gksrk gSA vSkj mlh ds vuqlkj vius
plural cukrs gSA
e.g. man men
woman women
ox oxen
child children
mouse mice
louse lice
goose geese
tooth teeth
foot feet
Mr. Messrs
Mrs. Mesdames
28. oSls compound noun ftuds vUr esa ful gks ds plural cukus ds fy,
vUr esa s tksM+k tkrk gSA
Q. I am/ tired so I / want to have / cupful cupfuls of tea.
29. oSls compound nountks hyphen ds }kjk foHkDr gks vius lcls
egRoiw.kZ Hkkx dk plural cukdj leLr dk plural cukrs gSA
e.g. class-room class-rooms
arm-chair arm-chairs
note-book note-books
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 5
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
30. oSls compound nountks hyphen ds }kjk foHkDr rks gks ijUrq
thudk dksb u dksb va”k preposition gks ds plural cukus ds yh,
preposition ds igys okys dk plural cuk,sxasA
e.g. father-in-law fathers-in-law
passer-by passers-by
hanger-on hangers-on
31.;nh compound noun esa hyphen gks] preposition Hkh gks ijUrw
preposition ls igys dksb “kCn ugh gks rks preposition ds ckn okys dk
plural cuk,saxsA
e.g. on-locker on-lockers
by-stranger by-strangers
32.oSls compound noun tks hyphen ds }kjk foHkDr rks gks ijUrq
ftldk dksb u dksb va”k man ;k woman gks ds plural cukus ds yh,
leLr dk plural cuk,saxsA
e.g. man-servant men-servants
woman-engineer women-engineers
33. oSls compound noun thudk dksb ,d va”k noun vkSj vU; va”k
dksb nwljk parts of speech gks rks plural cukus ds yh, noun dk
plural cuk,saxsA
e.g. high-way high-ways
push-back push-backs
head-light head-lights
34. oSls latin “kCn ftuds var esa us yxk gks ds plural cukus ds yh, us
dks gVk nsrs gS cnys esa i yh[krs gSA
e.g. fungus fungi
radius radii
syllabus syllabi
locus loci
lactus lacti
nucleus nuclei
stemulous stemuloi
focus foci
genius genii
35. oSls latin “kCn ftuds var esa is gks ds plural cukus ds yh, is dks gVk
nsrs gS cnys eas es yxkrs gSA
e.g basis bases
crisis crises
diagnosis diagnoses
hypothesis hypotheses
thesis theses
analysis analyses
axis axes
synthesis syntheses
36. oSls latin “kCn ftuds var esa um yxk gks ds plural cukus ds yh,
um dks gVk nsrs gS cnys eas a yh[krs gSA
e.g . bacterium bacteria
pendulum pendula
medium media
dictum dicta
Q. The medias media / specially television/ has a very
powerful/ influence on children.
37. oSls latin “kCn ftuds var esa a gks ds plural cukus ds yh, var esa e
tksM+ nsrs gSA
e.g. formula formulae
vertebra vertebrae
38. oSls latin “kCn ftuds var esa on yxk gks ds plural cukus ds yh, on
gVk nsrs gS cnys eas a yxkrs gSA
e.g criterion criteria
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 6
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
phenomenon phenomena
Q. The manager put/ forward a number/ of criterions criteria
/ for the past.
39. lalkj ds oSls oLrw tks nks ,d gh izdkj ds vaxks ls ehydj cus gks] ,d
vax vyx gks tkus ij csdkj gks tkrs gS plural le>s tkrs gS plural dzh;k ysrs gSA
Q. The scissors you asked for/ is are in the desk drawer/ in
the bed room.
40. ysdhu ;nh mijksDr esa a pair of yxk nh;k tk, rks mls singular
le>dj singular verb nh;k tk;sxkA
Q. A pair of / shoes/ were was / standing in/ the corner.
41. Alms, reaches, eves igys singular Fks vc plural gSA
Q. Alms is are given/ to the beggars / as an act of / charity in
India.
42. v/;u ds oh’k; singular gS singular fdz;k ysrs gSAe.g.
Mathematics is difficult.
43. ysdhu ;nh v/;u dk oh’k; fdlh dk futh lEirh cu dj vk;s rks os
plural le>s tk,saxaas plural verb ysaxsA
e.g. The Mathematics of K.C Sinha are good.
44. Police ls police foHkkx esa dk;Zjr leLr yksxks dk cks/k gksrk gSA e.g.
Police are government employee.
45. ysdhu ;nh police foHkkx esa dk;Zjr ,d O;fDr dk cks/k djokuk gks rks
police man dk iz;ksx djsaxsaA
e.g. Sachida Nand is a police man.
46. ysdhu ;nh ,d ls vf/kd ijUrq leLr ugh dk cks/k djokuk gks rc
police men dk iz;ksx djsaxsaA e.g. Some police men are honest.
47. Poetry singular gS singular jgsxkA e.g. Poetry is nice.
48. Poem gS rks singular ysdhu bldk plural lEHko gSA
e.g. The poem is nice.
The poems are nice.
49. tc Adjective ds igys the yxkdj mlls leLr tkrh Hkj dk cks/k
djok;k tk, rks mls plural le>dj plural fdz;k nsasxasa s ugh yxk,saxas
people ugh yxk,saxsthe ugh gVk,saxsA
Q. The condition of the hospital/ in India is not good/ because
the sicks sick are not looked after properly.
50. Many+ P.C.N +P.V
Q. Somebody has/ broken the window/ by throwing many
bottle bottles at it.
51. Many+ a/an + S.C.N + S.V
e.g. Q. Many a men man / attended the meeting / last night/
held in community hall.
52. Brick rFkk stone Hkou esa yxs gksus ds dkju uncountable le>s
tkrs gS blyh, singular fdz;k ysrs gSA
Q. That house is/ built of both/ bricks brick and stones stone.
53. ysdhu ;nh ;s Hkou ls vyx gks rks countable le>s tk;saxs ,slh
voLFkk esa ;s singular Hkh gks ldsaxs vkSj plural HkhA
Q. Somebody has / broken the / window glass by /throwing
many stone stones at it.
54. dqN “kCn ,sls gS thuds plural ugh curs ijUrq muds var esa s tksM+k
tkrk gS tks plural cukus ds fy, ugh cfYd mudk vFkZ cnyus ds fy, gksrk gSA
e.g. Iron-yksgk&Irons-csM+h
copper-rkEck & coppers-lhDdk
sand-ckyw – sands-jsxhLrku
number-la[k;k –numbers-dohrk
custom-izFkk &customs-dj
land-/kjrh- lands- ns”k
pain-nnZ- pains-iz;kl
powder-pw.kZ –powders-[kwjkd
wood-ydM+h –woods-taxy
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 7
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
quarter-VwdM+k –quarters-Hkou
compass-lhek –compasses-fn”kk lwpd ;a=
physic-nok &physics-HkkSfrdh
manner-rjhdk&manners- O;ogkj
premise-izLrko –premises-ijhlj
ground-/kjrh –grounds-dkju
advice-Lkykg –advices-lwpuk,
vesper-“kke ;k la/;k-vespers- “kke dh xhr
way-jkLrk –ways-O;ogkj
fruit-Qy& fruits-ijh.kke
time-le; ×- dky
water-Tky &waters-lewUnz
colour-jax –colours->aMk
55.vke rkSj ij ry ls var gksus okyk “kCn singular gS singular verb ysrk
gSAe.g. scenery, crockery, jewellery etc.
56. ijUrq poultry ,gentry, peasantry, cavalry, infantry rFkk
artillery ,sls “kCn gS tks vius var esa ry ysus ds ckotqn plural gS plural
fdz;k ysrs gSA
Q. I was shocked that/ the gentry of the town has have not
been invited/ in the party.
57. Any / one +S.V
e.g. One is missing.
58. Any /one +S.C.N+S.V
Q. One solutions solution is to / avoid the impasse/ together
by taking a slidely different root.
59. Any/one + of +P.C.N+S.V
Q. One of my good/ quality qualities is that/ we do not take
things like / this very seriously.
60. Sheep, deer, fish, offspring, piece Loa; singular gS Lo;a
plural gS bldk iz;ksx gh bls singular ;k plural cukrk gSA
e.g. One sheep is black and all sheep are white.
61. Mischief uncountable gksus ds dkju singular gS bls countable
cukdj bldk plural cuk;k tk ldrk gSA bls countable cukus ds yh,
blesa an act of tksM+ nsrs gS Qhj mlh an act of dk plural cukdj lHkh
dk plural cuk ysrs gSA
e.g. Mischief is bad.
An act of mischief was made.
Many acts of mischief were made.
62. Advice Hkh uncountable gksus ds dkju singular gS bls Hkh
countable cukdj bldk plural cuk;k tk ldrk gSA bls countable
cukus ds yh, blesa a piece of tksM+k tkrk gS
Qhj mlh a piece of dk plural cukdj leLr dk plural cuk yh;k tkrk gSA
Q. He was given/ valuable advices advice / by his parents.
63. Information Hkh uncountable gksus ds dkju singular gS bls Hkh
countable cukdj plural izkIr dh;k tk ldrk gSA bls Hkh countable
cukus ds yh, a piece of yxk;k tkrk gS
Qhj mlh a piece of dk plural cukdj leLr dk plural cuk yh;k tkrk gSA
Q. I went to the / library to get / as many information pieces
of information/ as I could.
64. ;nh preposition ds }kjk nks HkhUu&HkhUu “kCn vkil esa tqM+s gks rks
nksuks esa dksb Hkh dwN Hkh jg ldsxk ,slh voLFkk esa fdz;k izFke okys subject
ds vuwlkj gksxkA
Q. In 2009 the/ largest remittance / sent to India/ were was
from overseas.
65. ;nh preposition ds }kjk nks leku “kCn vkil esa tqM+s gks rks nksuks
singular jgsaxas vkSj dzh;k Hkh singular jgsxkA
Q. Women after women woman after woman /claimed to
speak against/ the present situation/ of Bihar in the meeting.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 8
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
66. Score, gross, stone, dozen, hundred, million, thousand
vknh vius igys ;k rks a ysxk ;k var essa s.
e.g. A dozen vFkok dozens.
69. ;nh va”k vkSj iw.kZ ,d lkFk vk, rks igys va”k jgsxk ckn esa iw.kZA e.g.
Half an hour.
Quarter part three.
68. ;nh mijksDr dks and ls tksM+ nh;k tk, rks iw.kZ igys vkSj va”k ckn esa jgsxkA
e.g. One and half.
69. ;nh okD; dk subject dksb ekuo gks rks og singular Hkh gks ldsxk
vkSj plural Hkh og tSlk jgsxk oSlh fdz;k ysxkA e.g. The teacher is
teaching. Students are reading.
70. ;nh ppkZ dk oh’k; dksb oLrw gks rks og singular Hkh jg lsdsxk vkSj
plural Hkh og tSlk jgsxk oSlh fdz;k ysxkA
Q. The company have has /thousand of customers / happy
with its service.
71. ;nh ppkZ dk oh’k; ekid gks rks og Hkh singular ,pluralnksuks jg lsdsxk vkSj og tSlk jgsxk oSlh fdz;k ysxkA
e.g. A mile is a unit of distance.
Miles have to go before I sleep.
72. vad singular gS singular fdz;k ysrk gSA
e.g. 420 is a famous number.
73. ;nh vad ds lkFk ekuo vk, rks ekuo vad ds vuwlkj singular,
plural nksuks gks ldsxk og tSlk gksxk oSlk verb ysxkA
Q. Over a thousand tourist tourists /from all over the world /
come to visit the /national park everyday.
74. ;nh vad ds lkFk oLrw vk, rks oLrq vad ds vuwlkj singularHkh jg
ldsxk vkSj plural Hkh og tSlk jgsxk oSlh fdz;k ysxkA
Q. On reaching the lake/ the leader realised / that two
elephant elephants from / his heard were missing.
75. ;nh vad ds ckn ekid vk, rks ekid rkss singular , pluralnksuks jg
ldsxk ijUrq fdz;k singular gh jgsxkA
Q. He walked five miles/ which are is really a great / distance
for a man like him/ who is not only old but ill also.
76. ;nh vad ds ckn ekid vk, vkSj ekid ds ckn mldk uke ftls ekik
tk jgk gS rks ekid singular cus jgus ds yh, ck/; gksxkA ijUrq ftls ekik
tk jgk gS og singular, plural nksuks jg ldsxk vkSj fdz;k mlh ds vuwlkj vk,xkA
Q. Often parents of five years year old child are seen / playing
anxiously for their/ child’s higher education.
77. ;nh vad ds ckn iqu% vad vk, mlds ckn ekid vk, mlds ckn mldk
uke thls ekik tk jgk gS rks ekid rks singular cuk jgsxk ijUrq ftls ekik tk jgk gS og igys okys vad ds vuwlkj jgsxk vkSj fdz;k dk QSlyk nksuks feydj djsaxsaA
Q. A five member committee were was /of the view that /
the present service condition/ of the employees of the
company are quite good.
HOT TIPS OF NOUN
1. O clock dk iz;ksx iDds le; ds lkFk gksrk gSA e.g. 8 O clock ,9 O
clock etc.
2. Cousin ds lkFk uk rks brother jgsxk uk gh sister.
Q. I went to the temple / with my parents/my aunts and/ my
cousin sister.
3. Uniform (,d tSlk ) - ;g dgh Hkh iz;qDr gks ldrk gSA
e.g. We have uniform problem.
4.Cost-dz;eqY; e.g. What is the cost of this mobile.
Price-fodz;eqY; e.g. Price is fixed.
5. txg [kkyh ugh gS] txg jhDr ugh gS dk vaxzsth gS no room. e.g.
There is/ no place room/ for you in this compartment.
6. lcwr&
(i) Witness- (ekuo)-e.g. Sibu Sauren is a witness
of the case.
(ii) Evidence-(oLrq)-e.g. The number plate is an
evidence of the crime.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 9
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
7. Work-
(i) dk;Z&(singular) e.g. I have a lot of work
today.
(ii) dykd`fr&(singular/plural)- e.g. Godan is a
work of Premchand.
The Godan and the Gawan are works of
Premchand.
8. Word-
(i)opu&(sing.) e.g. I give you a word.
(ii)”kCn&(sing./plu.) e.g. (He)-This is a word.
(He is good)- These are words.
9. Brother-
(i)Brothers(jDr laca/kh HkkbZ) e.g. Ram and Laxman are brothers.
Deepak, Dilip and Dikshit are brothers.
(ii)Brotheren(vkilh le>kSrs dk HkkbZ) e.g. Hindus and Muslims are
brotheren.
10. Genius-
(i) Geniuses(,d ls v/khd dq”kkxzcqf)) e.g. India has produced
many geniuses.
(ii)Genii(Hkwr]filkp)e.g. Hanuman saves us from genii.
11. Wages-
(i)etnqjh (plu.) -e.g. The wages are very high in Patna.
(ii)n.M (sing.)- e.g. The wages of sin is death.
12.Issue-
(i) cky cPpk (sing.) e.g. Lalu has nine issue.
(ii)eqn~nk (sing./plu.) e.g. Unemployment is a great issue.
Unemployment and corruption are great
issues.
13.Force-
(i)Force(“kfDr) (sing.) e.g. Force is being used.
(ii)Forces(lsuk) (plu.) e.g. Forces are alert.
14. vfookfgr&
(i) Bachelor (iq:’k) e.g. Bajpei is a bachelor.
(ii)Maid (L=h) e.g. Mayawati is a maid.
WORK OF NOUN
1.;g okD; dk subject gks ldrk gSA
Q. An unexpected raise rise/ in the cost of living as well
as/decline in employment opportunity/ resulted in the rapid
implementation of new programme.
2. ;g fdz;k ds ckn vkdj fdz;k ls izHkkfor Hkh gks ldrk gSA
Q. The election commission of India has made/ arrange
arrangement to ensure / peaceful polling in Bihar.
3. ;g fdz;k dk compliment Hkh gks ldrk gSA
e.g. It is truely ture / that India is/ the largest consumer / of
gold in the world.
4. ;g preposition dk object Hkh gks ldrk gSA
Q. Prince knew the / value of obedient obedience /too well
known / to anticipate some/ censure of his act.
5. ;g preposition ds igys jgdj preposition dk Lokeh Hkh cu ldrk gSA
Q. There was huge/ crowded crowd infront / of the actor’s
house / on his birthday.
6. ’S ds ckn Hkh noun vk,xkA
Q. The company’s decision to issue/ bonus shares kill yearly
indicates / management’s confident confidence about the
future.
7. ’S ds igys noun vk,xkA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 10
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Q. It was Indian’s India’s / victory that/ pleased me.
8. Article ds ckn Hkh noun vk,xkA
Q. The company is prepared/ to lend us the necessary
amount/ required for the / developing development of the
region.
9. Adjective + noun
Q. In spite of being a clear winner/ he was not given / the
best employ employee / of the year award.
10. No + noun
Q. We informed customers/ that there will be/ no
interrupting interruption in / our bank services tomorrow.
COMMON ERRORS IN NOUN
1. Noun ds :i esa study xyr gS lgh gS studies.
2. Noun ds :i esa look xyr gS lgh gS looks.
3. Noun ds :i esa remaining xyr gS lgh gS remainings.
4. Noun ds :i esa greeting xyr gS lgh gS greetings.
5. Noun ds :i esa surrounding xyr gS lgh gS surroundings.
Q. The beautiful/ surrounding surroundings of the / place
enchanted me/ very much.
6. Noun ds :i esa congratulation xyr gS lgh gS congratulations.
7. Noun ds :i esa regard xyr gS lgh gS regards.
8. Noun ds :i esa proceeding xyr gS lgh gS proceedings.
9. Noun ds :i esa order xyr gS lgh gS orders.
Q.The judge has passed/ the order orders that the / guilty
should be/ hanged till death.
10. Noun ds :i esa teaching xyr gS lgh gS teachings.
11. Noun ds :i esa earning xyr gS lgh gS earnings.
12. Noun ds :i esa inning xyr gS lgh gS innings.
13. Noun ds :i esa belonging xyr gS lgh gS belongings.
14. Noun ds :i esa ruin xyr gS lgh gS ruins.
Q. This palace with/ all its belonging belongings / were sold
at/ the auction.
15. Noun ds :i esa waste xyr gS lgh gS wastes.
16. Noun ds :i esa play xyr gS lgh gS plays.
17. Noun ds :i esa service xyr gS lgh gS services.
18. Noun ds :i esa bedding xyr gS lgh gS beddings.
19. Noun ds :i esa boarding xyr gS lgh gS boardings.
Q. The company offers/ a wide range of/ product and service
services / at reasonable price.
20. Noun ds :i esa sweet xyr gS lgh gS sweets.
21. Noun ds :i esa breakable xyr gS lgh gS breakables.
22. Noun ds :i esa valuable xyr gS lgh gS valuables.
23. Noun ds :i esa durable xyr gS lgh gS durables.
24. Noun ds :i esa essential xyr gS lgh gS essentials.
25. Noun ds :i esa vegetable xyr gS lgh gS vegetables.
Q. I have said/ the servant to bring/ fresh vegetable
vegetables /from nearby market.
26. Noun ds :i esa where about xyr gS lgh gS where abouts.
27. Noun ds :i esa error xyr gS lgh gS errors.
28. Family member xyr gS lgh gS the member of the family.
29. dz; ,oa ohdz; ;ksx; /kjrh ds :i esa ground xyr gS lgh gS a plot
of ground.
30. Noun ds :i esa adopt xyr gS lgh gS adoptation.
Q. The air line management should not/ gait ultimate
passenger and unfriendliness / is to have their plane crash /
due to the adopt adoptation of unsafe procedure.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 11
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
31. Watch ds vHkhizk; theatre xyr gS lgh gS plays.
32. O;fDr ds :i esa typewriter xyr gS lgh gS typist.
33. oLrw ds :i esa typist xyr gS lgh gS typewriter.
34. Noun ds :i esa afterward xyr gS lgh gS afterwards.
Q. And afterward afterwards you went/ there alone in the
arcade / for a long while standing/ where he stood /
remembering the soft melodious voice.
35. Noun ds :i esa half pant xyr gS lgh gS shorts.
36. Noun ds :i esa sale representative xyr gS lgh gS sales
representative.
37. Noun ds :i esa ricket xyr gS lgh gS rickets.
38. yksx ds vHkhizk; esa peoples xyr gS lgh gS people.
39. ns”k ds :i esa people xyr gS lgh gS peoples.
Q. Many peoples were/ brought/ the safety / by the army /
from the floods hit area.
40. Noun ds :i esa companionship xyr gS lgh gS company.
41. Noun ds :i esa freeship xyr gS lgh gS free studentship.
42. England ds vfrjhDr dgh vkSj tUesa ijUrq vaxzsth Hkk’kk i<kusokyks ds
fy, English teacher xyr gS lgh gS teacher of English language.
43.Fire work xyr gS lgh gS fire works.
44. Noun ds :i esa wellness xyr gS lgh gS welfare.
Q. A miser would never/ spend so much money / on health
and wellness welfare / of the family as he does for the
business.
45. Speak truth xyr gS lgh gS speak the truth.
46. Tell lie xyr gS lgh gS tell a lie.
47. Arrear xyr gS lgh gS Arrears.
48. Measle xyr gS lgh gS measles.
49. Noun ds :i esa sign xyr gS lgh gS signature.
Q. The lawyer asked / the companionate / to put his / sign
signature on the paper.
50. Economical condition xyr gS lgh gS financial condition.
51. Noun ds :i esa fooding xyr gS lgh gS food.
52. Noun ds :i esa weddings xyr gS lgh gS wedding.
53. Noun ds :i esa perfumeries xyr gS lgh gS perfumery.
54. Try pack xyr gS lgh gS trial pack.
Q. The customers were asked to / give their feed back after/
using the try pack trial pack of the new detergent powder.
55. Noun ds :i esa fell xyr gS lgh gS fall.
Q. The monsoon showers and/ the fell fall in temperature
have brought smile/ on many faces.
56. Noun ds :i esa sympathies xyr gS lgh gS sympathy.
57. Noun ds :i esa vacations xyr gS lgh gS vacation.
58. None-productive xyr gS lgh gS un-productive.
Q. Organisations are / non-productive un-productive and do
not want/ to work hard.
59. Noun ds :i esa populations xyr gS lgh gS population.
Q. Most of the Indian/ populations population still lives /in its
village and thus the contribution of/ agriculture to India
economic/ becomes very important.
60. Noun ds :i esa meals xyr gS lgh gS meal.
Q. Meals meal will be / served to all guests / outside in the
terrace/ if the weather allows us.
61. Noun ds :i esa in details xyr gS lgh gS in detail.
Q. The community will discuss / the draft in details / and will
make a suggestion/ for the implementation of scheme.
62. Noun ds :i esa amounts xyr gS lgh gS amount.
Q. Certain amounts of stress/ at work is natural but/ it is
important that one learns/ to keep it in the right proportion.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 12
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
63. Audiences xyr gS lgh gS audience.
Q. The award ceremony ended/ on a note of good cheer /
with audiences responding warmly/ to its line up of film.
64. Cross road xyr gS lgh gS cross roads.
Q. We come to a / halt at a cross road cross roads with/ heavy
traffic.
THE END OF THE CHAPTER NOUN
PRONOUN
Pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun.
PRONOUN
PERSONAL DEMONSTRATIVE DISTRIBUTIVE INDEFINITE
INTERROGATIVE RELATIVE REFLEXIVE EMPHATIC
PERSONAL PRONOUN
oSls Pronoun tks dhlh noun ds cnys esa oh”kh’V :i ls iz;qDr gksrs gS
Personal pronoun dgykrs gSA
e.g. I MY/MINE ME
WE OUR/OURS US
YOU YOUR/YOURS YOU
HE HIS HIM
SHE HER/HERS HER
IT ITS IT
ONE ONES ONE
THEY THEIR/THEIRS THEM
N1-He dk iz;ksx iw:’k ds uke ds cnys esa rc djrs gS tc og ppkZ dk
oh’k; gks vkSj ,dopu gksA
Q. The patient lodged/ a complaint against / the doctor for/
its his negligence.
N2- She dk iz;ksx L=h ds yh, rc djrs gS tc og ppkZ dk oh’k; gks vkSj
,d opu gksA
Q. she closely resembles/ his her mother in facial / feature as
well as/ in completion.
N3- It dk iz;ksx fuftZo ds yh, rc djsaxaaas tc og vdsyk gks vkSj ppkZ dk
oh’k; gksA
Q. Planetarium with his its downed/ coiling and many
projections/ is capable of showing / position of the stars in
any season.
N4- It dk iz;ksx izkd`frd d`;kvks rFkk ?kVukvksa ds lkFk Hkh gksrk gSA
e.g. It is Monday.
It is raining.
N5- NksVs&NksVs cPpks ds yh, Hkh it dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Q. A child becomes familiar/ with his its mother’s touch / and
is glad to be picked by her / and held close to her body.
N6- cM+ks esa Hkh ml le; it yxsxk tc okD; dks vf/kd izHkko”kkyh cukuk
gksA
e.g. It is Modi who worked in a tea stall.
N7- It dk iz;ksx vUtkuks ds yh, Hkh gksrk gSA
e.g. Who is it?
It is me.
N8- vizR;D{kks ds yh, Hkh It dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
e.g. I have seen the Taj.
It is very beautiful.
N9- ppkZ dk oh’k; ;nh cgwopu gks rks muds cnys esa They dk iz;ksx
djsaxsA
Q. To improve its their efficiency /all income tax officers / will
be provided with/ laptops by next year.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 13
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
N10
- Who ds igys they dk iz;ksx ugh gksxk cnys esa those vk;sxkA
Q. The NGO provides/ free daily meal to them those / who
live below the poverty line in rural area.
N11
-;nh fHku& fHku izdkj ds personal pronoun ,d lkFk vk, rks vke
rkSj ij formula 231yxsxkA
Q. Ramesh, you and I You, Kundan and I will/ proceed on
journey tomorrow as it is an auspicious day / according to my
uncle.
N12
- ysdhu ;nh okD; esa iki fd ;kstuk vFkok izk;f”pr gks rks formula
123 yxsxkA
Q. You, he and I I, you and he / are responsible / for this/ vital
mistake.
N13
-lkjs personal pronoun ds vius vius lgk;d gS dksb fdlh esa gLr{ksi ugh djrk A
Q. One should be honest/ to his ones word/ in all situations.
N14
-ysdhu ;nh One dk eryc gks ,d rks mldh lsok esa he ifjokj yxsxkA
Q. One of you/ is not using/ones his mind/while solving the
problem.
N15
-tc HkhUk&Hkhu izdkj ds personal pronoun ,d lkFk vk, vkSj mlesa
1st
person Hkh ekStqn gks rks we ifjokj dh lgk;rk yh tk;sxhA
Q. You, Swapnil and I / are equal partner/ in my our leather/
business in India.
N16
- ;nh fHku&fHku izdkj ds personal pronoun ,d lkFk vk, ijUrw
mlesa 1st
person ekStwn uk gks rks 2nd
person rks jgsxk gh ,slh voLFkk esa
you ijhokj ls dke fy;k tk,xk A
e.g. You and he are doing your work. (N/E)
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
oSls “kCn tks noun ds cnys esa vkdj mls iznf”kZr djus dk dk;Z djrs gS
demonstrative pronoun dgykrs gSA
e.g. This, that, these, and those.
N1- This dk iz;ksx lehi ds oLrq ds fy, rc djrs gS tc og ,d opu
gksA e.g. I have a pen in my hand. This is new.
N2- This dk iz;ksx izR;D{kks ds yh, gksrk gSA e.g. This is my coaching.
N3- This dk iz;ksx ijhp; djokus ds yh, Hkh gksrk gSA e.g. Meet him,
this is my new friend.
N4- That dk iz;ksx nwj ds oLrq ds yh, rc djrs gS tc og ,d gksA e.g.
Look at the star that is very bright.
N5- That dk iz;ksx igpku djokus ds yh, Hkh gksrk gSA e.g. Look at the
man that is Rajeshwar Yadav.
N6- These dk iz;ksx lehi ds oLrq ds yh, rc djrs gS tc og cgwopu
gksA
Q. This These facts make it very clear/ that he had a hand/ in
the murder / though he still pleads innocence.
N7- Those dk iz;ksx nwj ds oLrq ds yh, rc djrs gS tc os ,d ls v/khd
gksA e.g. Look at the stars. Those are very bright.
N8- Comparative Degree esa singular noun dks iqjukor̀h ls cpkus
ds yh, that dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Q. According to expert/ the Indian banking system/ is better
than that of / every develop country.
N9- Comparative Degree esa plural noun dks iqjukor̀h ls cpkus ds
yh, those dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Q. There is no evidence / to show that information/
technology secrets are more/ vulnerable in India than those
of Britain and U.S.A. (N/E)
DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN
Noun ds cnys esa vkdj mls ckV&CkkV dj ds vyx& vyx dj ds
nh[kykus okys pronoun dks distributive pronoun dgrs gSA
e.g. Each , either, neither, everyone.
N1- ;g singular gS singular verb ysrk gSSA
Q. Everybody know knows / that his failure can/ be attributed
only / to his lack of practice.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 14
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
N2- ;nh buds rqjUr ckn dksb preposition vk, rks preposition ds ckn
vkus okyk noun ;k pronoun rks plural jgsxk ijUrw verb singular
jgsxkA
Q. Each of us except expects / that he is not capable / of
remaining under water/ for such a long time.
N3- ;nh bugs and ds }kjk tksM+ Hkh nh;k tk, rks Hkh ;s singular jgsxk
singular verb ysxkA
Q. Each and everyone / are is satisfied / with the decision / of
the jury.
N4- ;nh bugs lgk;rk dh vko”;drk iM+s rks izk;% he ijhokj dh lgk;rk
nsaxsaA
Q. Each of them along/ with their his families and pets/ is
going to Goa / for the summer vacation.
N5- ysdhu ;nh ;g LiLV gks tk, dh budk iz;ksx L=h ds fy, gks jgk gS
rc budh lsok esa she ifjokj yxk,asxsA
Q. Each of the participants / of women’s tennis championship
/ has arrived with/ their her tennis racket.
INDEFINITE PRONOUN
oSls “kCn tks vKkr ds cnys esa vkrsa gS vUtkus ds cnys esa vkrs gS
indefinite pronoun dgykrs gSA e.g. all, some, more, most,
enough etc.
N1- tc ;s uncountable noun ds cnys esa vkrs gS singular le>s tkrs
gS singular fdz;k ysrs gSA e.g. Enough is remaining in the cooker.
N2- ,slh voLFkk esa budh lsok esa it ifjokj yxsxkA e.g. Enoungh is
remaining in the cooker. You can take it.
N3-;nh budk iz;ksx countable noun ds cnys esa gks rks bUgs plural
le>dj plural verb nsaxsA e.g. All are learning English.
N4-,slh voLFkk esa budh lsok esa they ifjokj vk,xkA e.g. All are
learning English. I am teaching them.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN
oSls pronoun tks noun ds cnys esa vkdj muds lanHkZ esa iz”u iwNus dk
dk;Z djrs gS interrogative pronoun dgykrs gSA
e.g. who, whose, whom, what, which, of which etc.
N1-;g okD; ds vkjaHk esa jgsxkA
N2-blds okD; ds var esa (\) jgsxkA
N3-bldk ghUnh vuwokn djus ij blds izFke v{kj ds :i esa v{kj (dk) dh
izkfIr gksxhA e.g. Who are you?
RELATIVE PRONOUN
oSls pronoun tks noun ds cnys esa vkdj ;g n”kkZrk gS fd dhlh dk
dhlh ds lkFk laca/k gS rks mls relative pronoun dgrs gSA
e.g. that, what, who, whose, whom, which, of which.
N1-;g okD; ds e/; esa jgsxkA
N2- blds okD; ds var esa (.) jgsxkA
N3- bldk ghUnh vuwokn djus ij v>j (tks) dh izkfIr gksxhA e.g.The
boy who is sitting here is my student.
N4-Relative pronounml “kCn ds lehire jgsxk ftlds fy, iz;wDr gksA
Q. He has a wardrobe/ of wonderful canning and / which has
been in his/ family for generation.
N5-Relative pronoun ds ckn vkus okfy fdz;k ml “kCn ds vuwlkj jgsxh
ftlds fy, relative pronoun vkrk gSA
Q. He is one of the / best novelists that/ has have ever leaved
in /England/ in an 18th
century.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
oSls pronoun tks noun ds cnys esa vkdj ;g n”kkZrs gS dh dk;Z dk djus
okyk vius gh dk;Z ls Lo;a dks gh izHkkohr dj jgk gS reflexive
pronoun dgykrk gSA
e.g. myself, himself etc.
N1-lkjs personal pronoun ds vius&vius reflexive pronoun gksrs gS
dksb fdlh esa gLr>si ugh djrkA
Q. We can enhance/ development by improving/ woman
power by giving/ women the opportunity to develop oneself
themself.
N2-pwdh ;g izHkkohr gksrk gS blyh, bldk iz;ksx fdz;k ds ckn gksrk gSSA
e.g. I teach myself.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 15
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
EMPHATIC PRONOUN
oSls pronoun tks noun ds cnys esa vkdj ;g n”kkZrk gS dh dk;Z dk djus okyk dk;Z rks Loa; dj jgk gS ijUrq izHkkohr dksb vU; gks jgk gS
emphatic pronoun dgykrk gSA
e.g. Myself, himself etc.
N1-;g fdz;k ds fBd igys jgsxkA e.g. I myself cook.
N2-u rks reflexive pronoun uk gh emphatic pronoun okD; ds
vkjaHk esa jgsxkA
Q. Myself Dikshit Raj. (x)
Lkgh gS I am Dikshit Raj.
CASE
1. okD; esa noun ;k pronoun ds voLFkk n”kkZus okys v/;k; dks case
dgrs gSA
2. voLFkk ds n`f’Vdks.k ls okD; esa noun ;k pronoun ds eq[;r% rhu :i
gksrs gSA (a) Subjective (b) Possessive (c) Objective
(a) Subjective Case – tc dHkh okD; esa noun ;k pronoun subject
dk dk;Z djrk gS rks mls subject okyh voLFkk vFkkZr subjective case esa le>k tkrk gSA
e.g. India is great.
I am learning English.
(b) Possessive Case – tc dHkh okD; esa noun ;k pronoun v/khdkj
vFkok laca/k crykrk gS rks mls v/khdkj okyh voLFkk vFkkZRk Possessive
case esa le>k tkrk gSA
e.g. Ram’s Auodhya.
The price of the pen.
My mobile.
(c) Objective Case – tc dHkh okD; esa noun ;k pronoun dhlh ds
dk;Z ls izHkkohr gksrk gS rks mls object okyh voLFkk vFkkZr Objective
case esa le>k tkrk gSA
e.g. The teacher teaches me.
I respect the teacher.
3. Pronoun ds rhuks case cus cuk;s gksrs gSA
e.g. I - my - me
4. Noun ds nks :i leku gksrs gSA
e.g. Ram (subject)loved Sita(object).
Sita(subject) loved Ram(object).
5.ijUrq noun ds possessive case cukus iM+rs gS ftuds nks fu;e gSA
(a) ;nh noun ltho gks rks lcls igys mldk uke fy[krs gS mlds ckn ’s
mlds ckn mldk uke ftl ij vf/kdkj n”kkZuk gksA
e.g. Lalu’s wife.
(b) ;nh noun fuftZo gks rks lcls igys The fy[krs gSa mlds ckn mldk
uke thl ij vf/kdkj n”kkZuk gks ml ds ckn of mlds ckn mldk uke ftldk v/khdkj n”kkZuk gksA
e.g. The key of the lock.
6. ;|ih fuftZo ds lkFk of yxrk gS ijUrw fuEufyf[kr voLFkkvks esa
’syxsxkA
(a) ;nh fuftZo cgwr cgwr oh”kky gksA
e.g. Ocean’s roar, Sun’s rays.
(b) ;nh fuftZo dsk c<k p<k dj n”kkZ;k x;k gksA
e.g. Jungle’s rule.
Court’s orders.
(c) ;nh fuftZo dsk ekuo ds :i esa izLrqRk dh;k x;k gS vFkkZr mldk ekufodju dj nh;k x;k gksA
e.g. Death’s hand.
(d) tc fuftZo ekid dk dk;Z djsA
Q. Having found guilty/ of the theft Sunny / was sentenced
to/ five year year’s imprisonment.
(e) fuEufyf[kr eqgkojks esa fufTkZo ds lkFk ’s yxrk gSA
(i) Cat’s paw pwids pwids
(ii)At arm’s length dks”kks nwj
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 16
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
(iii)At stone’s throw distance FkksM+h nqj ij
(iv)Heart’s contents th Hkj ds
(v) Bird’s eye view iSuh uhxkgks ls
(vi)Pen’s evil dye ls gwb Hkwy
(vii)Wit’s end cw+)h ls ckgj] vdy ls ckgj
(viii)Love’s labour’s lost ?kksj ?k`.kk
(ix)Fortune’s favourite HkkX; dk /kuh
Q. One who is/ the favourite of/ fortune fortune’s favourite is
the / favourite of all.
7. ;|ih ekuo ds lkFk ’s yxrk gS ijUrw fyEufyf[kr voLFkkvks esa of
yxsxkA
(a) ;nh ekuo dk v/khdkj uk crykdj laca/k crykus gskA
e.g. The Dhoom 3 is the picture of Amir Khan.
(b) tc adjective esa the yxkdj mlls tkfr Hkj dk cks/k djok;k tk,
rks og ltho gksus ds cktqn of ysxkA
e.g. The condition of the poor.
(c) Relative pronoun dks mlds Lokeh ds lehire cuk;s j[kus ds fy,
ge ltho ds lkFk of yxk;saxsA
e.g. I like Modi’s policy who is prime minister of India.(x)
lgh gS & I like the policy of Modi who is prime minister of
India.
(d) nks ckj ykxkrkj ’s ls cpus ds fy, ltho esa Hkh ,d ckj of yxsxkA
,slh voLFkk esa lcls igys the fy[krs gS mlds ckn mldk uke
tks lcls de egRoiw.kZ gks mlds ckn of mlds ckn lokZf/kZd
egRo thl esa ’s yxsxk mlds ckn f}fr; egRoiw.kZA
Q. My brother’s secretory’s / car driver The car driver of my
brother’s secratory is/ suffering from / cough and
cold.
8. Body rFkk one ls var gksus okys “kCn gS rks pronoun ijUrw noun ds
Hkkafr Lo;a subjective gS Lo;a objective gS vkSj blds
possessive case cukus iM+rs gSA tks ’s ds lgk;rk ls curs gSA
e.g. Someone is calling you.
I love someone.
Someone’s mobile is ringing.
9.ysdhu ;fn mijksDr ds rwjUr ckn else vk tk, rks ’smijksDr esa ugh
else esa yxsxkA
e.g. It is not my duity. It is someone else’s duity.
10. ;nh ,d lkFk db noun vk, vkSj lcdk vyx&vyx vf/kdkj gks lc
esa ’s yxsxkA
Q. The presiding officer demanded/ Jon Jon’s and Sohan’s /
identity card.
11. ;nh ,d lkFk db noun vk, vkSj mudk la;wDr vf/kdkj n”kkZuk gks rks
dsoy varhe okys esa ’s yxsxkA
Q. There is no/ money in Sohan’s Sohan and Mohan’s / joint
account.
12. oSls compound noun tks hyphen ds }kjk foHkDr gks vkSj ftudk
dksb u dksb va”k preposition gks ds vf/kdkj n”kkZus ds fy,
preposition ds ckn okys esa ’s yxsxkA
Q. He wants to share/ equal to that of his/ only brother-in-
law in/ father’s-in-law father-in-law’s property.
13. ;nh dhlh dsk plural cukus ds yh, s ;k es dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks
mlds vf/kdkj n”kkZus ds yh, plural cukus okys s ds mijkUr ’
yxsxkA e.g. Girls’ hostel.
14. ysdhu ;nh fdlh dks plural cukus ds yh, s ugh yxk;k x;k gks rks
vf/kdkj n”kkZus ds fy, ’s yxsxkA e.g. Women’s college.
15. ;nh noun dk vUr ghUnh ds fdlh Hkh izdkj ds l (“k]’k]l) ls gks rks
v/khdkj n”kkZus ds fy, dsoy ’ yxsxkA e.g. Ganesh’ papa.
16. Possessive case + v1 + ing.
Q. They insisted/on me my studying / there at /least for a
week.
17. ;nh okD; esa noun in apposition noun vk, rks ’s apposition esa vk,xkA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 17
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Q. The Buddhism was / at its zenith/ during Ashoka’s the
great Ashoka the great’s reign.
18. ;nh abbereviation esa ’s yxkuk gks rks vafre okys v{kj esa yxk;saxsA
e.g. M.L.A.’s flat.
19. If surname comes after main name ’s will come after
surname.
Q. Barak’s Obama Barak Obama’s policy/ is not different
from/ that of any other / president of America.
20. tc nks drkZ vius&vius dk;ksZ ls ,d nwljs dks izkHkkfor djs rks izHkkfor
gksus okys dks n”kkZus ds fy, each other yxsxkA
Q. Fishing and swimming / are two different / activities
independent / of one another each other.
21. tc nks subject vius&vius dk;ksZ ls ,d nwljs dks ugh cfYd ,d nwljs
ds vf/kdkj {ks=ks dks izHkkfor djs rks each other’s yxsxkA
e.g. Sonia and Bajpei criticise each other’s policy.
22.tc nks ls vf/kd drkZ ,d nwljs dks vius&vius dk;ksZ ls izHkkfor djs rks
one another dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
Q. All the members / in the counsel / began shorting/ at each
other one another.
23. tc nks ls vf/kd dRkkZ vius&vius dk;ksZ ls ,d nwljs dks ugh cfYd ,d
nwljs ds vf/kdkj {ks=ks dks izHkkfor djs rks one another’sdk iz;ksx djsasxsA
Q. The four friends were/ very different from / one another
yet they / came to each other’s one another’s / aid
when required.
24. izkd`frd ?kVuk rFkk izkd`frd d`;kvks esa u rks of yxsxk u ’s .
e.g. Winter season, Summer season.
25. rwyuk cjkcjh okyh case esa gksxkA
(a) Subjective rqyuk subjective.
e.g. He is taller than I.
(b) Possessive rqyuk possessive.
e.g. My shoes are better than you. (x)
lgh gS My shoes are better than those of yours.
(c) objective rqyuk objective.
e.g. The teacher scolds me more than he him.
26. S+V
Q. Them They were very / disciplined and qite / when the
new teacher/ intered the class room.
27. V+O
Q. The business lobby wanted/ he him to take over/ as the
new chair man/ of their coveted board.
28. Let+O+ V
e.g. Let me go.
29. Preposition+objective case.
Q. He walked to the market/ with two servents / on either
side of his him/ to help him by things.
30. Like+o.
e.g. You are an Indian like me.
31. as + s + v
e.g. I am Indian as you are.
USES OF PRONOUN
1. Either- nks esa ls fdlh ,d dh ckr djus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
e.g. Either of Ram and Ravana was defeated.
2. Any one- nsk ls vf/kd esa ls fdlh ,d dks n”kkZus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Q.Have you gone through/ either any one of three/ chapters
that have been included in this volume.
3. Neither- bldk iz;ksx nks esa ls dksb ugh dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksxkA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 18
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Q. He is a professor / but of his/ three sons neither no one /
has any merit.
4. None or No one – bldk iz;ksx nks ls vf/kd es ls dksb ugh dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSA
Q. The judge was convinced that neither no one / of five
accused / was guilty of murder.
5.Both- nks esa ls lc es lc dks n”kkZus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksxkA
e.g. Both of Ram and Ravana were strong.
6. All - nks ls v/khd esa ls lc ds lc dks n”kkZus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksxkA
e.g. All of us are Indian.
7. Each- bldk iz;ksx Hkh nsk ds chp esa gksrk gS ijUrw rc tc lc dsk
vyx&vyx djds n”kkZuk gskA e.g. Each of Bajpei and Manmohan
has ruled India.
8. Everyone- bldk iz;ksx nks ls v/khd ds chp essa izR;sd dks vyx&vyx djds n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSA
Q. All Everyone witness of yesterday’s / accident has been /
questioned separately / by the police.
9. One- bldk i;ksx iR;sd ds vfHkizk; esa rc djrs gS tc mins”k nsuk
gksA e.g. One should keep one’s words.
10. Some one – bldk iz;ksx vKkr ds yh, rc djrs gS tc og lkeus
gksA e.g. Some one is making a noise.
11. Absent, present, enjoy, avail, adopt, adapt ds lkFk reflexive
pronoun vo”; vk,xkA
Q. Instead of laying off / the workers the company/ decided
to ask them/ to avail themselves voluntary retire. (N/E)
12. Sleep, sit, laugh, beep, go, bath, stand rFkk swim ds LkkFk
reflexive pronoun ugh yxsxkA
I laugh myself. (x)
Lkgh gS I laugh.
13. Who dk iz;ksx ekuo ds cnys esa iz”u iqNus ds yh, rc djsaxs tc og
ppkZ dk oh’k; gksAe.g. Ashoka was great.
Who was great?
14. Who dk iz;ksx ekuo ds cnys esa rc Hkh djsaxs tc og dk;Z dk djus
okyk gksA e.g. Who abused you?
15. Whose dk iz;ksx ekuo ds vf/kdkjks ds lanHkZ esa iz”u iqNus ds yh,
gksrk gSA e.g. Laxman was Ram’s brother.
Whose borther was Laxman.
16. Whom dk iz;ksx ekuo ds cnys es rc djrs gS tc og fdlh ds dk;Z
ls izHkkohr gksA e.g. Whom do you love most?
I love my mother most.
17. What dk iz;ksx fufTkZo ds yh, rc djrs gS tc og ppkZ dk oh’k; gksA
e.g. Water is precious.
What is precious?
18. What dk iz;ksx fuftZo ds cnys es rc Hkh djrs gS tc og dk;Z dk
djus okyk gksA e.g. Rain has disturbed us.
What has disturbed us?
19. Of which dk iz;ksx fuftZo ds laca/kks ds lanHkZ esa iz”u iwNus ds yh,
gksrk gSA Of which switch is not working?
20. What dk iz;ksx fuftZo ds cnys esa rc Hkh djasxs tc og fdlh ds dk;Z
ls izHkkohr gksA e.g. I am learning English.
What are you learning?
21. Which dk iz;ksx fuftZo rFkk lfto nksuks ds ckjs esa iz”u iwNus ds fy, rc djrs gS tc p;u Hkh n”kkZ;k gksA
Q. The master did not know who which of the servents/ broke
his jug/ in his absence.
22. lgk;d dzh;k ls vkjaHk gksus okys iz”ukRed okD;ks dks ;nh vko”;drk
iM+h rks that ysaxsA e.g. Is there any student that could
understand me?
23. Wh ls vkjaHk gksus okys iz”ukRed okD;ks dks ;nh vko”;drk iM+s that
ysaxsA e.g. Who is there that does not know Gandhiji.
24. One + of + p.c.n + that
Q. This is one of the / companies who that have/ done well
for/ the past two years.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 19
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
25. One/ body / thing + that
e.g. Is there any body that has any problem.
26. Indefinite pronoun + that
e.g. All that glitters is not gold.
27. ;nh ltho vkSj fuftZo ,d lkFk vk, vkSj mUgs relative pronoun dh
vko”;drk iM+s rks os that ysaxsaA
Q. The man and his dog/ who that were missing/ have been
found / safe and secured.
28. Such ds lkFk that dk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc voLFkk ] frczrk ;k xfrf”kyrk n”kkZuh gksA
Q. The tea estate administrator is in/ such a mess that there /
is no leader to / set the thing right.
29. So ds lkFk that dk iz;ksx rc djsasxs tc yD{k n”kZkuk gksA
Q. The passage was / so difficult that I could / not
comprehensed it in/ the first reading.
30. Same ds lkFk that dk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc igys okyk gh ekStwn gksA
Q. This is the same/ ice-cream vendor/ which that sold ice-
creams/ when I was a kid.
31. Who dk iz;ksx relative pronoun ds :i esa ekuo ds cnys esa rc
djrs gS tc og okD; dk subject gksA
Q. If the by stander had not been/ with first aid technique /
the driver which who had mate/ with the accident would
have died.
32. Whose dk iz;ksx ekuo ds cnys es rc djrs gS tc muds v/khdkj n”kkZus gksA
Q. This is the man/ who whose advice is/ very difficult to/
follow for anyone.
33. Whom dk iz;ksx relative pronoun ds :i esa rc djrs gS tc ckr
ekuo dh gks vkSj og okD; dk object gksA
Q. I know who whom this job should / be entrusted to/ for
small handling.
34. What dk iz;ksx relative pronoun ds :i es izk;% vkjaHk esa vkSj
dHkh&dHkh e/; esa gksrk gS clRksZ okD; esa antecedent ugh gksA
Q. Even after hearing the leader / for a long time the /
follower could not make out/ which what he was talking
about.
35. Of Which dk iz;ksx ftldk ds vfHkizk; esa fuftZoks ds yh, gksrk gSA
Q. Bhutan is a beautiful / country of which almost/ 80% of the
/ population live in the villages.
36. Body / one = He group
e.g. Somebody has not completed his work.
37. Thing ls vUr gksus okys “kCn dks ;nh vko”;drk iM+h rks it ijhokj dh
lgk;rk ysaxsA e.g. Something is burning save it.
38. tc distributive collective noun vkil esa ,der gks rks mldh
lsok esa it ijhokj yxsxkA
Q. Although the advisery commission/on Central America has
completed / their its report that addresses the/ political
tension in that area is not easing.
39. tc distributive collective noun vkil esas cV tk, rks mudh lsok
essa they ijhokj yxsxkA
Q. The committee / left its their seats/ after deciding the
matter.
40.The + adjective + no noun = they group
e.g. The poor are facing their problem.
41. The + adjective + noun = Pronoun according to noun.
e.g. The black dog is eating its food.
42. ;nh ,d okD; esa ,d ls vf/kd adjective vk, ijUrw article dsoy
,d gks rks mUgs singular le>dj singular pronoun nsaxsA
e.g. A black and white dog is eating its food.
43. ;nh ,d okD; esa ,d ls vf/kd adjective vk, vkSj article Hkh ,d ls
vf/kd gks rks subject dks plural le>dj plural pronoun nsaxsA e.g. A
black and a white dogs are eating their food.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 20
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
44. ;nh ,d okD; esa ,d ls vf/kd in gks ijUrw article dsoy ,d gks rks
mUgs singular le>dj singular pronoun nsaxsA
e.g. The Prime minister and M.P. of Varanashi has cancelled
his programme.
45. ;nh ,d okD; esa ,d ls vf/kd in vk, vkSj lcdks article izkIr gks rks
subject dks Plural le>dj plural pronoun miyC/k djk;saxsA e.g. The
Prime minister and the railway minister have cancelled their
tour.
46. And ds }kjk tqM+s nsk “kCnks es pronoun plural vk,xkA
Q. India and America / have mutually decided / to counter
global terrorism / as her their common problem.
47. It + A.V + subjective case
Q. It was me I who/ was responsible for/ making all the
arrangements/ for the successful completion of his studies.
48. My, your etc. dHkh noun ds fcuk ugh vkrk ;g tc vkrk gS noun
ds lkFk vkrk gS vkSj noun ds ck;h vksj vkrk gSA
e.g. My book is new.
This is my book.
49. Mine, ours etc. Noun ds absence esa vkrs gS blfy, tkgk pkgrs gS ogk jgrs gSA
Q. My book is the new one .......... is the torn one.
(a) your (b) the book of your (c) yours (d) the book of yours
50. One dk iz;ksx singular noun ds cnys esa okyk ds vHkhizk; es noun
dks iqjukor̀h ls cpkus ds yh, gksrk gSA
e.g. There are two bottles in the freeze bring the green one.
51. Ones dk iz;ksx plural noun dks iwjukorh ls cpkus ds yh, rc djrs gS tc gekjk vfHkizk; gks okys vFkok okyksA
e.g. I have many books in my library. I shall give you old ones.
52. Pronoun dks Hkh O;FkZ esa nksgjk;k ugh tk,xkA
Q. He being/ a house holder/ he is entitled / to vote in this
election.
ADJECTIVE
It adds something to the meaning of noun or pronoun.
ADJECTIVE
PROPER DEMONSTRATIVE DISTRIBUTIVE POSSESSIVE
INTERROGATIVE OF QUANTITY OF NUMBER OF QUALITY
PROPER ADJECTIVE
oSls adjective ftldk fuekZu Proper noun ls gksrk gS Proper
adjective dgykrk gSA
N1- bldk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds igys gksrk gS ftlds fy, izz;wDr gksrk gSA
N2- bldk izFke v>j capital gksxkA
N3- blds lkFk the vk,xkA
e.g. The Indian farmer etc.
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE
oSls “kCn tks Noun ds lkFk jgdj mUgs iznf”kZr djus dk dk;Z djrs gS
Demonstative adjective dgykrs gSA
e.g. This, that, these, these, those.
N1- ;s ml “kCn ds igys jgrs gS ftuds yh, iz;wDr gksrs gSA
N2- This rFkk that ds lkFk vkus okyk noun singular jgrk gSA
Q. This questions forces us to / face the unpleasent truth
that/ the policies of social justice have reached a dead end.
N3- These rFkk those ds lkFk vkusokyk noun plural gksxkA
Q. These kind kinds of problem/ are not being asked now a
days.
DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 21
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
oSls adjective tks noun ds lkFk jgdj mUgs vyx& vyx djds]
ckV&ckV djds n”kkZrs gS distributive adjective dgykrs gSA
e.g. Each, either, neither, every.
N1- ;s Hkh ml “kCn ds igys jgsxk ftlds fy, iz;wDr gksxkA
N2- blds lkFk vkusokyk noun singularjgsxkA
Q. In his opinion every senior citizens/ will benefit from/ the
new rule.
N3- blds lkFk vkus okyk verb singular jgsXkkA
Q. Each participant are is / expected to be present/ at least an
hour/ before the competation.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE
oSls adjective tks noun ds lkFk jgdj ml ij fdlh dk v/khdkj n”kkZrs
gS possessive adjective dgykrs gSA
e.g. My, your etc.
N1- bldk iz;ksx ml “kcn ds igys gksxk ftlds fy, iz;wDr gksA
e.g. My mobile.
INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE
oSls adjective tks noun ds lkFk jgdj noun ds vFkZ esa o`f/k djrs gw,
iz”u iqNus dk dk;Z djrs gS interrogative adjective dgykrs gSA
e.g. What, which, whose etc.
N1- bldk iz;ksx Hkh ml “kCn ds igys gksrk gS ftlds fy, iz;wDr gksrk gSA
e.g. Which season do you like most?
ADJECTIVE OF QUANTITY
oSls adjective tks noun ds lkFk jgdj noun dh ek=k crykrs gS
adjective of quantity dgykrs gSA
e.g. Some, little, much, less etc.
N1- bl “kCn dk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds igys gksrk gS ftlds fy, iz;wDr gksrk
gSA
N2- blds lkFk vkus okyk noun uncountable rFkk verb singular
jgsxkA
e.g. Much milk was boiled over.
ADJECTIVE OF NUMBER
Tkc vadks dk iz;ksx noun ;k pronoun ds vFkZ esa o`/kh djus ds yh, gksrk
gS rks mls adjective of number dgrs gSA
e.g. Three pencils. The third umpire.
ADJECTIVE OF NUMBER
CARDINAL ADJ. OF NO. ORDINAL ADJ. OF NO.
(a) tc vadks dk iz;ksx noun ;k pronoun ds lkFk mudh la[;k crykus ds yh, gksrk gS rks mls cardinal adj. of number dgrs gSA
(a) tc dHkh vadks dk iz;ksx noun
;k pronoun ds lkFk muds LFkku dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gS muds egrrk dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gS rks mls ordinal adj. of number dgrs gSA
(b) budk iz;ksx buds Lokeh d igys gksrk gSA
(b) budk iz;ksx Hkh buds Lokeh d igys gksrk gSA
(c) One dks NksM+dj ;s lc plural
gSA e.g. One chair.
Eleven chairs.
(c);s lnSo singular gSA
(d) blds igys dksb article ugh yxsxkA e.g. One chair.
Eleven chairs.
(d) blds igys the yxsXkkA e.g. The tenth chair.
N1- ;nh nksuks izdkj ds adjective of number ,d lkFk vk;s rks lcls
igys the jgsxk mlds ckn ordinal adjective of number mlds ckn
cardinal adjective of number mlds ckn buds LokehA
Q. The three first first three installments / of the rent will be
taken in advance because it is/ the policy of the company.
ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY
oSls “kCn tks noun ds lkFk jgdj noun ds xq.k ;k nks’k dks n”kkZrs gS
adjective of quality dgykrs gSA
e.g. Good girl. New chapter. etc.
N1- ;g vius Lokeh ds igys Hkh vk ldrk gS vkSj ckn esa HkhA
e.g. Bad performance.
Performance was bad.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 22
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY
DEGREE
POSITIVE COMPERATIVE SUPERLATIVE
N1- Noun ;k pronoun ds xq.k ;k nks’k dh ek=k crykus okys v/;k; dks
degree dgrs gSA
N2- ek=k ds fopkj ls adjective fru voLFkkvks eass ik;s tkrs gSA
(a)Positive (b) Comperative (c) Superlative
(a) Positive degree- tc dhlh ds xw.k ;k nks’k dks lk/kkju <+ax ls O;Dr
djrs gS rks mls positive degree esa le>k tkrk gSA
e.g. Young, good etc.
(b) Comperative degree – tc dhlh ds xq.k ;k nks’k dks dhlh ds xw.k
;k nks’k ls rqyuk djokdj O;Dr djrs gS rks mls comperative degree esa le>k tkrk gSaA
e.g. Better than, younger than etc.
(c) Superlative Degree - tc dhlh ds xw.k ;k nks’k dks ,ruk c<+k p<+k
nh;k tk, dh og loksZre vFkok fuEure cu tk, rks mls superlative
degree esa le>k tkrk gSA e.g. The best, the youngest etc.
N3- tUe ds ohpkj ls adjective of quality izk;% positive degree esa
jgrs gS buds comperative rFkk superlative degree cukus iM+rs gSaA
N4- vke rkSj ij positive degree ds vUr esa er yxkdj comperative
rFkk est yxkdj superlative cukrs gS comperative ds ckn than vkSj
superlative ds igys the yxkrs gSA
Young younger than the youngest
Tall taller than the tallest
Long longer than the longest
Small smaller than the smallest
N5- ysdhu ;nh fdlh ds var esa e igys ls ekStqn gks rks r yxkdj
comperative vkSj st yxkdj superlative cukrs gS than rFkk the
;FkkLFkku jgsxkA
e.g. true truer than the truest
nice nicer than the nicest
large larger than the largest
fine finer than the finest
6. thl “kCn ds vUr esa y gks y ds igys vowel gks rks er vFkok est ls dke
py tkrk gS] than rFkk the ;FkkLFkku jgrs gSA
e.g. gray grayer than the grayest
gay gayer than the gayest
7. ysdhu ;nh “kCn ds vUr esa y gks vkSj y ds igys consonant gks rks y dks
gVk nsrs gS cnys es ier vFkok iest yxkrs gS than rFkk the ;FkkLFkku jgsxkA
e.g. dirty dirtier than the dirtiest
heavy heavier than the heaviest
lovely lovelier than the loveliest
beasy beasier than the beasiest
8. ;nh “kCn cgwr NksVk gks] mldk vafre v{kj consonant gks]
consonant ds Bhd igys vowel gks vkSj mPpkj.k djrs le; varhe v{kj
ij tksM+ iM+rk gks rks varhe v{kj dks double dj nsrs gS er rFkk est than
rFkk the ;FkkLFkku jgsxkA
e.g. big bigger than the biggest
fit fitter than the fittest
thin thinner than the thinnest
fat fatter than the fattest
sad sadder than the saddest
9. nks ;k nks ls vf/kd syllable okys “kCnks ds degree cukus ds fy, muds
igys more vFkok most yxsxk than rFkk the ;FkkLFkku jgsxsaA
e.g. handsome more handsome most handsome
stupid more stupid most stupid
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
difficult more difficult most difficult
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 23
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
10. dqN adjective ,sls gS ftuds degree vleku :i ls curs gSA
e.g. good better than the best
well better than the best
much more than the most
many more than the most
far farther than the farthest
bad worse than the worst
little less than the least
11. Compound adjective ds degree cukus ds yh, eqy adjective dk
degree cuk;k tkrk gS than rFkk the ;FkkLFkku jgrs gSA
e.g. well-known better known than the best known
hard-working harder working than the hardest working
good-natured better natured than the best natured
able-bodied abler bodied than the ablest bodied
cuel-minded more cruel minded than the most cruel minded
12. dwN ,sls “kCn gS ftuds lkFk comperative drgree esa than ds LFkku
ij do yxrk gSA
Q. He is junior/ than do the team/ leader by only/ a few
months.
13. tc ckr ,d dh gks rks positive degree dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
e.g. Ram was a handsome man.
14.;nh ckr nks dh gks rks comparative degree dk iz;ksx djsasxsA
Q.Our conclusion is/ that between Vinayak and Lalu
Vinayak/is the best better.
15. ;nh ckr nsk ls vf/kd dh gks rks superlative degree dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
Q.A young man was standing/ on the road proclaiming / that
he had the more most / beautiful car in the whole world.
16. ;nh ,d lkFk ,d ls v/khd xq.k ;k nks’k vk, rks lc ds lc dhlh ,d
gh degree esa jgsaxsA
Q. He is the most/ intelligent and also/ the very most talented
/ student of the college.
17. ;nh ,d lkFk db positive degree vk, rks dsoy izFke esa a/an
yxssxkA
e.g. Ram was a tall and handsome man.
18. ;nh ,d lkFk db comperative degree vk, rks dsoy vafre okys esa
than yxsxkA
e.g. Ram was taller and more handsome than Laxman.
19. ;nh ,d lkFk db superlative degree vk, rks dsoy izFke esa the
yxsxkA
e.g. Ram was the tallest and most handsome man.
20. ;nh ,d lkFk db positive degree vk, rks vkdkj esa NksVk igys vkSj cM+k ckn esa jgsxkA
e.g. India is rich and greatest country.
21. ;nh ,d lkFk db comperative vk, rks er fufeZr igys jgsxk more
fufeZr ckn esaA
e.g. Ram was taller and more handsome than Laxman.
22. ;nh ,d lkFk db superlative degree vk, rks est fufeZr igys
jgsxk most fufeZr ckn esaA
e.g. Kabita was the tallest and most beautiful woman.
23. tgk&tgk est yxkus ls superlative cu tkrk gks ogk most yxkuk xyr gSA
Q. Sacrates had many / disciples and the / most great
greatest of / them was plato.
24. est rFkk most ,d gh adjective esa ,d lkFk ugh vk ldrsA
Q. The rescent election compaign/ has been ore of/ the most/
noisest compaign/ in the last decade.
25. tgk&tgk er yxkus ls comparative cu tkrk gks ogk more yxkuk xyr gSA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 24
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Q. The wheather is/ much more warm warmer/ than it was/ a
few days ago.
26. ysdhu ;nh ,d gh oLrq ds xw.k ;k nks’k dh rwyuk Lo;a mlh ds xq.k ;k
nks’k ls dh tk, rks tgk er yx ldrk Fkk ogk more yxk;k tk,xkA
e.g. He is taller than his age. (x)
lgh gS He is more tall than his age.
27. ,d gh adjective ds lsok esa er rFkk more ,d lkFk ugh vk,xk A
Q. It is more better/ if one of the parents/ stays at home / to
look after the child.
28. Any, other, else dk iz;ksx superlative degree esa ugh gksrkA
Q. There is no argument/ against the fact/ that humans are
the/ most intelligent / of all other species.
29. ijUrq budk iz;ksx comparative degree esa gks ldrk gSA tc budk
iz;ksx comparative degree esa gksxk rks any other ,d lkFk vk,xk ,slh
voLFkk esa noun singular jgsxkA
Q. Swift was more savage/ than any other satirist / though he
was a / great writer of prose.
30. Any ds cnys esa other ds lkFk all Hkh vk ldsxk ,slh voLFkk esa
vkusokyk noun plural jgsxkA
Q. The Nile is said/ to be longer / than all other rivers in/ the
estern / hemisphere.
31. else dk iz;ksx Hkh comperative degree esa gksxk ijUrq thing, one,
body ls vUr gksus okys “kCn ds cknA
Q. Rita was smarter / than any body else / in the class.
32. tc fdlh dh voLFkk esa mUUfr ;k vourh n”kkZuh gks rks comparative
degree dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
Q. With a fresh/ coat of paint/ the school can/ look much nice
nicer.
33. tc dhlh ds voLFkk esa yxkrkj mUufr ;k vourh n”kkuhZ gks rks Hkh
comparative degree dk iz;ksx djsaA
Q. The day is getting/ hot hotter and hotter/ in every part of
the world.
34. tc ;g n”kkZuk gks fd fdlh esa dksb xw.k ;k nks’k ftruh ek=k esa c<+ jgk
gS vU; esa Hkh og mrus gh ek=k esa c<+ jgk gS rks nks ckj comparative
degree dk iz;ksx djasxs vkSj nksuks esa the yxk,saxsA
Q. The greater the demand/ higher the price.
(a) high (b) the high (c) the higher (d) no improvement
35. Later rFkk former ds lkFk Hkh the yxsxkA
e.g. I like the former chapter.
36. Comparatively+Positive degree
Q. The rate of metabolism / of a body is comparatively lowest
low when it is at rest.
37. Relatively + Positive degree
Q. At this juncture / we are living / in a relatively /better good
condition than/ that of our ansestors.
38. Rather+comparative degree
Q. The performance / of players was/ rather worst worse /
than I had expected.
39. As+ positive degree+ as dk iz;ksx rqyuk ds lkFk&lkFk lekurk n”kkZus ds fy, gksrk gSA
Q. Mohan walked as faster fast/ as he could not/ miss the
train.
40. As + positive degree+ as ds lkFk if vk, rks vk ldrk gS ijUrq as
ds LFkku ij ugh cfYd nks as ds vrhjhDrA
Q. Changu is as tall if not taller thean chanchu.
(a) As tall as if not taller to
(b) So tall as if not taller than
(c) AS tall as if not taller than
(d) No improvement
41. Five times, seven times etc. + comparative degree.
e.g. India is hundred times stronger than Pakistan.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 25
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
42. Unique, universal, ideal, square, chief, impossible, wrong,
perfect rFkk dead Lo;a superlative gS bldk u rks dksb degree cusxk
uk gh blesa the yxsxkA
Q. All know that Sarita is the most/ unique speaker/ of her
class.
43. One+ of+ the+ s.d+ p.c.n+that+p.v.
Q. The India stock market/ is one of the worse worst
/performing stock markets/ in recent time.
44. Perfer+to
Q. And finally when/ the time came to / part Paul and
Gasper/ preferred death than to separation.
45. Preferable+ to
Q. He has scheme /of his own which/ he thinks preferable
than to / that of any other persons.
46. A few, fewer than, the fewest dk iz;ksx countable noun ds
lkFk la[;k n”kkZus ds yh, dze”k% positive, comparative rFkk
superlative degree esa gksrk gSA
Q. No less fewer than / 60 students / were present/ in today’s
class.
47. A little, less than, the least dk iz;ksx uncountable noun ds
lkFk ek=k n”kkZus ds yh, dze”k% positive degree, comparative
degree rFkk superlative degree esa gksrk gSA
Q. The effect of / this medicine is/ fewer less than / that of
that medicine.
48. Exceed is itself a comparative degree so it will take
neither more nor than.
Q. The short stories/ should not exceed / more than two
hundred words / in any situation.
ADJECTIVE
ARTICLE
Article is itself a kind of adjective which is used before a noun
to make it definite or indefinite.
ARTICLE
INDEFINITE DEFINITE
A/AN THE
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
N1-vfuf”prks] vUtkuks rFkk vifjfprks ds lkFk a/an yxsxkA
e.g. A boy is calling you.
N2- izfr uked “kCn ds :ikUrj esa a/an yxsxkA
e.g. Sixty km an hour.
N3- tc abbreviation ds izR;sd v{kj dk mPpkj.k vyx&vyx gks rks
mlds igys a/an yxsxkA
e.g. A B.A.
An M.A.
N4- fdlh oLrq ;k O;fDr dks ,d gksus ds n”kkZus ds fy, a/an yxrk gSA
Q. According to one a survey/ only those forests which were /
not under village management / succumbed to files.
N5- tc fdlh dh ppkZ igyh ckj gks rks mlds igys a/an yxsxkA
e.g. The postman has just put a letter under the door.
N6- Adjective of quality ds igys rc a/an yxsxk tc og fdlh dk
futh ekeyk gksA
e.g. Ram is a good boy.
N7-Adjective of category ds igys a/an yxsxkA
e.g. 1942 a love story.
N8- Adjective of purpose ds igys a/an yxsxkA
e.g. A face cream.
N9- Adjective of age ds igys a/an yxsxkA
e.g. A young lady. An old man. etc.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 26
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
N10
-Material noun ls fufeZr ds igys a/an yxsxkA
e.g. A gold medal.
N11
-Common noun ls uhfeZr adjective ds igys a/an yxsxkA
e.g. A village doctor.
N12
-What/ how/ such dk iz;ksx tc vk”p;Z O;Dr djus ds fy, gks rks
buds rwjUr ckn a/an yxsxkA
e.g. What a joke!
N13
- tc too, this, that, so dk iz;ksx vk”p;Z O;Dr djus ds fy, gks rks
mlds rqjUr ckn adjective vk,xk vkSj adjective ds ckn a/an.
e.g. So dark a night.
N14
-tc number of dk vfHkizk; gks cgwr rks mlds igys a yxsxkA
e.g. A number of students are labourious.
N15
- tc little dk vHkhizk; gks ,ruh ek=k ftldh dksb egrrk gks rks mlds
igys a yxsxkA
e.g. Everyone has a little sense.
N16
- Few ds lkFk a rc yxrk gS tc la[;k ,rfu gks dh mldk dksb egRo gksA
Q. The doctor advised him to rest for.......... days.
(a) few (b) a few (c) the few (d) fewer
USES OF THE
1.fuf”prks ds lkFk the dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Q. I know a the doctor/ you are/ refering to.
2.tc abbreviation ds iR;sd v{kj dk mPpkj.k la;qDr :i ls gks rks
mlds igys the yxsaxkA
e.g. The BRICK
3.tc adjective of quality ls leLr tkfr Hkj dk cks/k gks rks mlds igys
the yxkskA
e.g. The black are poor.
4.tc number dk vFkZ gks fd la[;k rks blds igys the yxsxkA
e.g. The number of the girl in this class room is 51.
5.Few ds lkFk the dk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc gekjk vfHkizk; gkss (tkss FkksMk
gS lc) vFkok (tks FkksMk Fkk lc)l
e.g. I have spent the few rupees my father had sent.
6. Little ds lkFk the dk iz;ksx rc gksxk tc gekjk vfHkizk; gks (tks Fksss skMk
gS lc )vFkok (tks FkskMk Fkk lc )l
e.g. I have taken the little tea there was in the pot.
7.tc fdlh dh ppkZ nksckjk fd tk, rks mlds igys the yxsxkA
e.g. I have received a letter. The letter is from State Bank.
8.in ds igys the yxrk gSA
e.g. The major.
9.lsuk ds lkjs vaxks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA
e.g. The airforce etc.
10. lkjs committee ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA
e.g. The Nanawati commission.
11. lkjs Dyc ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA
e.g. The rotract club.
12.;nh R;ksgkjsk ds uke ds rqjUr ckn holiday tqM+k gks rks mlds igys the
yxsxkA
e.g. The Durgapuaja holiday.
13. Lkjdkj ds lkjs vaxks ds uke ds igys the yxsxkA
e.g. The judiciary etc.
14.“kjhj ds lkjs vaxksa ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA
e.g. The nose, The eyes etc.
15.oSls oLrw ftldk tksM+ dgh vkSj ugh gks ds igys the yxrk gSA
e.g. The Taj Mahal, The Titanic etc.
16. lkjs vfo’dkjsk ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 27
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
e.g. The watch, the pen etc.
17. lkjs ?kVukvks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA
e.g. The Gulf war
The green revolution
18. Czkgek.M ds vaxks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA
Q. every morning/ the sun rises/ in the east.
19.lkjs nh”kkvks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA
e.g. The east, the west.
20.lkjs miU;kl] ukVd] /kkjkokfgd rFkk flusek ds uke ds igys the yxsxkA
e.g. The Godan, The Meghduttam, The Santi, The Three Ediot.
etc.
21. lkjs lafxr ;a=ks ds uke ds igys the yxsxkA
e.g. The harmonium, The flute etc.
22. lkjs lkekpkj i=ks rFkk if=dkvks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA
e.g. The Aaj etc.
23. lkjs u”yks ] /keksZ] tkrh;kas rFkk mitkfr;kas ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA
e.g. The Aryan, The Hindus, The Yadav, The Tirpathi etc.
24.lkjs laLFkkuks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSal
e.g. The Red Cross Society etc.
25.HkkSxksfyd n`f’Vdks.k ls egRoiq.kZ LFkkuks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA
Q. The Ganga is the longest/ river in India.
26. Lkkjs jktfufrd nyks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA
e.g. The Congress, the BJP etc.
27.Village, Mullaha, city, town, district, state, country,
continent etc. ;nh Lo;a fy[ks gks rks mlds igys the yxrk gSA
e.g. The village is clean. The town is dirty. etc.
28. ;fn xkWo] ewgYyk] “kgj] jkT; rFkk ns”k ds uke ls mlds vanj dk dksb
xw.k >yds rks mlds igys the yxsxkA
e.g. The Punjab, The Scotland etc.
29. Lkkjs jkT;oa”kks rFkk jkT;?kjkuk ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA
e.g. The Mughal Empire etc.
30.Lkkjs ty;kuks ] jsy;kuks rFkk ok;w;kuks ds uke ds igys the yxsxkA
e.g. The Magadh express, The Kaniska,The TS Chanakya etc.
31. ;nh O;fDr ds uke ds igys dksb adjective vk, rks mlds igys the
yxssxkA
e.g. The late Ram Bhawan Singh.
32. ;nh ekSle ds uke ds lkFk season tqM+k gsk rks mlds igys the
yxsxkA
e.g. With every passing/ day it is becoming hotter and hotter/
to tolerate during the summer season this year.
33. miuke ;nh vdsyk vk, rks muds igys the yxsxkA
e.g. The Sinha, The Yadav etc.
34. Measles rFkk Pimples ds igys the yxrk gSA
e.g. The meascles is dangerous.
OMISSION OF ARTICLE
1. Few ds lkFk ml le; dksb article ugh yxsxk tc gekjk vfHkizk; gks uxU; la[;k esaA
e.g. Few leaders are honest.
2. Little ds lkFk ml le; dksb article ugh yxsxk] tc gekjk vfHkizzk; gks uxU; ek=k esaA
e.g. You have little sense.
3. [ksy ds uke ds igys article ugh yxrkA
e.g. football, cricket etc.
4. ekSle ds uke ds igys article ugh yxrkA
e.g. Spring is the best season.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 28
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
5. Declear, appoint, crown, elect, slect, become, make ds ckn
vkusokyk in the ugh ysrkA
e.g. I made him a Caption.
6. Society ds igys ik;% the ugh yxrk gSA
e.g. We live in society.
7. ’s ds ckn vkus okyk “kCn article ls oaphr gsk tkrk gSA
e.g. Mohan’s mobile.
8. Possessive adjective ds ckn vkus okyk “kCn article ls oaphr gks tkrk gSA
Q. Jourge had already /submitted his the / document even
before you asked for it.
9. Demonstrative adjective ds ckn vkusokyk “kCn article ugh ysxkA
e.g. This boy.
10. Distributive adjective ds ckn vkus okyk “kCn article ugh ysxkA
e.g. Each girl.
11. Man, woman, mankind, father, mother, unique, universal,
huminity, God ds igys the ugh yxrkA
e.g. God is anywhere.
12. Heaven, heal rFkk paradise ds igys izk;% article ugh yxrk gSA
e.g. He believe in heaven and heal.
13. >qB ewB ;k cukoVh tkrh ds uke ds igys the ugh yxrkA
e.g. Gandhi Ji was/ the Christan/ in his dealing.
14. School, college, church, hospital, court, market, house,
bed, home, jail, prison ds igys rc rd article ugh yxsxk tc rd budk iz;ksx ml dke ds yh, gks ftlds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
e.g. I am going to college to attend the class.
15. ;nh what ds ckn kind ;k short vk, rks buds lkFk dksb article
ugh yxsxkA
e.g. What kind of person you are?
16. Hkk’kk ds uke ds igys izk;% article ugh yxrkA
e.g. English is difficult.
17. tc common noun proper noun ds Bhd igys vk, rks mlds
igys article ugh yxsxkA
e.g. Queen Elizabeth.
18. v/;u ds fo’k; ds igys izk;% article ugh yxrk gSA
Q. The renaissance was a time to reawakening/ in both the
arts.
USE OF ADJECTIVE
1. FORMER/LATTER
FORMER- nks esa ls igys okys ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Q. Of the two films / in which he starred/ I think the/ first
former is the best.
LATTER- nks es ls ckn okys ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
e.g. Both Whisphring and Chandrasekhar were prime minister
the latter is called Balia Naresh.
2. FIRST/ LAST
FIRST- nks ls v/khd esa ls izFke okys ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
e.g. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the first President of India.
LAST- nks ls v/khd esa ls ckn okys ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gskrk gSaA
e.g. December is the last month of the year.
3. FARTHER/FURTHER
FARTHER-fdlh LFkku ls nks x.rO;ks esa ls v/khd nqj okys ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. The bus stand is farther to the railway station from my
coaching.
FURTHER- (vkxs dk ) Hkfo’; dk
Q. Kindly note our/ new address and use/ it in all the / farther
further communication.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 29
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
4. ONE/ OTHER/ ANOTHER
ONE-nks esa ls fdlh ,d ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. He bought two pens. He gave me one.
OTHER-nks essa ls dksb nwljk ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Q. I have asked my aunt/ to bring two pairs of jeans/ one for
me and another other for my best friend.
ANOTHER-vU; tks ppkZ ls ckgj gksA
e.g. Wait for the news of another scam.
5. LATEST/ LAST
LATEST- (ufoure) ftlds vkxs dze tkjh gks A
Q. What is the last latest score of the match/ being played
between / India and Pakistan.
LAST-(vfUre) ftlds vkxs dksb uk gksA
e.g. In the lattest last month the number of contract / we
have secured / has declined sharply.
6. MUTUAL/COMMON
MUTUAL- bldk iz;ksx nks ds chp ds laca/kks dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSaA
e.g. Husband and wife are mutual assistant of each other.
COMMON- bldk iz;ksx nks ls v/khd ds chp ds laca/kks dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSA
e.g. Dropdi was a common wife.
7. ELDER/ OLDER
ELDER- bldk iz;ksx ,d gh ekrk ihrk ds larkuks ds chp ess ls cM+s okys ds yh, gksrk gSaA
e.g. Ram was elder to Laxman.
OLDER- ,d gh ekrk ihrk ds larkuks dks NksM+dj “ks’k LFkku ij older dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Q. He being the oldest eldest son/ has requested us/ to look
after the problem / faced by father.
N1- tgk tgk elder yxrk gS ogk ogk older yxsxk ;nh mez dk mYys[k
gksA
e.g. Rajiv Gandhi was older than Sanjay Gandhi by two years.
N2- tc gekjk vfHkizk; gks cq<s cwtwxZ rks the elder vFkok elders dk iz;ksx
gksxkA
e.g. We should respect the elder/ elders.
8. NEAREST/NEXT/NEXT TO
NEAREST- nks ls v/khd essa ls lcls lehi okys ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. Which is the nearest planet?
NEXT- (vxyk) ;g dze dks n”kkZrk gSA
e.g. The next ball is the last ball of the over.
NEXT TO - tc dksb fdlh ds Li”kZ esa gksrk gS rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Q. Mahesh and Sachin live next by to post office / not very
far/ from the station.
9. COOL/ COLD
COOL –lw[knk;h Ba<+d
e.g. The air is cool in the morning of summer season.
COLD- nw[knk;h Ba<+d
e.g. The air is cold in the morning of December and January .
10. WARM/HOT
WARM- lw[knk;h xje
e.g. We need warm clothes in the winter season.
HOT- nw[knk;h xje
e.g. The day is very hot in May and June.
11. WHOLE/BOTH/ ALL
WHOLE-,d gh oLrq ds leLr Hkkx dks n”kkZus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 30
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
e.g. The whole world is facing global warming.
BOTH- bldk iz;ksx nks esa ls lc ds lc dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSA
Q. In an effort/ to make peace/ Priya spoke/ to both the
person persons.
ALL- budk iz;ksx nks ls vf/kd esa lc ds lc dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSA
Q. Being dangerous of / all the criminal criminals / he was
imprisoned / in a special jail.
12. ORAL/ VERBAL
ORAL- (EkkS[khd) ewg ls laca/khr
e.g. Oral cancer
VERBAL- (“kkfCnd) “kCnks ls laca/khr
e.g. There are some verbal mistakes in your sentence.
13. MUCH/MANY/SEVERAL
MUCH-(v/khd) bldk iz;ksx uncountable noun ds lkFk ek=k n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSaA
Q. Smoking is not allowed/ at petrol pump because/ there is
too many much / easily ignited material in the vicinity.
MANY-( cgwr /v/khd ) bldk iz;ksx countable noun ds lkFk rc gksrk gS tc oDrk dks la[;k dk vuweku gksA
Q. Much Many countries are / starting to turn/ their attention
to new sources of energy.
SEVERAL- -( cgwr /v/khd ) bldk iz;ksx countable noun ds lkFk rc gksrk gS tc oDrk dks la[;k dk vuweku u gksA
e.g. She has started/ much several new initiatives to help the
under previllaged/ students get education.
14. SOME/ ANY
SOME- bldk izz;ksx lkdkjkRed okD;ks es gksrk gSaA
Q. It is necessary / that we take/ any some step to / reduce
pollution soon.
ANY – bldk iz;ksx ukdkjkRed rFkk iz”ukRed okD;ks esa gksrk gSA
Q. The manager has sent many / reminders to Mr. Rao /to
repay the lone/ but has not received no any reply.
N1-;nh okD; esa hardly vk, rks mlds lkFk any yxsxk pkgs okD; tSlk
gksA
e.g. I have hardly any friend.
N2- Money ds lkFk nksuks vk ldrk gSA
e.g. Have you some/ any money.
15. OWN/ RESPECTIVE
OWN- (viuk) bldk iz;ksx LokfeRo ij cy nsus ds yh, gksrk gSA
e.g. This is my own house.
RESPECTIVE-( viuk &viuk ) bldk iz;ksx O;fDrxr vf/kdkjks ds foHkktu ds yh, gksrk gSA
e.g. Open your respective book.
16. PLENTY OF / A NUMBER OF
PLENTY OF- (vf/kd) bldk iz;ksx uncountable noun ds lkFk gksrk gSA
e.g. Plenty of grain is destroyed by rats.
A NUMBER OF - (vf/kd) bldk iz;ksx countable noun ds lkFk gksrk gSA
Q. If the investor is not satisfied / with the terms of the
entrance policy / there is plenty of a number of / other
policies to chose from.
17. FORE MOST
FORE MOST- (vxziafDr dk) tks lcls igys nh[ksA
e.g. A temple is the foremost building of my village.
18. VERY
VERY-(ogh ) tc ;g adjective dk dk;Z djrk gS rks bldk vFkZ gksrk gS oghA
e.g. This is very Modi who helped Adwani.
19. CERTAIN
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 31
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
CERTAIN- (dksb/ fdlh) ;g vKkr ds yh, iz;wDRk gksrk gSA
e.g. Certain king had three sons.
20. oSls adjective tks ly yxkdj adverb curs gS adjective ds :i esas
fcuk ly ds vk;saxsA
Q. Ramesh has been both/ a dishonestly dishonest person /
and gambler/ since his childhood.
ORDER OF ADJECTIVE
1.fdz;k ls fufeZr adjective ml “kCn ds igys jgsxk ftlds yh, iz;wDRk gksxkA
e.g. The burning train.
2. Adjective of area ml “kCn ds igys jgsxk ftlds yh, iz;wDr gksxkA
e.g. Outer signal tec.
3. vke rkSj ij article noun ds igys jgrk gSA
e.g. A question.
4. ysdhu ;nh noun ds igys adjective vk, rks article adjective ds igys jgsxkA
e.g. An important question.
5.;nh adjective ds lsok esa dksb adverb vk tk, rks article adverb ds igys jgsxkA
e.g. A very important question.
6. ;nh adverb ds igys dksb adverb vk tk, rks article mlds igys jgsxkA
e.g. A very very important question.
7. Numerical adjective possessive adjective ds igys jgsxkA
Q. My all all my mock interviews/ were video recorded/
which helped me a lot/ in self assasment.
8. Demonstrative adjective possessive adjective ds igys jgsxkA
e.g. This my mistake was very dangerous.
9. Numerical adjective Demonstrative adjective ds igys jgsxkA
e.g. All these books are very costly.
10. Adjective of quality material adjective ds igys jgsxkA
e.g. A beautiful plastic serjery.
11. Aloof/afraid/ alive/ alike/ alone/ ashamed/
awake/certain/ constant/ except/ concern/ worth seeing/
immemorial ,sls adjective gS tks ml “kCn ds ckn jgsaxs ftlds yh, iz;wDr gksaxsA
Q. The boy was almost / asleep when a ball / flew across the
garden/ and hit him on the foot. (N/E)
VERB
ftl ls dhlh dk;Z dk gksus ;k djus dk irk pys mls verb dgrs gSA
VERB
AUXILIARY PRINCIPAL
AUXILIARY VERB
1. ftl “kCn ls fdlh dk;Z ds gskus dk irk pys mls auxiliary verb dgrs gSA
2. tks ew[; fdz;k dks lgk;rk iznku djs mls auxiliary verb dgrs gSA
3. tks xkS.k :i ls dk;Z djs mls auxiliary verb dgrs gSA
4. bls be verb Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
e.g. Is, am, are, was, were, do does, did, has, have, had, can,
could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, ought to,
used to, dare, need.
SYNTAX
1. mphr subject ds lkFk mphr LFkku ij mphr fdz;k dk iz;ksx gh
syntax gSA
2. Singular subject ds lkFk singular verb yxsxkA
Q. The RBI which monitors / banking operations don’t does
not have/ the resources to/ carry out investigation.
3. Plural subject ds lkFk plural verb yxsxkA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 32
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Q. Some colleges has have set up/ small tutorial groups / for
closure relationship / between professors and the students.
4. tc nks subject and ds }kjk tqM+s gks rks mUgs plural le>dj plural
verb nh;k tk;sxkA
Q. Though poverty is still rampant/ in India economic growth
and/ commercial development has have served/ to reduce
them substantially over the years.
5. ysdhu ;nh and ds }kjk nks ,sls “kCn vkil esa twM+s gks tks lnk tksM+k
cukdj vkrs gks and ls twM+s jgus ds ckotwn singular le>s tk,xs
singular verb yxsaA
Q. The sum and substance of his speech/ were was
essentially/ anti-establishment.
6. ;nh nks singular subject or ;k nor ds }kjk vkil esa twM+s gks rks vkus
okyk verb singular jgsxkA
Q. Neither the price nor the quality / of products / have has
changed.
7. ;nh or ;k nor ds }kjk nks plural subject vkil esa twM+s gks rks verb
plural jgsxkA
Q. Either the boys or the girls are/ responsible for/ this vital
mistake. (N/E)
8. ;nh or ;k nor ds }kjk ,d singular rFkk ,d plural subject vkil
esas twM+k gks rks igys singular vk,xk ckn esa plural rFkk verb plural jgsxk
D;ksdh or ;k nor ds }kjk twM+s nks “kCnks esa ls fdz;k dk fuuZ; ckn okyk djsxkA
Q. Because they refuse/ to follow the dress chord / neither
Shivam nor her friends is are invited to the function.
9. ;nh nks subject not only .... but also ds }kjk twM+k gks rks verb ckn
okys subject ds vuwlkj jgsxkA
Q. Not only students/ but the teacher also / have has friend /
for good result.
10. As well as, along with, with, like, unlike, except, rather
than, and not, but Tkc nks subject dks tksM+us dk dke djrs gS rks fdz;k
dk fu.kZ; igyk okyk subject djrk gSA
Q. Silver as well as cotton/ have has fallen considerably/ in
prices in recent days.
11. A set of/ a chin of/ a team of/ a band of/ a crowd of/ a
group of/ a class of/ an army of/ a series of/ a bunch of/ a
pair of/ a yoak of/ a heard of/ a fleet of/ a batch of/ a flock
of/ a garland of/ a collection of + P.C.N + S.V.
Q. A seris of matches/ were was to be played between/ India
and Pakistan before/ the scandle of spot fixing.
12. Most of + P.C.N+ P.V.
Q. It appears that most / of students from this school has
have / done their studies from/ a technical institution.
13. Most of + U.N + S.V.
Q. Most of the milk was boiled/ over/ due to her
carelessness/ and childish nature. (N/E)
14. tc dHkh ,slh dYiuk djuh gks ftldk laHko gksuk oRkZeku esa vlaHko gks
rks mls n”kkZus ds yh, lkjs subject ds lkFk dsoy were yxsxkA
Q. I wish I am were / the richest person of the/ whole wide
world.
15. ;nh ,slh dYiuk n”kkZuh gks ftldk lEHko gksuk Hkwrdky esa vlaHko Fkk
rks lkjs subject ds lkFk had been yxsxkA
Q. If I had been/ in your place I / would not have / taken this
decision. (N/E)
16. Tkc Hkfo’; dh laHkkoukvks dks n”kkZus gks rks lkjs subject ds lkFk okD;
ds vkjaHk esa should yxsxkA
Q. You should Should you need/ my help please/ will free to
tell me about it.
17. ;nh fdlh dks fdlh izdkj dh deh dk ,glkl gks rks mls n”kkZus ds
yh, lkjs subject ds lkFk had yxsxkA
Q. If we had been/ one more good batsman/ in our team we
would / have won all the matches.
18. There Lks vkjaHk gksus okys okD; esa there ds ckn vkus okyh fdz;k ml
“kCn ds vuwlkj gksxh ftlds yh, there vkrk gSA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 33
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Q. Today there is are / over one billion/ people living in
poverty/ in developing countries.
19. A number of+ P.C.N+ P.V.
Q. There are a number of people / of every class and
nationality/ who doubts the truth of his statement.
(N/E)
20. The number of ds ckn vkus okyk noun pkgs tSlk gks verb
singular jgsxkA
Q. The number of A.T.Ms are is being increased/ to serve the
customer/ better than before.
21. None+ S.V.
Q. None of us were was/ really very happy/ when the guests
got/ entry into the house.
22. More than one ;nh ,d lkFk vk, rks noun rFkk verb nksuks
singular jgsxkA
Q. More than one student/ have has passed the exam/ of the
first terminal.
23. More+ P.C.N + than+ one +P.V.
Q. More persons than one/ has have been involved / in this
quarrel / over the land.
24. No/neither/ not/ never/ nor+A.V+ S+ P.V (principle verb )
Q. No sooner did the advertisement/ appeared in the news
paper/ than there was a rush / on the booking counter.
25. ;nh of ds igys percentage vk, rks noun pkgs tSlk gks verb
singular jgsxkA
e.g. The percentage of good persons is small.
26. ;nh of ds igys percent vk, rks verb noun ds vuwlkj gksxkA
e.g. Fourty percent of milk is consumed in tea.
Fourty percent of students are labourious.
27. Nothing ds ckn noun pkgs tSlk gks fdz;k singular jgsxkA
e.g. There is nothing but sorrow in life.
There is nothing but aeroplanes in the airport.
28. Name of the book, game, disease, hotel, country, picture
wheather they take s or not will always be singular and will
take singular verb.
Q. The Arabian Nights / are is indeed/ an interesting book.
29. orZeku dh {kerk dks n”kkZus ds yh, lkjs subject ds lkFk can yxsxkA
e.g. I can pass the exam.
30. Tkc ;g n”kkZuk gks dh Hkwrdky dh {kerk fdlh ds ikl Fkh mlus iz;ksx
fd;k vFkok ugh dss yh, could dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
Q. The judge tested/ the accused to/ see if he would could /
read English.
31. tc ;g n”kkZus gks dh Hkwrdky esa fdlh dks {kerk rks Fkh ijUrw og mls
iz;ksx ugh dj ik;k vkSj vc iprk jgk gS rks could have dk iz;ksx fd;k
tk;sxkA e.g. India could have won this match also.
32. May dk iz;ksx ldrk ds vfHkizk; esa vuwerh xzg.k djus ds yh, djrs
gSA e.g. May I come in sir?
33. laHkkouk dks n”kkZus ds yh, Hkh may dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
Q. According to/ the radio/ it can may rain this evening.
34.vuweku yxkus ds yh, Hkh bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. It may be Suresh.
35. vk”kadk n”kkZus ds yh, Hkh may dk iz;ksx djaxsA
e.g. You may miss the train.
36. vfHk”kki ;k ojnku nsus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. May Bajpei live long.
37. orZeku ds yD{kks dks n”kkZus ds yh, may dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
e.g. We are labouring so that we may succeed.
38.Hkwrdky ds yD{kks dks n”kkZus ds yh, might dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
Q. He worked hard / so that he may might top the list and win
a medal.
39. Might dk iz;ksx Hkwrdky ds laHkkouk dks n”kkZus ds yh, Hkh gksrk gSA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 34
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Q. The metrological department / predicted that the rain/and
thunder storm may might continue throughout the day.
40. Hkwrdky ds vuweku dks n”kkZus ds yh, Hkh bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. I guess yesterday that it might be Santosh.
41. Hkwrdky ds vk”kadk dks n”kkZus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. He feared that he might fail in the test.
42. tc Hkwr dky esa fdlh dks vk”kadk rks Fkh ijUrw og mlls cp x;k rks
mls n”kkZus ds yh, might+ have+ V3 dk iz;ksx djaaa asxsA
e.g. You might have missed the train.
43. Hkfo’; ds “kfDr ds ijn”kZu ds yh, S+ shall/ will + be + able +
to+V1 dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Q. The tax treaty between India and Sweeterjerland have
been amended and we/ shall be able to obtain information /
about any Swiss Bank account by next year. (N/E)
44. Should dk iz;ksx fdlh dks mins”k nsus ds yh, gksrk gSA
Q. I suggest that/ he goes should go to the / doctor as soon
as/ he returns from taking examination.
45. Should dk iz;ksx v”kwHk ls lrdZ djus ds yh, least ds lkFk gksrk gSA
Q. He ought to start/ at once least he may should / miss the
train and fell to appear/ for the interview.
46.Hkwrdky esa ftl dk;Z dks fd;k tkuk pkgh, Fkk ugh fd;k tk ldk vc
iNrkok gks jgk gS dks n”kkZus ds yh, should +have + V3 dk iz;ksx djaxsA
Q. He travelled by bus but would should / have travelled by/
train to save time.
47. Ought to dk iz;ksx uSrhd drZO;ks dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSA
e.g. You ought to help the poor.
48. uSrhd drZO;ks dk ikyu u dj ikus dk vkHkk’k n”kkZus ds yh, ought to
have + V3 dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
e.g. We ought to have supported Nigmanand.
49. dhlh dk;Z dh ok/;rk dks n”kkZus ds yh, must dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. You must bring the task.
50. HkkX; ds gkFkks ok/;rk n”kkZus ds yh, have to/ has to/ had to/ dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Q. As I was had to reach early I left/ in an aeroplane/ instead
of goiong by train.
51. Has, have, had dk iz;ksx xzgu djuk ds vfHkizk; esa Hkh gksrk gSA
Q. Have you had your breadfast? ( N/E)
52. Hkwrdky ds okD; ds laxr esa ;k Hkwrdky ds lanHkZ esa xk] xs] xh ds
vfHkizk; esa would dk iz;ksx djasxsA
Q. He remembered / that his visa/ will would be expired / in a
month.
53. Would dk iz;ksx orZeku esa dwN djus dh dYiuk dks n”kkZus ds yh,
gksrk gSA e.g. If I would fly.
54. Would have dk iz;ksx Hkqrdky ds dk;ksZ ds dYiuk dks n”kkZus ds yh, ds gksrk gSA
Q. If India would / have won more/ gold medal in Olympic.
(N/E)
55. Rather ds lkFk will ijhokj (will, shall, would, would have) vk;sxkA
Q. I have rather resigned than suffer injustice.
(A)would rather resign. (B) am rather resigned.
(C) would rather resigned. (D) no improvement.
56. Else ds lkFk will ifjokj vk;sxkA e.g. Hurry up else we shall
miss the train.
57. Model Verb + original form of other verbs.
Q. The crops/ are drying / it must / not had have rain.
58. Used to dk iz;ksx Hkwrdky ds mu vknrks dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gS tks fdlh ds yh, mcus dk dkju cu x;k gksA
e.g. He used to come late.
59. mu okD;ks dks iz”ukRed rFkk udkjkRed cukus ds yh, do, does, did
dk iz;ksx djrs gS ftuds ikl dksb lgk;d fdz;k ugh gksA e.g. He
comes late.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 35
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Does he come late?
He does not come late.
We labour hard.
Do we labour hard?
We donot labour hard.
She cooked food.
Did she cook food?
She did not cook food.
60. Do, does, did dk iz;ksx lkdkjkRed okD;ks esas ew[; fdz;k ds igys okD; dks vf/kd izHkko”kkyh cukus ds yh, gksrk gSA
Q. Mahatma Gandhi did not solve/ all the problem of future/
he did solve / the problem of present. (N/E)
61. NeedrFkk dare lkdkjkREkd okD;ks esa subject ds vuwlkj vius vki dks <ky dj izLrwr djrs gSA
Q. The report states that/ India needs to invest heavily/ in the
infrastructure / to ensure economic growth. (N/E)
62. ijUrw iz”ukRed rFkk lkdkjkREkd okD;ks esa dare rFkk need lkjs
subject ds lkFk vius vlyh :i esa jgrs gSA
e.g. He need not go.
Dare she come here?
63. tc fdz;k ds igys to yxkdj mlls subject dk dke yh;k tkrk gS rks
mls singular le>dj singular verb nsrs gSA
e.g. To walk is a good exercise.
64. tc fdz;k ds vUr esa ing yxkdj mlls subject dk dke yh;k tkrk gS
rks mls singular le>dj singular verb nh;k tkrk gSA
Q. We must realise/ that learning from/ mistakes is an /
important part of life. (N/E)
QUESTION TAG
1. ;nh izFke va”k lkdkjkRed gks subject I gks fdz;k am gks rks nwljk va”k
tks dh ukdkjkRed gksus tk jgk gS I ds lkFk are ysxkA
e.g. I am a student, are not I?
2. ysdhu ;nh izFke va”k ukdkjkRde gks subject I gks fdz;k am gks nwljs
va”k esa I ds lkFk am gh yxsxkA e.g. I am not sick, am I?
3. ;nh izFke va”k lkdkjkRed gsk fdz;k was gks subject I gks rks nwljk va”k
tks dh ukdkjkRed gksus tk jgk gS were ysxkA
e.g. I was ready, were not I?
4. ysdhu ;nh izFke va”k ukdkjkRed gks subject I gks fdz;k was gks rks
nwljk va”k tks dh lkdkjkRed gksus tk jgk gS was gh ysxkA
e.g. I was not busy, was I?
5. ;nh okD; dk izFke va”k lkdkjkRed rFkk present indefinite gks rks
nwljs va”k esa do vFkok does yxsxkA
Q. The earth/ moves round/ the sun/ is does not it?
6. ;nh okD; dk izFke va”k past indefinite rFkk lkdkjkRed gks rks nwljs
va”k esa did yxsxkA \
Q. When the police officer / asked you your salary/ you
provided wrong information/ have did not you?
7. V1+O, can you?
e.g. Open the door, can you?
8. Don’t / never + V1 + O, will you?
e.g. Don’t make a noise, will you?
9. Let+ us+ V1, shall we?
e.g. Let us swim, shall we?
10. ;nh izFke va”k esa this/that noun ds fcuk vk, rks nwljs va”k esa it
yxsxkA e.g. This is new, is not it?
11. ;nh izFke va”k esa this ;k that ds ckn noun vk, rks nwljs va”k dk
pronoun mlh noun ds vuwlkj jgsxkA
e.g. This girl is late, is not she?
12. ;nh izFke va”k esa these ;k those noun ds lkFk vk, ;k noun ds
chuk vk, nwljs va”k esa they yxsxkA
e.g. These are new, are not they?
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 36
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
These boys are labourious, are not they?
13.;nh izFke va”k esa do, dare, need ifjokj dk dksb lnL; ,d ek=
fdz;k gks rks nwljs va”k esa do, does, did yxk;saxsA e.g. She needs
medicine, doesn’t she?
14.;nh izFke va”k esa do, dare, need ifjokj dk dksb lnL; nks fd;k esa ls nwljh fdz;k gks rks izFke fdz;k dks ml vksj ys tk,saxsA
e.g. I cannot do this, can I?
15. ;nh izFke va”k esa do, dare, need ifjokj dk dksb lnL; nks fdz;k esa
ls igfy fdz;k gks rks nwljs va”k esa mlh dks repeat djsaxsA
Q. They need not worry.........?
(a)Need thay (b) is not it (c)does not it (d)don’t it
16. ;nh izFke va”k esa have ifjokj dk dksb lnL; ,d ek= fdz;k gks rks
nwljs va”k esa do, does vFkok did yxsxkA
Q. I have/ a lot of problems/, have do not I?
17. ;nh izFke va”k esa have ifjokj dk dksb lnL; nsk fdz;k esa ls izFke
fdz;k gks rks nwljs va”k esa mlh dks repeat djasxsA
Q. Sachin Tendulkar has completed hundred centuries
...........?
(A) is not he (B) has he (C) does not he (D) has not he
18. ;nh izFke va”k esa have ifjokj dk dksb lnL; nks fdz;k esa ls nwljh fdz;k gks rks nwljs va”k esa izFke fdz;k dks ys tk;saxsA
Q. You should/ have taken / great precaution/, should not
you? (N/E)
19. ;nh izFke va”k esa one ;k body ls var gksus okyk dksb “kCn gks rks
nwljs va”k esa they vk,xkA ,slh voLFkk esa fdz;k they ds vuwlkj gksxhA
Q. I don’t suppose/ any body will volantier/, will not he they?
20. S+ use to/uses to/ used to =do/ does/ did
Q. Your father used to be the Principal of this college, ..........?
(A) did he (B) does he (C) did not he (D) does not he
21. S+ be verb+used to =be verb
e.g. He is used to smoking , is not he?
22. ;nh izFke va”k esa none, few, little, neither, nothing, hardly,
seldom, scarcely, never vknh vk, rks nwljk va”k lkdkjkREkd jgsxkA
e.g. Few boys are intelligent, are they?
PRINCIPAL VERB
TIME AND TENSE
PRESENT INDEFINITE
S+ V/s/es+O
eSa vaxzsth fl[krk gwA I learn English.
geyskx ghlkc tkurs gSA We know Mathematics.
rwe irax mM+krs gskA You fly a kite.
lhrk pk; cukrh gSA Sita makes tea.
os yskx gYyk djrs gSA They make a noise.
Do/ does+ s+ v1+ o+ ?
Do I learn English?
Do we know Mathematics?
Do you fly a kite?
Does Sita make tea?
Do they make a noise?
S+ do/ does+ not + v1+ o
I do not learn English.
We donot know Mathematics.
You donot fly a kite.
Sita does not make tea.
They donot make a noise.
PRESENT INDEFINITE
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 37
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
1. vknr dsk n”kkZus ds yh, present indefinite dk iz;ksx gskxkA
Q. Whenever we have a puncture /she just seats in the car/
and reads a book/ while I changed change the wheel.
2. j”eks ] jhoktks rFkk izFkkvks dks n”kkZus ds yh, blh tense dk iz;ksx gksxkA
e.g. Girls tie rakhi to their brothers.
3. rkth ?kVuk dks n”kkZus ds yh, blh tense dk iz;ksx gksxkA
e.g. SEBI announces its plan.
4. Universal truth dsk Hkh blh tense es j[kk tkrk gSA
e.g. The earth moves round the sun.
5. ys[kd dh ckrsk dsk nksgjkus ds yh, blh tense dk iz;ksx djrs gSA e.g.
Balmiki says in the Ramayana.
6. Hkfo’; essa gksus okyk dk;Z rc present indefinite esa jgsxk tc muds
gksus ds lEHkkouk 99% rd uhf”pr gksA e.g. Modi visits America very
soon.
7.Hkoh’; esa gskus okys dk;Z dks Present indefinite esa rc Hkh j[krs gS tc
mldk izHkko csgn gksA e.g. Patna university reopens on 5th
October.
8. Always, often, never, seldom, generally, everyday,
everynight vknh “kCnks ds lkFk present indefinite yxsxkA
Q. Our customers are always visiting visit / our branches to/
discuss their problems with our staffs.
9. ,d okD; esa nks ckjshall/ will ugh yxsxk ,d ckj shall / will yxsxk
rFkk ,d ckj present indefinite. okD; ds ftl var esa what,
whatever, where, wherever, when, whenever, as soon as, as
long as, till, until, if, unless, after, before, vknh yxk gsk ml va”k esa
shall ;k will ugh yxsxk ml va”k esa present indefinite jgsxk “ks’k esa
shall ;k will jgsxkA
Q. As soon as I shall / reach Patna I shall/ send you the book /
you have asked for.
10. tc dHkh okD; ds vkjaHk esa there vk, rks okD; ml le; present
indefinite esa jgsxk tc subject fdlh dk;Z dk lEiknu dj jgk gksA e.g.
There sleep many men at foot path.
11. Permanent address dks n”kkZus ds yh, present indefinite dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Q. My name is Dikshit Raj / and I am coming come / from a
beautiful state in India.
PRESENT IMPERFECT /CONTINUOUS
S+is/ am / are+v1+ing +O
eSa iz;kl dj jgk gqA I am trying.
os yksx ,d eSp [ksy jgs gSA They are playing a match.
eka [kkuk cuk jgh gSA Mother is cooking food.
PRESENT IMPERFECT
1. ppkZ ds le; gksus okyk dke present imperfect es j[kk tkrk gSA
Q. It is believed that / higher education system/ considers is
considering the proposal to meet/ the demands of the
teachers.
2. Hkfo’; esa gksus okys dk;Z bl tense esa rc j[ks tkrs gS tc os 50% gh
fuf”pr gksA e.g. India is winning the match today.
3. Present imperfect dk iz;ksx Hkfo’; dh mu ;kstukvks dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gS ftudk izHkko uxU; gksA
Q. They were are having/ a birthday party / at their home/
next week.
4. os dk;Z tks Nuhd gks f”k?kz gh lekIr gks tkus okys gks present
imperfect esa j[ks tkrs gSA e.g. The umpire is tossing the coin.
5. Now, this time, present time, at the moment ds lkFk
present imperfect yxsxkA
Q. I have been working / in that organisation for five years
but now I work am working / for a different company.
6. blesa Hkh vknr dks n”kkZ;k tkrk gS ijUrw blesa ,slh vknr jgsxh tks igys rks Fkh vc ugh gS ] tks vHkh yxk gS vc lekIr gks tk,xhA
e.g. I am getting up late these days.
7. tc ;g n”kkZuk gks fd fdlh dk;Z dh rS;kjh igys ls py jgh Fkh vc
mlds ifj.kke ysus dk le; vk x;k gS rks go fdz;k dks present
imperfect esa j[ksaxsA e.g. I have been preparing for a long time
and now I am going to appear in the test.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 38
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
8. See, feel, hear, smell, know, think, understand, guess,
suppose, hope, prefer, care, forget, seem, appear, remember,
like, want, hate, wish, love etc. “kCn tc present imperfect esas
ew[; fdz;k dk dk;Z djs rks ing ugh ys ik;saxs ifj.kkeLo:i mUgs present
indefinite esa j[kk tk,xk vFkZ ogh uhdysxk tks ge pkgsaxsA
Q. Some Indian people / are believing believe even now/ that
women can not compete/ with the men.
PRESENT PERFECT
S+has/have +V3+O.
eSa lhUVsDl le> pwdk gwA I have understood syntax.
ekrk us cwyk;k gSA Mother has called.
firk th us dgk gSA Father has said.
PRESENT PERFECT
1. ,sls dk;Z tks ppkZ ds iwoZ gh lekIr gks x, gks ijUrw ftudk izHkko vHkh
ckdh gks present perfect esa j[ks tkrs gSA
Q. We are have now/ reliably learnt that / he was involved /
in the bank robbery.
2. Yet, already, upto, just, just now, recently ds lkFk present
perfect dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Q. He had has already prepared/ the acceptance speech/
because the student of the year award/ is being given to him.
3. tc this time dk vHkhizk; gks bl ckj rks blds lkFk present
perfect yxsxkA e.g. I have understood syntax this time.
4. Firtst time, second time, third time etc. + present perfect.
e.g. I have seen you here first time.
5. blds lkFk since ;k for dk Hkh iz;ksx gks ldrk gS ijUrw rc tc ;g n”kkZuk gks dh dksb dk;Z ppkZ ds iwoZ gh dwN nsj pydj lekIr gsk x;k ijUrw izHkko vHkh ckdh gSA
Q. I saw have seen him/ a couple of times / since May.
6. tc ;g n”kkZuk gks dh dksb dgh dk Hkze.k fd;k gS vkSj ml Hkze.k dk
izHkko mlds e.k efLr’d ij vHkh “ks’k gS rks present perfect dk iz;ksx
djasxs V3 ds cnys esa been yxk,saxsA
Q. I visit Simla frequently however I have never ......... Kufri.
(A) went to (B)visited to (C) gone to (D) been to
7. Last, past, ago, berore, yesterday, then ds lkFk present
perfect dk iz;ksx ugh gksxkA
Q. My father has/ returned back/ to Chennai yesterday.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
S+ has/ have + been+ v1 + ing + O
og iz;kl djrk jgk gSaA He has been trying.
os yksx fdzdsV [skyrs jgs gSA They have been playing cricket.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1. tc dksb dk;Z ppkZ ds iwoZ ls pydj ppkZ ds le; rd py jgk gks vkSj
vkxs Hkh pyrs jgus dh lEHkkouk gks rks mls present perfect
continuous esa j[kk tkrk gSA ,slh voLFkk esa okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gksxhA
S+has/ have + been+v1+ ing+ O+ since/for + time.
Q. Since his arrival in India/ he is has been visiting as many
villagers as he can/ to acquire a first hand knowledge/ of the
rural India.
2. blds lkFk le; dk vkuk fu;rkar vko”;d gSA
Q. Psychologist have been are documenting / the emotional
and physical / effect of negative/ political advertisement.
3. blds lkFk le; dks n”kkZus ds yh, since / for vk,xkA
e.g. I have been learning Time and Tense for five days.
4. buesa since dk iz;ksx rc djaasxs tc le; to the point gks fuf”pr gks
fuj/kkfjr gks dc ls dk mrj nsrk gks proper noun gks vkSj vklkuh ls
plural ugh curk gksA
Q. Although we have been stressing/ universalization of
elementary education / from since 1950 there is a little hope
of achieving / the objective in near future.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 39
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
5. For dk iz;ksx bl tense esa rc djaxsa tc le; dh vo/kh nh x;h gks
le; vfuf”pr gks ;k lVhd ugh gks dsrus ls dk mrj nsrk gks common
noun gks vkSj vlkuh ls plural cu tkrk gksA
Q. I have been trying to convience him/ from for the last two
days to come / and live with me/ till his father’s anger cools
down.
6. blds lkFk vkus okyk le; Hkwrdky ls laca/khr gksuk pkgh,A
e.g. I have been preparing since April 2014.
7. vc iz”u ;g mRiu gksrk gS fd since ;k for rFkk time rks present
perfect esa Hkh jgrk gS vkSj present perfect continuous esa Hkh rks Qhj nksuks esa varj D;k gS\
Since ;k for ds lkFk present perfect rc yxk,saxs tc ;g n”kkZuk gks fd dksb dk;Z ppkZ ds iwoZ dwN nsj pydj
lekIr gks x;k ijUrw izHkko vHkh ckdh gSA e.g. I have studied the
syntax for a week.
Since ;k for ds lkFk present perfect
continuous dk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc ;g n”kkZuk gks dh dksb dk;Z ppkZ ds iwoZ ls pydj ppkZ ds le; Hkh py jgk gS vkSj vkxs Hkh pyrs jgus dh lEHkkouk gSA
Q. Come and sit down / for a while because / you are have
been digging / since lunch time.
8. Know, feel, guess, want, wish, love, like vknh tc verb dk dk;Z
djs rks present perfect continuous esa ugh vk ik;saxs ifj.kkeLo:i bUgs
present perfect esa j[ksasxs vFkZ ogh fudysxk tks ge pkgsaxsA
Q. Mukesh and Malti/ are engaged that is/ not new I have
been / knowing known it for ages.
9. ,d le; ,slk Hkh vkrk gS tc present perfect continuous esa ew[;
fdz;k dk vHkko jgrk gS ,sls voLFkk esa mldk LFkku adjective xzg.k dj
ysrk gS ftl dkj.kol uk ge ing yxk ikrs gS uk object ,oa okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gks tkrh gSA
S+ has/ have+ been + adjective + since / for +
time tks ;g n”kkZrk gS fd fdlh esa dksb xw.k nks’k ;k voLFkk ppkZ ds igys
ls gS ppkZ ds le; Hkh gS vkSj vkxs Hkh jgus dh lEHkkouk gSA e.g. I have
been weak in English since begning.
PAST INDEFINITE
S+ V2+O
eSus ,d dye [kfjnhA I purchased a pen.
firk th us nke pwdk;kA Father paid price.
nknk th dgrs FksA Grandfather said.
Did+S+V1+O+?
Did I purchase a pen?
Did father pay price?
Did grandfather say?
S+did+not+V1+O
I did not purchase a pen.
Father did not pay price.
Grandfather did not say.
PAST INDEFINITE
1. ;g Hkh vknr dks n”kkZrk gS] ijUrw blesa oSlh vknr j[kh tkrh gS tks igys
rks Fkh vc ugh gSA e.g. Rambilash supported Lalu yadav.
2. j”eks ]fjoktks rFkk izFkkvks dsk n”kkZus ds yh, bl tense dk Hkh iz;ksx gksrk
gS]ijUrw rc tc ,slh izFkk n”kkZfu tks igys rks Fkk vc ugh gSA e.g. Hindu
women burnt themselves with the dead body of their
busband.
3. Always, generally, seldom, never, often, everyday vknh “kCnks
ds lkFk past indefinite dk Hkh iz;kssx gskrk gS ijUrw rc tc ;s “kCn ,slh vknr n”kkZ;s tks igys rks Fks vc ugh gSA
Q. As a child/ I always want wanted / to have a/ bicycle of my
own.
4. ;nh ,d okd; esa db ckrs dgh xb gks vkSj muesa ls ,d Hkh past ls
laca/khr gks rks vU; lHkh past ds gh fdlh tense esa jgsaxsA
Q. The movement the manager / came know of/ the
fraudulent action of/ his assistant he order ordered
emidiately to dismiss him.
5. Yksfdu ;nh past ds lkFk dksb universal truth vk, rks og past ds
lkFk jgus ds ckotwn present indefinite esa jgsxkA
e.g. My father said that the earth moves round the sun.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 40
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
6. ,d okd; esa nks ckj would dk iz;ksx ugh gksxk ,d ckj would vk,xk
vkSj ,d ckj past indefinite.
Q. In about 5 minutes / they would cover the distance from
the road to the point/ where the waves would began begun
lick their feet.
7. There ds lkFk vkus okyh fdz;k past indefinite esa rc jgsxh tc okD;
dk subject okD; ds var esa ;k }hrh; var esa gks og fdlh dk;Z dks dj jgk gks vkSj mlds dk;Z dk laca/k Hkwrdky ls gksA
e.g. There ruled a king in Ayodhya.
8. It is high time+past indefinite
Q. It is high time that the government / should wake woke up
to the reality that/ most of the brilliant students / are to go
abroad after their studies.
9. It is time when/ it is time+past indefinite
Q. It is time / you decide decided on/ your next/ course of
action.
10. That time/previous time+past indefinite.
e.g. I missed the chance that time.
11. tc dksb dk;Z cksys tkus ds iwoZ gh lekIr gks x;k vkSj ftldk izHkko Hkh
lekIr gks x;k gks past indefinite esa jgsxkA e.g. I studied the
syntax.
12. Last/ past/ ago/ before/ yesterday/ then ds lkFk past
indefinite yxsxkA
Q. Three years ago/ an earthquake has destroyed/the city
and the people are/ still rebuilding their lilfe.
PAST IMPERFECT
S+was/were/+ V1+ing+O
rwe le; u’V dj jgs FksA You were wasting time.
firk th pk; ih jgs FksA Father was taking tea.
cPps gYyk dj jgs FksA Children were making a noise.
PAST IMPERFECT
1. tc ;g n”kkZuk gks fd dksb dk;Z ppkZ ds iwoZ rks py jgk Fkk ijUrw ppkZ ds le; D;k gwvk fdlh dks lkekpkj ikIr ugh gSA
e.g. Lalu was looting Bihar.
2. oSlh vknr tks Hkwrdky esa dwN nhuks ds yh, yxh Fkh mlh le; NqV xb
past imperfect esa j[ks tk;sasxsA e.g. I was not completing the task
in the begining.
3. tc Hkwrdky esa nks dk;Z ,d lkFk vkjaHk gwvk ,d lkFk pyk vkSj ,d lkFk
lekIr gks x;k rks mls n”kkZus ds yh, nks ckj past imperfect dk iz;ksx
djaxs vkSj nksuks dsk while ls tksM+saxsA
e.g. I was writing while the teacher was speaking.
4. Last/ past/ago/before/yesterday/then + now/this time/
present time/ at the moment = past imperfect
e.g. Yesterday I was reading the newspaper this time.
5. tc ;g n”kkZuk gks fd Hkwrdky esa dksb dk;Z igys ls py jgk Fkk vkxs Hkh pyrk jgk chp esa gh dksb dk;Z gksdj lekIr gks x;k rks tks dke e/; esa
gwvk og past indefinite esa jgsxk vkSj ftlds e/; esa gwvk og past
imperfect esa jgsxkA
Q. I found this ring/ as I dig was digging in the garden/ it looks
very old/ I wounder who it belong to.
6. See, feel, hear, smell, know, think vknh “kCn tc past
imperfect esa ew[; fdz;k dk dk;Z djs rks ing ugh ysxk ifj.kkeLo:i os
past indefinite esa j[ks tk,saxs vFkZ ogh uhdysxk tks ge pkgsaxsA
Q. I was thinking thought / if I could do/ anything to help you/
in this situation.
PAST PERFECT
S+had+V3+O
xkM+h [kwy pwdh FkhA The train had started.
eSa vk x;k FkkA I had come.
rwe igwp x;s FksA You had arrived.
PAST PERFECT
1. bldk lcls cM+k rF; ;g gS dh ;g vdsys ugh vkrk] ;g vius lkFk ,d vfrjhDr okD; ysdj vk,xkA ;g rc iz;wDr gksxk tc ,d okD; esa nks ckrs dgh x;h gks] nksuks esa nks vyx vyx fdz;k gks] nksuks dk laca/k Hkwrdky ls gks]
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 41
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
,d fdz;k igys rFkk ,d fdz;k ckn esa gksA ,slh voLFkk esa igys gksus okyh
fdz;k Past perfect esa jgsxh vkSj ckn esa gksus okyh fdz;k past indefinite
esa rFkk nksusk dks before ls tskM+k tk,xkA okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gks tk,xhA
S+had+V3+O+ before +S+V2+O.
Q. The orator had / been left the / auditorium before the /
audience stood up.
2. dHkh dHkh bu nksuks okD;ks esa tksM+us gsrw when dk Hkh iz;ksx gksrk gS ,slh voLFkk esa Hkh ,d okD; esa nks ckrsa jgsaxh] nksuks esa nsk vyx vyx fdz;k jgsxh ] nksusk dk laca/k Hkwrdky ls jgsxk] ,d fdz;k igys gksxh vkSj ,d fdz;k ckn
esa ],slh voLFkk esa Hkh igys gksus okyk dke past perfect esa vkSj ckn esa gksus
okyk dke past indefinite esa jgsxk nksuks dks when ls tksM+k tk,xk ]
okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gks tk,xhA S+had+V3+O+whe+S+V2+O.
Q. The train had left/ when he had / reached the station.
3.dHkh dHkh bu nksuks okD;ks dks after ls Hkh tksM+k tkrk gSA ,slh voLFkk esa Hkh ,d okD; esa nks ckrs dgh tkrh gS] nksuks esa nks fdz;k;s gksrh gS] nksusk dk laca/k Hkwrdky ls gksrk gS] ,d fdz;k igys ,d fdz;k ckn esa gskrh gS igys gksus
okyh fdz;k dks past perfect esa j[krs gS vkSj ckn esa gksus okyh fdz;k dks
past indefinite esa nksuks dks after ls tksM+rs gS rFkk okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gks tkrh gSA
S+V2+O+after+S+ had+V3+O.
Q. An earthquake rocked/a chain of islands after a volcano
had brust.
4. ,d okD; esa nks ckj would have ls cpus ds yh, ,d ckj past
perfect dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Q. If I would have had / realised the nature/ of the job I
would/ not have accepted it.
5. ;g since rFkk for ds lkFk Hkh jg ldrk gSaA
e.g. I had studied the syntax for a week last month.
6.tc dHkh hope, expect, suppose, think, intend, want, wish,
like, guess vknh fdz;kvks ls ;g n”kkZuk gsk fd fdlh dh bPNk dh iwfrZ ugh
gks ik;h gS vkSj vc og i”pkrki dj jgk gS rks mijksDr fdz;k past
perfect esa jgsaxh ,slh voLFkk esa ,d vfrjhDr okD; rFkk le; dh vko”;drk ugh gksxhA
e.g. I had wished for the moon and the stars.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
S+had+been+V1+ing+O.
os yskx ,d i= fy[krs gSA They had been writing a letter.
rwe vaxszth lh[krs gksA You had been learning English.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1. bldk lcls cM+k iD{k ;g gS fd bles le; vo”; jgsxkA
2. le; dks n”kkZus ds yh, SINCE / FOR jgsxk rFkk okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gks tk,xhA
S+had+been+V1+ing+O+since/ for + time.
e.g. I had been learning English for one month last year.
3. vc iz”u ;g mRiu gksrk gS dh since ;k for rFkk time rks persent
perfect, persent perfect continuous, past perfect, past perfect
continuous pkjsk esa iz;wDr gksrk gS rks Qhj pkjsk esa varj D;k gS\
mrj ;g gS fd tc okD; esa sice/for rFkk time ds vfrfjDr ,d
Hkwrdkfyd “kCn ;Fkk last, past, ago, before, yesterday, then vFkok
Hkwrdky ds fdlh tense ds okD; gks rks past perfect vFkok past
perfect continuous dk iz;ksx gksxkA e.g. I had lived in my village
for twelve years when I came to Patna.
Hkwrdkfyd “kCnks rFkk Hkwrdkfyd okD;ks ds lkFk ;nh since/ for
+time gks rks past perfect continuous dk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc ;g n”kkZuk gks dh dksb dke Hkwrdky esa igys ls py jgk Fkk nwljs dk;Z ds lkFk
Hkh pyrk jgkA Q. He received timely support from his elder
brother/who had been is working abroad/ for six years.
ysdhu ;nh okD; esa since ;k for gks le; Hkh gsk ijUrw
Hkwrdkyhd “kCn ;k okD; ugh gks rks persent perfect vFkok persent
perfect continuous dk iz;ksx djasxsA
Present perfect dk iz;ksx rc djsaxs tc dk;Z
lekIr izHkko ckdhA e.g. I have studied the newspaper for ten
minute .
Present perfect continuous dk iz;ksx rc djsaxs tc ;g n”kkZuk gks fd dksb dk;Z ppkZ ds iwoZ ls pydj ppkZ ds le;
rd py jgk gS vkSj vkxs Hkh pyrs jgus dh laHkkouk gSA e.g. I have been
sitting here for one hour.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 42
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
FUTURE INDEFINITE
S+shall/will+V1+O
ge gksaxs dke;kcA We shall succeed.
rqe ?kj ykSVksxsA You will return home.
geyksx nwxkZiwtk euk;asxsA We shall celebrate the Durga Pooja.
FUTURE INDEFINITE
1. bldk iz;ksx Hkfo’; dh ckrksa dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSA
e.g. I shall get a job.
2. I vkSj we ds lkFk shall yxsxk] “ks’k ds lkFk will.
3. ijUrw /kedh nsus esa I vkSj we ds lkFk will yxsxkA e.g. I will kill you.
4. oknk djus ds yh, Hkh I vkSj we ds lkFk will yxsxkA e.g. I will come
after the break.
5. tc now dk laca/k Hkfo’; ls gks rks blds lkFk future indefinite
yxrk gSaA e.g. Now I shall return.
6. tc this time dk iz;ksx Hkfo’; dk cks/k djokus ds yh, gks rks blds
lkFk future indefinite yxsxkA e.g. You will get a result this time.
FUTURE PERFECT
S+shall/ will +have+ V3+O.
xkM+h [kwy pwdsxhA The train will have started.
og vk pwdsxkA He will have come.
FUTURE PERFECT
1. ;nh Hkfo’; esa fdlh dk;Z ds fu/kkZfjr le; rd lekIr gksus dks n”kkZuk gks
rks Future perfect esa j[kk tk,xk ,oa okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gks tk,xhA
S+shall/ will +have+ V3+O+by/ before +time.
2. blesa le; vo”; jgsxkA
3. blesa vkus okyk le; Hkfo’; ls laca/khr jgsxkA
4. bles le; dks n”kkZus ds yh, by vFkok before vk,xkA
5. blesa le; dks n”kkZus ds yh, by rc vk,xk tc nh;s x, le; esa ls
lkjk le; O;rhr gks tk,A e.g. The Barat will have arrived by
sharp 5 O’clock.
6. Before dk iz;ksx rc djsaxs tc ;g n”kkZuk gks dh dksb dk;Z fn;s x;s
fu/kkZfjr le; ls igys lekIr dj fy;k tk,xkA e.g. I shall have
completed your batch before examination.
7. tc ,d okd; esa nks ckrs dgh x;h gks ] nksuks esa nks vyx vyx fdz;k gks ] ,d fdz;k igys rFkk ,d fdz;k ckn esa gks nksuks fdz;kvks dk laca/k Hkoh’; ls
gks] rks igys gksus okys dk;Z dks future perfect esa fy[krs gS vkSj ckn esa
gskus okys dk;Z dks persent indefinite esa rFkk okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gks tkrh gSA
S+shall/ will +have + V3+ O+ by/ before +S+V1/s/es+ O.
Q. By the time he gets back/ from his holidays / the milk man
has will have left / 21 bottle of milk/ out side the door.
FUTURE IMPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT
CONTINUOUS 1.thl okD; ds var esa rk jgsxk] rh jgsxh] rs jgsaxs yxk jgs mls future imperfect dgrs gSA blds okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj jgrh gSA S+shall/ will + be+V1+ing
+O. e.g.eSa i<+rk jgwaxkA I shall be
reading. 2. blesa ;g n”kkZ;k tk,xk dh Hkfo’; esa dksb dk;Z pyrk jgsxkA 3. blesa le; dk vHkko jgsxkA 4. blesa fdlh izdkj dk le; ugh jgsxkA 5. blfy, blfd okD; dh lajpuk blizdkj gksxhA S+shall/ will + be+V1+ing +O
e.g. I shall be earning my
bread.
1. thl okD; ds var esa rk jgsxk] rh jgsxh] rs jgsaxs yxk jgs mls future perfect continuous dgrs gSA blds okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gksrh gSA S+shall/ will +have+
been+V1+ing +O. e.g. eSa i<+rk jgwaxkA I shall have
been reading. 2.blesa ;g n”kkZ;k tk,xk dh Hkfo’; esa dksb dk;Z fu/kkZfjr le; esa vkjaHk gksdj vkxs dh vksj vxzlj jgsxkA 3. blesa le; vo”; jgsxkA 4. blesa vkus okyk le; Hkfo’; ls lacaf/kr jgsxkA 5.blesa le; dks n”kkZus ds yh,
from jgsxkA 6. blyh, blds okd; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gksxhA S+shall/ will +have+
been+V1+ing
+O+from+time.
e.g. I shall have been
earning my bread from
2015.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 43
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Q. The recently imposed dresscord in the university has
enraised / the students who will be will have been / on strike
from tomorrow.
VERB
TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE
TRANSITIVE VERB
VOICE
1. PERSENT INDEFINITE
Act. Prince eats a mongo.
Pass. A mango is eaten by Prince.
2. PERSENT IMPERFECT
Act. I am writing an application.
Pass. An application is being written by me.
3. PERSENT PERFECT
Act. I have killed a snake.
Pass. A snake has been killed by me.
4. PAST INDEFINITE
Act. The cat caught the rat.
Pass. The rat was caught by the cat.
5. PAST IMPERFECT
Act. The labour was digging the well.
Pass. The well was being dug by the labour.
6. PAST PERFECT
Act. He had taken a bath.
Pass. A bath had been taken by him.
7. FUTURE INDEFINITE
Act. I shall receive the first prize.
Pass. The first prize will be received by me.
8. FUTURE PERFECT
Act. You will have sold the house.
Pass. The house will have been sold by you.
9. MODAL VERB
Act. We should read English.
Pass. English should be read by us.
Act. You can take my car.
Pass. My car can be taken by you.
10. ORDER (vkns”k)(V1+O)
Act. Post the letter.
Pass. Let the letter be posted.
Act. Open the door.
Pass. Let the door be opened.
11. PROHIBITION (fu’ks/k)
(Don’t / never + V1+O )
Act. Don’t insult the poor.
Pass. Let the poor not be insulted.
Act. Never open the window.
Pass. Let the window not be opened.
12. REQUEST (foufr)
(Please/ Kindly +V1+O)
Act. Please help me.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 44
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Pass. You are requested to help me.
Act. Kindly keep silence.
Pass. You are requested to keep silence.
COMMON ERROR IN VOICE
1. Intransitive verb Okkys okD; dk passive laHko ugh gSA
e.g. I laugh. dk passive ugh cusxkA
2. ftl okD; esa fdz;k dk object reflexive pronoun gks mldk Hkh
passive ugh cusxkA
e.g. I teach himself. dk passive ugh cusxkA
3. vke rkSj ij ,d dRkkZ ds ,d dk;Z ls ,d object izHkkfor gksrk gSA ,slh
voLFkk esa passive cukus ds yh, ,d ek= object dks subject cuk nsrs gSaA
e.g. Ram killed Ravana.
Ravana was killed by Ram.
4. ;nh ,d dRkkZ ds ,d dk;Z ls ,d ls v/khd object izHkkfor gks vkSj os
lc ds lc fuftZo gks rsk passive cukrs le; lkjs fuftZo dks subject cuk nsxsaA
e.g. I study English, Maths and Reasoning.
English, Maths and Reasoning are studied by me.
5. ;nh ,d gh drkZ ds ,d gh dk;Z ls ,d ls v/khd object izHkkohr rks gks
ijUrw os lc ds lc ltho gks rks lkjs ltho object dks subject cuk nsaxs
vkSj mUgas formula 231 ds vUrxZr ltk dj j[kssaxsA
e.g. The teacher teaches me, you and him.
You, he and I are taught by the teacher.
6. ;nh ,d gh drkZ ds ,d gh dk;Z ls ,d ls v/khd object izHkkfor rks gks
izjUrw muesa dksb ltho gks vkSj dksb fuftZo gks rks nks izdkj ls passive
cuk;k tk;sxkA
(a)ge ltho object dks subject cuk ysaxs] fuftZo dks ogh NksM+ nsaxs A
e.g. The teacher teaches me English.
I am taught English by the teacher.
(b) ge fuftZo object dks Hkh subject cuk ldrs gSaA lfto dks ogh NksM+
ldrs gS] ,slh voLFkk esa ltho object dks to nsuk iM+sxkA
e.g. The teacher teaches me English.
English is taught to me by the teacher.
7. Tkc ,d dRkkZ ds nks vyx vyx dk;ksZ ls nks vyx vyx object izHkkfor
gks rks passive cukrs le; nksuks fdz;kvks dks nks vyx vyx lgk;d fdz;k nh;k tk;sxkA
e.g. The teacher cheats me and teaches you.
I am cheated and you are taught by the teacher.
8. Tkc dHkh intransitive verb esa preposition tksM+ dj transitive
cuk;k x;k gks rks mldk passive cusxk ysfdu passive cukrs le;
intransitive verb dks transitive cukus okys preposition dks gVk;k ugh tk,xkA
e.g. Pakistan stand by the terrorists.
The terrorists are stood by by Pakistan.
9. vke rkSj ij passive voice esa by dk iz;ksx gksrk gS ijUrw ;g vko”;d
ugh gksrk by ds vfrfjDr nwljs preposition Hkh iz;wDr gksrs gSA
e.g. The headmaster is distressed at plight.
10. Surprised/shocked/ astonished/ alarmed/ disappointed/
distressed + at.
Q. They were astonished through his failure.
(a) from (b) at (c) with (d) no improvement
11. Know/obliged +to.
Q. I am obliged with to you/ and your entire family / for
showing kindness and generosity towards us.
12. Pleased/satisfied/ disgusted/impressed +with.
Q. The emperor was/ dissatisfied by with the performance /
of his soldiers.
13. Invested/ consisted/ contained + in.
Q. Don’t worry / five hundred people/ can be contained in/
this hall. (N/E)
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 45
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
14. ,d le; ,slk Hkh vkrk gS tc passive voice esa dksb preposition
ugh vkrkA ,slk rc gksrk gS tc active voice dk subject one ;k
body ls vUr djsA
e.g. Someone is calling you.
You are being called.
15. ,slk rc Hkh gksrk gS tc active voice dk subject one gksrk gSA
e.g. One should keep one’s word.
Word should be kept.
16. tc active voice ds vkjaHk esa object gks object ds ckn lgk;d
fdz;k muds ckn to mlds ckn V1 gks rks passive cukus gsrw to rd mrkj
nsrs gS mlds ckn be tksM+rs gS Qhj V1 dks V3 dj nsrs gSA
e.g. The house is to white wash.
The house is to be white washed.
17. bet, bit, hit, hurt, let, split, cut, caste, put, spit, shot, shut,
burst, cost, broadcast,welcome, set, rid, spread, read ds V3 Hkh ;gh gksrs gSA
Q. The corression’s decision / to essue a notice/ is to be
welcomed welcome.
18. Hang:-
(a) hanged-(O;fDr)
Q. The assassin was convicted / and ordered to be hung
hanged / even the defence lawer / hardly the case afeciately.
(b) hung-(oLrw)
Q. A picture of / one of the founders/ of the company/ is
hanged hung on the wall.
19. tc dksb dk;Z Lor% gksrk gS active voice es jgrk gS A
Q. When we were reached/at the gate of the park it was to
dark.
20. tc dksb dk;Z fdlh ds }kjk lEikfnr gksrk gS rks mls passive voice
esa j[krs gSA
Q. Though he has been promoted to / the bank’s board as/
director he continues to carry / out all his current
responsibility.
13. QUESTION WITH AUXILLARY VERB
1. Do you play cricket?
Is cricket played by you?
2. Is the servant cheating me?
Am I being cheated by the servant?
3. Has he taken tea?
Has tea been taken by him?
4. Did you find the pen?
Was the pen found by you?
5. Was Kabita shifting the room?
Was the room being shifted by Kabita?
6. Had they shot the tiger?
Had the tiger been shot by them?
7. Will you collect the ticket?
Will the ticket be collected by you?
8. Can you play the match?
Can the match be played by you?
9. Could they sell the Guitar?
Could the Guitar be sold by them?
10. Should we smoke cigarette?
Should cigarette be smoked by us?
14. HOW QUESTION
1. How do you read the book?
How is the book read by you?
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 46
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
2. How is he earning money?
How is money being earned by him?
3. How has he cut the tree?
How has the tree been cut by him?
4. How did they break the law?
How was the law broken by them?
5. How was Laxmi sweeping the room?
How was the room being swept by Laxmi?
15. WHEN QUESTION
1. When had they returned the ball?
When had the ball been returned by them?
2. When can you purchase a car?
When can a car be purchased by you?
3. When could you send a letter?
When could a letter be sent by you?
4. When should we read the Ramayana?
When should the Ramayana be read by us?
5. When will Muna wash his shirt?
When will his shirt be washed by Muna?
16. WHY QUESTION
1. Why does he buy cigarette?
Why is cigarette bought by him?
2. Why is he beating a dog?
Why is a dog being beaten by him?
3. Why have you killed the bird?
Why has the bird been killed by you?
4. Why did he break the glass?
Why was the glass broken by him?
5. Why were they collecting stamps?
Why were stamps being collected by them?
17. WHERE QUESTION
1. Where had you played a match?
Where had a match been played by you?
2. Where will you watch a cinema?
Where will a cinema be watched by you?
3. Where can they pluck the flower?
Where can the flower be plucked by them?
4. Where could we see him?
Where could he be seen by us?
5. Where should they collect the ticket?
Where should the ticket be collected by them?
18. WHO QUESTION
1. Who eats rice?
By whom is rice eaten?
2. Who is buying a car?
By whom is a car being bought?
3. Who has made this?
By whom has this been made?
4. Who put on the T.V?
By whom was the T.V put on?
5. Who was disturbing you?
By whom were you being disturbed?
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 47
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
6. Who had taught you?
By whom had you been taught?
7. Who can hang the door?
By whom can the door be hung?
8. Who should read the Ramayana?
By whom should the Ramayana be read?
9. Who could give the news?
By whom could the news be given?
10. Who will pluck the flower?
By whom will the flower be plucked?
19. WHOM QUESTION
1. Whom do you love?
Who is loved by you?
2. Whom did you elect?
Who was elected by you?
3. Whom will he support?
Who will be supported by him?
4. Whom should Aayush help?
Who should be helped by Aayush?
5. Whom could they vote?
Who could be voted by them?
6. Whom is he teaching?
Who is being taught by him?
7. Whom has he cheated?
Who has been cheaed by him?
8. Whom had Ram killed?
Who had been killed by Ram?
9. Whom was she abusing?
Who was being abused by her?
20. WHAT AS A SUBJECT
1. What disturbs you?
By what are you disturbed?
2. What pleases you?
By what are you pleased?
3. What annoyed you?
By what were you annoyed?
4. What is inspiring him?
By what is he being inspired?
5. What has satisfied him?
By what has he been satisfied?
6. What will change his mind?
By what will his mind be changed?
7. What can stop it?
By what can it be stopped?
8. What would improve English?
By what would English be improved?
9. What may disrupt the match?
By what may the match be disrupted?
21. WHAT QUESTION
1. What does he eat?
What is eaten by him?
2. What is he buying?
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 48
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
What is being bought by him?
3. What have you brought?
What has been brought by you?
4. What did you find?
What was found by you?
5. What was he playing?
What was being played by him?
6. What had they cooked?
What had been cooked by them?
7. What will you bought?
What will be bought by you?
8. What can children read?
What can be read by childen?
9. What could they sell?
What could be sold by them?
10. What should you read?
What should be read by you?
EX- 22
Act:-subject+is/am/are/was/were/has/have/had+to+v1+
Object
Pass:- object+is/am/are/was/were/has/have/had+tobe+v3+
subject.
1. I am to finish this work.
This work is to be finished by me.
2. You are to write an essay.
An essay is to be written by you.
3. He was to sell this freeze.
This freeze was to be sold by him.
4. You were to buy a car.
A car was to be bought by you.
5. She has to help him.
He has to be helped by her.
6. The students have to write notes.
Notes have to be written by the students.
7. Hari had to repair his car.
His car had to be repaired by Hari.
8. He is to choose a house.
A house is to be choosen by him.
EX -23
Act:- It+is+time+to+v1+noun.
Pass:- It+is+time+for+noun+to+be+v3.
1. It is time to close the office.
It is time for the office to be closed.
2. It is time to start the work.
It is time for the work to be started.
3. It is time to supply food.
It is time for food to be supplied.
4. It is time to stop writing.
It is time for the writing to be stopped.
EX- 24
Act:- There+is/was+o+to+v1.
Pass:- There+is/was+o+to be +v3.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 49
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
1. There is a lot of work to do.
There is a lot of work to be done.
2. There are six letters to write.
There are six letters to be written.
3. There was no time to loose.
There was no time to be lost.
4. There was a tree to water.
There was a tree to be watered.
EX -25
Act:- s+want+to+v1+o
Pass:- s+want+object+to+be+v3.
1. I want to buy an umbrella.
I want an umbrella to be bought.
2. She wants to eat a cake.
She wants a cake to be eaten.
3. He wanted to get a prize.
He wanted a prize to be got.
4. You want to receive money.
You want money to be received.
EX -26
Act:- S+like+to+v1+o
Pass:- S+like+o+to+be+v3
1. I like to take tea.
I like tea to be taken.
2. She likes to change cloth.
She likes cloth to be changed.
3. They like to wear zeans.
They like Zeans to be weared.
4. You like to pass the exam.
You like the exam to be passed.
EX- 27
Act:- s+hope+to+v1+o
Pass:- s+hope+o+to+be+v3
1. I hope to find a pen.
I hope a pen to be found.
2. She hopes to get salary.
She hopes salary to be got.
3. Ram hoped to take a wicket.
Ram hoped a wicket to be taken.
4. You hope to pass the exam.
You hope the exam to be passed.
EX 28
Act:- s+expect+to+v1+o
Pass:- s+expect+o+to+be+v3
1. I expect to get success.
I expect success to be got.
2. We expected to win the match.
We expected the match to be won.
3. She expects to purchase a car.
She expects a car to be purchased.
4. You expect to take a wicket.
You expect a wicket to be taken.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 50
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
EX- 29.MISCELLANEOUS
1. Why did your brother write such a letter?
Why was such a letter written by your brother?
2. Mr. Roy teaches us grammar.
Grammar is taught to us by Mr. Roy.
We are taught grammar by Mr. Roy.
3. Who taught you French?
By whom were you taught French?
4. One should keep one’s promise.
Promise shold be kept.
5. Your behaviour greatly astonishes me.
I am greatly astonished at your behaviour.
6. This box contains ice.
Ice is contained in this box.
7. I want to buy an umbrella.
I want an umbrella to be bought.
8. They objected my proposal.
My proposal was objected by them.
9. Piush was writing a letter to her father.
A letter was being written to her father by Piush.
10. Do you intimate others?
Are others intimated by you?
11. I saw him conducting the rehersal.
He was seen conducting the rehersal by me.
12. The French surrendered Qubek to English in 1759.
Qubek was surreundered to English in 1759 by the French.
13. Someone gave her a bull-dog.
A bull-dog was given to her.
She was given a bull-dog.
14. A stone struck me on the head.
I was struck on the head by a stone.
15. You must look into this matter.
This matter must be looked ito by you.
16. The Romans expected to conquer Carthage.
Conquer Carthage was expected to by the Romans.
17. The rain disturbed the last day match.
The last day match was disturbed by the rain.
18. My uncle promised me a present.
A present was promised to me by my uncle.
I was promised a present by my uncle.
19. I saw him leaving the house.
He was seen leaving the house by me.
20. The noise of the traffic kept me awake.
I was kept awake by the noise of the traffic.
21. Why do you waste your time?
Why is your time wasted by you?
22. We hope that we shall win the match.
It is hoped that the match will be won by us.
23. The people will elect him president.
President will be elected to him by the people.
He will be elected president by the people.
24. Who taught you English?
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 51
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
By whom were you taught English?
25. Please walk on the right.
You are requested to walk on the right.
26. Summon the fire-brigade.
Let the fire-brigade be summoned.
27. One cannot gather grapes from thristles.
Grapes cannot be gathered from thristles.
28. The judge suspected that some one had bribed the
witness.
It was suspected by the judge that the witness had been
bribed.
29. Pay the bill at once.
Let the bill be paid at once.
30. The President appointed him Governor.
Governor was appointed to him by the president.
He was appointed Governor by the President.
31. That book has interested me greatly.
I have been greatly interested in that book.
32. Your behaviour has greatly disappointed me.
I have been greatly disappointed at your behaviour.
33. We offered her a chair.
A chair was offered to her by us.
She was offered a chair by us.
34. The cries of distress greatly alarmed them.
They were greatly alarmed at the cries of distress.
35. Tell him to leave the room.
Let him be told to leave the room.
36. Shall we ever forget those happy days?
Will those happy days ever be forgotten?
37. People always admire this picture.
This picture is always admired by the people.
38. He hurt his leg in an accident.
His leg was hurt in an accident.
39. Some people dress their children very badly.
Their children are dressed very badly by some people.
4o. No one has opened that box for the last hundred years.
That box has not been opened for the last hundred years.
41. No one has even beaten my brother at Tennis.
My brother has never been beaten at tennis.
42. Did anyone ask any question about me?
Was any question asked about me?
43. One uses milk for making butter and cheese.
Milk is used for making butter and cheese.
44. What have people done about this?
What has been done about this by people?
45. Has anybody answered your question?
Has your question been answered?
46. They make a book of paper.
A book is made of paper by them.
47. Somebody has pushed the table into a corner.
The table has been pushed into a corner.
48. People will show the visitors the new buildings.
The visitors will be shown the new buildings by people.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 52
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
49. Some body will tell you what time the train leaves.
You will be told what time the train leaves.
50. Some one taught him French and gave him a dictionary.
French was taught to him and a dictionary was given to him.
EX -30. CHANGE INTO ACTIVE VOICE
1. A mango is eaten by Ram.
Ram eats a mango.
2. A bird is being killed by Ram.
Ram is killing a bird.
3. A letter was written by him.
He wrote a letter.
4. A letter will be written by him.
He will write a letter.
5. A letter was being written by him.
He was writing a letter.
6. A letter has been written by him.
He has written a letter.
7. A letter had been written by him.
He had written a letter.
8. A letter will have been written by him.
He will have written a letter.
9. Let the class not be disturbed.
Don’t disturb the class.
10. Let the door be closed.
Close the door.
11. You are requested to help me.
Please help me.
12. English should be read by us.
We should read English.
13. My car can be taken by you.
You can take my car.
14. Money could be returned by him.
He could return money.
15. Long passage would be taken by it.
It would take long passage.
16. Money may be returned by him.
He may return money.
17. The window might be opened by the girl.
The girl might open the window.
18. The black board must be cleaned by the boy.
The boy must clean the black board.
19. How is English learnt by you?
How do you learn English?
20. When is a pen being bought by them?
When are they buying a pen?
21. Why has the bird been killed by you?
Why have you killed the bird?
22. Where was a pen bought by him?
Where did he buy a pen?
23. What was being played by Ram?
What was Ram playing?
24. What had been cooked by them?
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 53
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
What had they cooked?
25. What will be bought by you?
What will you buy?
26. What can be read by children?
What can children read?
27. What could be sold by them?
What could they sell?
28. What should be read by us?
What should we read?
29. By whom had you been taught?
Who had taught you?
30. By whom will the flower be plucked?
Who will pluck the flower?
31. Is cricket liked by you?
Do you like cricket?
32. Am I being cheated by the servent?
Is the servent cheating me?
33. Has tea been taken by him?
Has he taken tea?
34. Was the pen found by you?
Did you find the pen?
35. Was the room being shifted by Kavita?
Was Kavita shifting the room?
36. Had the tiger been shot by the hunter?
Had the hunter shot the tiger?
37. Will the ticket be collected by you?
Will you collect the ticket?
38. Can the match be played by you?
Can you play the match?
39. Could the Guitar be sold by them?
Could they sell the guitar?
40. Should cigarette be smoked by us?
Should we smoke cigaratee?
41. May your bike be borrowed by me?
May I borrow your bike?
42. It is time for the work to be finished.
It is time to finish the work.
43. There is a lot of work to be done.
There is a lot of work to do.
44. By what are you disturbed?
What disturb you?
45. By what were you annoyed?
What annoyed you?
46. By what are you being inspired?
What is inspiring you?
47. By what has he been satisfied?
What has satisfied him?
48. By what will his mind be changed?
What will change his mind?
49. By what can it be stopped?
What can stop it?
50. By what would English be improved?
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 54
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
What would improve English?
NARRATION
1. Present+Present Indefinite=No change in tense
DIRECT:- Tinku says to Anju, “I love you.”
INDIRECT:- Tinku tells Anju that he loves her.
2. Present + Present Imperfect = No change in tense.
The servant says to the owner, “I am going to market.”
The servant tells the owner that he is going to market.
3. Present +present perfect = No change in tense
Sachin says, “I have scored century.”
Sachin says that he has scored century.
4. Present + present perfect continuous= No change in tense
The driver says, “I have been driving the car for five years.”
The driver says that he has been driving the car for five years.
5. Present+Past indefinite= No change in tense
Ramesh says, “I won the match.”
Ramesh says that he won the match.
6. Present +past imperfect = No change in tense
They say, “We were watching the match.”
They say that they were watching the match.
7. Present + past perfect= No change in tense
The boys say, “We had cut the tree.”
The boys say that they had cut the tree.
8. Present + past perfect continuous= No change in tense
Kundan says, “I had been living in Patna for two month.”
Kundan says that he had been living in Patna for two month.
9. Present+ future indefinite= No change in tense
Juli says, “I shall cook food.”
Juli says that she will cook food.
10. Present + future imperfect= No change in tense
I say, “I shall be helping the poor.”
I say that I shall be helping the poor.
11. Present + future perfect= No change in tense
We say, “We shall have passed the exam.”
We say that we shall have passed the exam.
12. Present + future perfect continuous= No change in tense
Ranjan says to me, “I shall have been teaching Geography.”
Ranjan tells me that he will have been teaching Geography.
13. Future+ Present indefinite= No change in tense
Sachin will say, “I play cricket.”
Sachin will say that he plays cricket.
14. Future+ present imperfect= No change in tense
Gunjan will say, “I am singing a song.”
Gunjan will say that she is singing a song.
15. Future+ persent perfect= No change in tense
I shall say, “I have completed the task.”
I shall say that I have completed the task.
16. Future + persent perfect continuous= No change in tense
Dharmendra will say, “I have been acting for thirty years.”
Dharmendra will say that He has been acting for thirty years.
17. Future + past indefinite = No change in tense
Dewbans will say, “I won the election.”
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 55
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Dewbans will say that he won the election.
18. Future+ past imperfect = No change in tense
Daiji will say, “I was learning politics.”
Daiji will say that she was learning politics.
19. Future+ past perfect= No change in tense
Sobha will say, “I had decided to sing.”
Sobha will say that she had decided to sing.
20. Future + Past perfect continuous= No change in tense
The driver will say, “I had been travelling for a year.”
The driver will say that he had been travelling for a year.
21. Future+ future indefinite= No change in tense
Khusbu will say, “I shall dance.”
Khusbu will say that she will dance.
22. Future + future imperfect= No change in tense
The teacher will say, “I shall be teaching.”
The teacher will say that he will be teaching.
23. Future + future perfect = No change in tense
This boy will say, “I shall have finished my task.”
This boy will say that He will have finished his task.
24. Future + future perfect continuous= No change in tense
My sister will say, “I shall have been cooking the food.”
My sister will say that she will have been cooking the food.
25. Past + present indefinite= past indefinite
Deepak said to Deepika, “I eat a mango.”
Deepak told Deepika that he ate a mango.
26. Past + present imperfect= past imperfect
Baban said, “I am going to market.”
Baban told that He was going to market.
27. Past + present perfect = past perfect
You said to me, “I have done my work.”
You told me that you had done your work.
28. Past + present perfect continuous= past perfect
continuous
The boys said to the teacher, “We have been learning
English.”
The boys told the teacher that they had been learning English.
29. Past + past indefinite = past perfect
The teacher said, “I taught English.”
The teacher said that he had taught English.
30. Past + Past imperfect = past perfect continuous
I said, “I was finishing my work.”
I said that I had been finishing my work.
31. Past+ Past perfect= Nil.
32. Past + Past perfect continuous= Nil.
33. Past+ future indefinite = future in past
The player said, “I shall try my best.”
The player said that he would try his best.
34. Past + future imperfect= future in past
Ganguly said, “I shall be taking wickets.”
Ganguly said that he would be taking wickets.
35. Past + future perfect= future in past
My father said, “I shall have bought a car.”
My father said that he would have bought a car.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 56
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
36. Past + future perfect continuous= future in past
Sadanand said, “I shall have been solving the problem.”
Sadanand said that he would have been solving the problem.
37. Past + Universal truth= no change
Chandan said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
Chandan said that the earth moves round the sun.
38. QUESTION WITH AUXILIARY VERB
(a) He said to me, “Have you seen the Taj”?
He asked me wheather I had seen the Taj.
(b) He asked us, “Are you going today”?
He asked us wheather we were going that day.
(c) He said to her, “can you drive the car”?
He asked her wheather she could drive the car.
(d) We said to him, “Is your name Mohan Das”?
We asked him wheather his name was Mohan Das.
(e) They said to us, “Were you present in the meeting”?
They asked us wheather we had present in the meeting.
(f) The man said to his son, “Do you want to go”?
The man asked his son wheather he wanted to go.
(g) An old man asked me, “Do you know how to sleep”?
An old man asked me wheather I knew how to sleep.
(h) Hassan said to us, “Do you remember to have taken
money from me”?
Hassan asked us wheather we remembered to have taken
money from him.
(i) I said to Hassan, “Did you ever give me money”?
I asked Hassan wheather he had ever given me money.
(j) The thief said to the judge, “May I appeal for mercy”?
The thief asked the judge wheather he might appeal for
mercy.
39. QUESTION WITH “WH”
(a) He said to me, “What is your name”?
He asked me what my name was.
(b) “Why are you lagging behind?” said the horse to the mare.
The horse asked the mare why she was lagging behind.
(c) The teacher said to me, “Where do you live”?
The teacher asked me where I lived.
(d) Sanjay said to Modi, “Which way leads to the station”?
Sanjay asked Modi which way lead to the station.
(e) He said to him, “Why do you not ask other”?
He asked him why he did not ask other.
(f) I asked him, “Why did he come late that day”?
I asked him why he had come late that day.
(g) Rakesh said to Rajesh, “What will you do with the
money”?
Rakesh asked Ramesh what he would do with the money.
40. OPTATIVE SENTENCE (beginning with “May”)
(a) He said, “May Atal Bihari Bajpayee hold his office for a few
years more.
He wished that Atal Bihari Bajpayee might hold his office for a
few years more.
(b) He said, “May the king live long”.
He wished that the king might live long.
(c) The old man said to me, “May you be destroyed”.
The old man cursed me that I might be destroyed.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 57
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
(d) The old woman said to me, “May heaven fall on you”.
The old woman cursed me that heaven might fall on me.
41. SENTENSES WITH “YES” “NO”
(a) He said, “Yes, I can do it”.
He replied in affirmative that he could do that.
(b) They said, “No we cannot do it”.
They replied in negative that they could not do that.
(c) The headmaster said to the monitor, “Yes you will be
granted free studentship.”
The headmaster replied the monitor in affirmative that he
would be granted free studentship.
(d) The servant said, “No I have not bought vegetables”.
The servant replied in negative that he had not bought
vegetables.
42. ORDER
1. The officer said to the peon, “Get out”.
The officer ordered the peon to get out.
2. The master said to the servant, “Bring a glass of water.”
The master ordered the servant to bring a glass of water.
3. “Take this man to the prison” Said the king to the soldiers.
The king ordered the soldiers to take that man to the prison.
4. He said to the gatekeeper, “Open the gate.”
He ordered the gatekeeper to open the gate.
43. PROHIBIT
1. He said to me, “Don’t touch the wire.”
He prohibited me to touch the wire.
2. I said to her, “Don’t go there”.
I prohibited her to go there.
3. The father said to his son, “Never tell a lie.”
The father prohibited his son to tell a lie.
4. My father said to me, “Don’t play cards.”
My father prohibited me to play cards.
44. REQUEST
1. The hostess said to the man, “Please take your seat.”
The hostess requested the man to take his seat.
2. Ram said to his father, “Please give me a rupee.”
Ram requested his father to give him a rupee.
3. “Listen to me please” said the speaker to his audience.
The speaker requested his audience to listen to him.
4. The servant said to the master, “Please make a decision
soon.”
The servant requested the master to make a decision soon.
ALWAYS REMEMBER
1. Now is changed into then.
2. Thus is changed into so.
3. Here is changed into there.
4. This is changed into that.
5. These is changed into those.
6. Tomorrow is changed into next day.
7. Yesterday is changed into previous day.
8. Last day is changed into previous day.
9. Hence is changed into thence.
10. Tonight is changed into that night.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 58
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
11. Today is changed into that day.
12. Ago is changed into before.
13. Next day is changed into following day.
14. Hither is changed into thither.
15. Come is changed into go.
16. Just is changed into then.
17. Hence forth is changed into thence forth.
45. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
With “joy, sorrow, anger, contempt, disgust, applause,
remorse, regret”
1. The caption said, “Hip Hip! Hurrah! I won the match.
The caption exclaimed with joy that he had won the match.
2. The master of the house said, “Alas! I am undone.”
The master of the house exclaimed with sorrow that he was
undone.
3. The teacher said to me, “Bravo! You have stood first.
The teacher exclaimed me with applause that I had stood
first.
4. He said to his son, “Fie Fie! You have failed”.
He exclaimed his son with contempt that he had failed.
5. The hunter said, “Oh! I have missed the chance.
The hunter exclaimed with regret that he had missed the
chance.
6. He said, “Ah! It was hellish.
He exclaimed with disgust that it had been hellish.
46. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
With “what a, how a, such a”
1. Ravi said, “How a serious offence have I committed”.
Ravi exclaimed with surprise that he had committed a very
serious offence.
2. He said, “How a huge snake lies on the road”.
He exclaimed with surprise that a very huge snake lay on the
road.
3. Kanchan said, “Such a horrible night.”
Kanchan exclaimed with surprise that it was very horrible
night.
4. Mohan said, “How fine this sight is.”
Mohan exclaimed with surprise that that sight was very fine.
5. Mahatma Gandhi said, “How sad is the condition of the
society.
Mahatma Gandhi exclaimed with surprise that the condition
of the society was very sad.
47. MISCELLANEOUS
1. He said, “Hurry up.”
He ordered to hurry up.
2. Harish said, “Sir may I go home.”
Harish respectfully asked wheather he might go home.
3. I said to him, “Do have a cup of tea.”
I insisted him to have a cup of tea.
4. He said, “I must go at once.”
He said that he had to go at once.
5. I said to him, “Let us go out for a walk.”
I proposed him that we should go out for a walk.
6. “Hello” She said to his sister, “How are you.”
She greated to his sister and asked how she was.
7. The teacher said, “Be quite boys”.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 59
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
The teacher ordered boys to be quite.
8. He asked his teacher, “Need I read this chapter”.
He asked his teacher wheather he needed to read that
chapter.
9. She said, “Can you sing”and I said, “No”.
She asked wheather I could sing and replied in negative.
10. “Are you alone my son” asked a soft voice behind me.
A soft voice behind me addressed me like his son and asked
me wheather I was alone.
11. I don’t know the way do you”? He asked.
He said that he did not know the way and asked me wheather
I knew the way.
12. The manager said, “What can I do for you.”
The manager asked wheather what he could do for me.
13. “I shall shoot you if you don’t keep quite”, the robber said
to the house owner.
The robber told the house owner that we would shoot him if
he did’t keep quite.
14. What a forgetful creature I am! I’ve forgotten to post your
letter.
He exclaimed with surprise that he was a very forgetful
creature and told that he had forgotten to post my letter.
15. He said to me, “I have often told you not to play with
fire.”
He told me he had often told me not to play with fire.
16. “I was to speak to you” He said.
He said he had been to speak to me.
17. “Why do you lock the door? Nobody will disturb us” He
said.
He asked why he locked the door and nobody disturb us.
18. “Have you anything to say on behalf of the prisoner?” said
the judge finally.
The judge asked finally wheather I had anything to say on
behalf of the prisoner.
19. “Bring me a drink of milk,”said the Swami to the villagers.
The Swami ordered the villagers to bring him a drink of milk.
20. “Hurry up,” he said to his servant, “Do not waste time.”
He ordered to hurry up and prohibited to waste time.
21. “Go down to the Bazar. Bring me some oil and lump of
ice,” ordered his master.
His master ordered to go down to the Bazar and bring him
some oil and lump of ice.
22. Telemachus replied “How can I drive away the moter,
who borne me and nourished me?”
Telemachus asked how he could drive away the moter who
had borne him and had nourished him.
23. “I belive,”said he, “that we are in this country among the
people whom we like and who like us.”
He said that he belived that they were in that country among
the people whom they liked and who liked them.
24. He said “Take that bird away. Its gilded cage reminds me
of my father whom I imprisoned.”
He ordered to take that bird away and said that the gilded
case reminded him of his father whom he had imprisoned.
25. “I have just one word to say to you,”said the dealer.
The dealer said that he had just one word to say me.
26. “What is your name?” asked Bellarious. “And where are
you going?
Bellarious asked what my name was and where I was going.
27. “Fidele is my name,”answered Imogne, “And I am on my
way to Milford Haven, where I must take ship for Rome.”
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 60
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Imogne said that his name was Fidele and he was on his way
to Milford Haven where he had to take ship for Rome.
28. “Let us arm ourselves and fight,”he told his followers. “I
begin to grow tired of the sun, and wish my life at an end.”
He proposed his followers that they should arm themselves
and fought and said that he began to grow tired of the sun
and wished his life at an end.
29. “I willn’t go on the top in such weather. It will kill
me,”Said the woman.
The woman said that she wouldn’t go on the top in such
weather and said that would kill her.
30. “What the matter”, said Hilda. “Is a fly bothering you?”
Hilda asked what the matter was and asked wheather a fly
was bothering me.
INFINITIVE
Tkc fdz;k ls subject dk vFkkZr noun ;k pronoun dk dke ysrs gS rks
mls infinitive dgrs gSA e.g. To walk is a good exercise.
Tkc fdz;k ls object dk vFkkZr noun ;k pronoun dk dke ysrs
gS rks mls infinitive dgrs gSA e.g. I like to teach.
Infinitive nks izdkj ds gskrs gSA 1.Infinitive (with to) 2.
Bare infinitive (without to) .
RULE
1. tc ;g subject dk dk;Z djsxk to ds lkFk vk,xkA
Q. Buy To buy present for/ a lady in her/ absence is a very
difficult task.
2. tc ;g object dk dk;Z djrk gS izk;% to ysdj vkrk gSA
e.g. I want to go.
3. tc ;g compliment dk dk;Z djsxk izk;% to ds lkFk vk,xkA
Q. My ambition is/ to eradicate poverty/from the country.
(N/E)
4. ;g preposition dk object ugh gks ldrkA
5. ;g preposition ds igys jgdj preposition dk Lokeh ugh cu
ldrkA
6. ’s ds ckn Hkh bldk iz;ksx ugh gksxkA
7. ’s ds igys Hkh bldk iz;ksx ugh gksxkA
8. Proper adjective ds ckn Hkh infinitive ugh vk,xkA
9. Demonstrative adjective ds ckn Hkh infinitive ugh vkrkA
10. Distributive adjective ds ckn Hkh infinitive ugh vkrkA
11. Possessive adjective ds ckn Hkh infinitive ugh vk,xkA
12. bldk plural Hkh laHko ugh gSA
13. dk;Z ds yD> dks n”kkZus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Q. On account of / its new investment rule more companies
are planning / for opening to open their business in China.
14. Ask, decide, discover, discuss, explain, teach+wh (but not
why) + infinitive.
Q. It is only now/ sixty years after/independence that India /
is learning how to nigociating nigociate.
15. tc is,am, are, was, were,dk iz;skx ;kstuk n”kkZus ds yh, gks rks
mlds lkFk infinitive vkrk gSA
e.g. I am to go.
16. tc has,have, had dk iz;ksx ok/;rk n”kkZus ds yh, gks rsk blds lkFk
infinitive vkrk gSA
e.g. I have to attend other classes also.
Q. Sumitra was very absent/because she has to goes go to a
boarding school so she cried the entire night.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 61
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
17. Is/ was + nothing +but+infinitive.
e.g. There is nothing but to do or die.
18. Do/does/did +nothing +but +bare infinitive.
e.g. Lalu did nothing but cheat.
19. Do, dare, need dk iz;ksx ;nh principal verb ds :i esa gks rks
buds lkFk infinitive vk,xkA
Q. Today as the draught / ravage different part / of the
country/ our rulers need to mind their steps. (N/E)
20. Do/need/dare dk iz;ksx ;nh lgk;d fdz;k ds :i esa gks rks blds
lkFk bare infinitive vk,xkA
e.g. Do you understand ?
21. Infinitive dk to ml “kCn ds lfeire jgsxk ftlds fy, iz;qDr gksxkA
e.g. I request you to kindly help me.
22. To ds ckn vkus okyh fdz;k vius ewy :i esa jgsxhA
Q. We are happy to/ recomended recommend that his sum/
to be considered / for the post of manager.
23. ijUrw passive voice esa to ds ckn be jgsxk vkSj be ds ckn vkus okyh
fdz;k vius frljs :i esa vk,xhA
Q. When there is a lot/ of work pressure / and deadlines to be
meeting met / I become restless.
24. tc anxiousdk vFkZ gks mRlwd rks] rFkk keen ds lkFk infinitive
yxsxkA
Q. Everyone is keen in knowing to know / the forecast of the
mansoon/ this year as it has been the / major cause of
inflation in Asia.
25. Adjective +of+O+infinitive fdlh ds O;ogkj dsk n”kkZrk gSA
Q. It was very kind/ about of you to help me financially /
inspite of your poor economy.
26. Adjective + for+ O+ infinitive fdlh ds ykHk ;k gkuh dks n”kkZrk
gSA
Q. It was courageous/ to for him to wrest / the weapon from
the burgeler’s hand.
27. Ashamed ds lkFk infinitive dk iz;ksx rc djrs gsS tc vxzhe :i ls
yfTtr gksuk n”kkZ;k gksA
e.g. I am ashamed to speak about my result.
28. tc interest dk iz;ksx dwN cksyus esa :ph n”kkZus ds yh, gks rks blds
lkFk infinitive yxsxkA
e.g. I am interested to speak.
29. tc keep ds fdlh Lo:id dk vFkZ gks j[kuk rks mlds lkFk
infinitive yxsxkA
e.g. I keep a pen to write.
30. tc carry ds fdlh Hkh Lo:id dk vFkZ gks <ksuk ;k ys tkuk rks mlds
lkFk infinitive yxrk gSA
e.g. I carry a bag to hold my book.
31. tc go ds fdlh Lo:id dk vFkZ gks tkuk rks mlds lkFk infinitive
yxsxkA e.g. I am going home to celebrate diwali.
32. tc adjective ds igys too fdlh dh v>erk dks n”kkZ;s rks mlds ckn
infinitive vk,xkA
Q. He is too impatient for / tolerating to tolerate any delay /
in his work.
33. Tkc adjective+enough fdlh dh >erk dks n”kkZ;s rsk mlds lkFk
infinitive vk,xkA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 62
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Q. He is rich/ enough for / buying to buy a car.
34. Love, hate, prefer+infinitive.
Q. My best friend/ left the country / I hate to hearing hear/
from him again soon.
35. ;nh remember / forget dk iz;ksx Hkfo’; ds lanHkZ esa gks rks mlds
lkFk infinitive yxrk gSA e.g. Remember to come in time.
36. Sorry/regret ds LkkFk infinitive dk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc vfxze
:i ls [ksn O;Dr djuk gksA
Q. I am sorry to disappoint you/ but I cannot late you/ have
any more money / till the end of the month. (N/E)
37. Stop dk iz;ksx ;nh O;fdr ds :dus ;k jksdus dks n”kkZus ds yh, gks rks
blds lkFk infinitive yxsxkA e.g. The teacher stopped me to ask a
question.
38. Likely/sure ds LkkFk infinitive dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Q. I wanted to be/ought of the way /when she was/ likely for
receiving to receive the letter.
39. so+positive degree +as + infinitive.
Q. Would you be not so kind/ as to grant me free studentship.
(N/E)
40. As+ positive degree+as+infinitive.
Q. Are you as/ foolish as/ to believe her/ in such a situation?
(N/E)
41. Why + bare infinitive
e.g. Why play fine.
42. And+ bare infinitive
Q. I requested / my friend / to come and shoping shop with
me.
43. Or+ bare infinitive.
Q. A customer usually/ goes to back / to deposit or to/
withdraw his money.
44. Better, had better, had rather, had sooner vknh ds ckn bare
infinitive vk,xkA
Better reign in hale than surve in heaven.
45. Than ds ckn Hkh infinitive fcuk to ds vkrk gSA
Q. It is always beneficial / to make the people realise / the
importance of discipline / than to impose them on other.
46. Let, bid, behold, watch, see, hear, feel, make vknh dks nsk
object pkfg, izFke object noun ;k pronoun nwljk object bare
infinitive .
e.g. I made him laugh.
47. ijUrw mijksDr “kCn passive esa vk, rks buds lkFk infinitive vk,xkA
e.g. He was made to laugh by me.
48. Allow, advice, order, force, permit, request, remind dks Hkh
nks object pkfg,A bldks Hkh ,d object noun / pronoun pkfg,A
bldk Hkh izFke object noun / pronoun jgsxk ijUrw bldk nwljk
object infinitive vk,xkA
e.g. The teacher allowed me to go.
49. Happen, appear, chance dks Hkh nks object pkfg,A bldks Hkh ,d
noun ;k pronoun pkfg, ijUrw bldks izFke object infinitive pkfg,]
bldk nwljk object noun ;k pronoun jgsxkA
e.g. He appears to forget me.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 63
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
GERUND
tc fdz;k ds vUr essa ing yxkdj mlls subject dk vFkkZr noun ;k
pronoun dk dke fy;k tkrk gS rks mls gerund dgrs gSA e.g.
Walking is good for health.
tc fdz;k ds vUr esa ing yxkdj
mlls object dk vFkkZr noun ;k pronoun dk dke ysrs gS rks mls
gerund dgrs gSA e.g. I like swimming.
RULES
1. ;g preposition dk object gks ldrk gSA
Q. The project group /would first look into tender/conditions
of both basic and value added / services before submit
submitting its bid.
2. ;g preposition ds igys vkdj preposition dk Lokeh cu ldrk gSA
The batting of Tendulkar.
3. ;g ’s ds ckn vk ldsxkA e.g. Amir’s acting.
4. ;g ’s ds igys Hkh vk ldsxkA e.g. Innings’ defeat.
5. Proper, possessive, demonstrative, distributive adjective ds
ckn gerund vk ldsxkA
Q. His father will never / object him his joining army instead it
will/ make him proud.
6. ;g article ds lkFk Hkh vk ldrk gSA e.g. The printing of the book
is very beautiful.
7. bldk plural Hkh laHko gSA e.g. I am faid up with all these
bombings,burnings and killings.
8. dkj.k dks n”kkZus ds fy, gerund yxsxkA e.g. I was punished for
coming late.
9. Let, bid, behold, watch, see, make vknh fdz;kvks ds second
object ds :i esa gerund rc iz;wDr gksxk tc nks fdz;k;s ,d lkFk py
jgh gks A
Q. My students saw/ a robber snatch snatching / a chain of a
lady.
10. S+ be verb + V3+to + gerund.
Q. Americans are accustomed to/ drinking coffee/ with their
meal. (N/E)
11. ;nh anxious dk vFkZ gks fpfUrr rks blds lkFk gerund yxsxkA e.g.
I am anxious for listening about my parents.
12. dr̀ dk;ksZ ds izfr yfTtr gksus dsk n”kkZus ds fy, ashamed ds lkFk
gerund yxsxkA I am ashamed of making delay.
13. tc interest dk iz;ksx fdlh dk;Z ds djus esa :fp n”kkZus ds fy, gks
rks blds lkFk gerund yxsxkA e.g. I am interesting in gardening.
14. tc go, keep, carry, continue ds fdlh Lo:i dk iz;ksx fdlh
dk;Z ds pyrs jgus dks n”kkZus ds fy, gsk rks mlds lkFk gerund yxsxkA
e.g. India went on winning the match.
15. tc remember / forget dk iz;ksx fcfr gwb ckrsk ds lanHkZ esa gks rks
mlds lkFk gerund yxsxkA
Q. The last time I remembered / used using my knife was/
when took it out/ to cut a strap for you.
16. dr̀ dk;ksZ ds izfr >ek izkfFkZ gksus ds yh, sorry / regret ds lkFk
gerund yxsxkA e.g. I am sorry for disturbing you.
17. tc stop ls fdlh fdz;k dk jkssdk tkuk vfHkizk; gks rks blds lkFk
gerund yxsxkA
Q. If he does not stop to boast boasting / he will antagonise/
all his friends.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 64
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
18. tc fdlh “kCn dk vFkZ ;k Hkko ;k “kCn Lo;a gh ukdkjkRed gks]
fu’ks/kkRed gks] jksdkoV lwpd gks] ck/kk lwpd gks] eukgh lwpd gks rsk mlds
lkFk gerund yxsxkA
Q. I can’t help to sneeze sneezing/ because I got drenteched/
yesterday and have/ a bad cold and caugh.
19. tc dksb dk;Z fdlh dk;Z izukfy dks viuk dj fd;k tkrk gS rks mls
n”kkZus ds fy, by + gerund yxsxkA e.g. Drink water by boiling.
20. tc dksb dk;Z fdlh dk;Z izukyh dks vuns[kk dj ds lEiknhr fd;k
tkrk gS rks mls n”kkZus ds yh, without + gerund dks iz;ksx djrs gSA
Q. Without wait waiting for the instruction/ from the
government some cable / operators in the city/ had blocked
the news.
21. Although, hence, when, while+ gerund.
e.g. He sings a song while taking a bath.
22. tc want dk iz;ksx futhZo ds vko”;drk dks n”kkZ;s rks mlds ckn
gerund vk;sxkA e.g. Your house wants white washing.
23. tc need dk vfHkizk; gks fuftZo dh vko”;drk rks blds lkFk
gerund vk;sxkA e.g. Your house needs reparing.
24. tc dksb fdlh ekeys esa vPNk gks] cwjk gks] rst gks] /khek gks] u;k gks]
iwjk.kk gks] izlh) gks ] cnuke gks] vygM+ gks ]fo”ks’kK gks rks mls n”kkZus ds
yh, in + gerund dk iz;ksx djsaxsA e.g. He is fast in writing.
PARTICIPLE
A drunken man told me an interesting story.
mijksDr okD; dks /;kuiwoZd ns[kus ij ge ikrs gS
dh mlesa nks noun gS man rFkk story nksusk ds ckjs esa cksyus ds yh, nsk
“kCn gS drunken rFkk interesting vFkkZr drunken rFkk interesting
Adjective dk dk;Z dj jgk gS A
vkSj vf/kd /;ku iwoZd ns[kus ls ;g
irk pyrk gS dh nksuks okLrfod adjective ugh gS cfYd dze”k% drink
rFkk interest fdz;k ls fufeZr gS vkSj dke adjective dk dj gSA vFkkZr
participle gSA
D;ksdh oSls “kCn tks noun ;k pronoun ds
ckjs esa cksyus dk dke djrs gS ijUrw fdz;k ls fuehZr gksrs gS participle
dgykrs gSA e.g. Drinking water, wounded man.
fdz;k ls fufeZr gksus ds dkju buds nsk :i gksrs gSA
(A)Present participle (B)Past participle
(A)Present participle -tc fdz;k vius var esa ing yxkdj adjective
dk dk;Z djrh gS rks mls present participle dgrs gSA e.g. The
burning train. Etc.
(B)Past participle -tc fdz;k vius vUr easa d, ed, n, en, nt, ne vknh
yxkdj muls adjective dk dke ysrs gS rks mls past participle dgrs
gSA e.g. dead body, tired man, burnt child, broken plate, gone
train etc.
RULE
1. Present participle ;g n”kkZrk gS fd mlds Lokeh dks D;k gks jgk gsSA
e.g. A running nose.
2. Past participle ;g n”kkZrk gS fd mlds Lokeh dks D;k gks x;k gSA
Q. Despite working/ very hard he/ failed to achieve/ desiring
desired result.
3. Participle dk iz;ksx ftlds fy, gksxk mldk li’V mYys[k gksuk
pkgh,A e.g. This is looking xyr gS
lgh gS This is a looking glass.
4. Participle dk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds Bhd igys gksxk ftlds yh, iz;wDr
gksxkA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 65
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Q. The revised government’s /revised guidelines have
reduced / the number of mergers / taking place among
books.
5. vU; izdkj ds adjective participle ds igys jgsaxsAe.g. A good
looking lady.
6. ;nh adverb participle dh lsok esa vk, rks participle ds Bhd igys
jgsxkA
Q. Only the newer newly imerged/countries had been able
to/ get new call science/ for air craft flying their flags.
7. ;nh nksuks izdkj ds participle ,d lkFk vk, rks igys past participle
jgsxk vkSj ckn esa paresent participle .
e.g. Polluted drinking water.
8. ;nh vko”;drk iMh rks present participle ds lkFk very yxsxkA e.g.
Very interesting story.
9. ;nh vko”;drk iMh past participle ds lkFk much yxsxkA
Q. The more much enlightened / factory woner built homes
for their/ workers in Britain / in the nineteenth century.
10. ;nh yxsxk rks ever present participle ds lkFk yxsxkA
e.g. Ever loving mother.
11. ;|ih participle dk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds igys gksrk gS ftlds fy,
iz;wDr gksrk gS ijUrw ;g verb of perception ds ckn vkrk gSA e.g. I
feel hurt.
12 . Tkc ;g compliment dk dke djs rks Hkh Lokeh ds ckn jg ldrk gSA
Q. We are interesting interested in purchasing/ the new
laptop model/ since it has many features/ unavailable in
conventional computers.
13. Tkc ;g n”kkZuk gks fd fdlh us ,d dk;Z djus ds mijkar nwljk dk;Z
fd;k vkSj nwljk dk;Z present ;k future ls lacaf/kr gks rks present
participle + present ;k future dk dksb okD; yxk;saxsA e.g. Taking
bicycle I come here.
14. tc ;g n”kkZuk gks dh fdlh dks dwN gksrk gS mlds ckn og dwN djrk
gS vkSj tks djrk gS mldk laca/k present ;k future ls gks rks being +
past participle + present ;k future dk dksb tense iz;ksx djsaxsaA e.g.
Being injured he comes here.
15. ,slh voLFkk esa being ds lehi dksb subject jgsxkA
Q. It being a rainy day/ Aashish dedcides to/ stay indoors/
and enjoy himself with music.
16. tc ,d gh drkZ nks dk;Z djrk gks ,d dk;Z igys rFkk nwljk dk;Z ckn
esa djrk gks ,oa ckn okys dk;Z dk laca/k past tense ls gks rks having +
past participle + past dks dksb tense iz;ksx djsaxsA
Q. Being Having recently arrived / in the city we/ visited our
neighbours / to know them.
17. tc Hkwrdky esa fdlh dks dwN gwvk vkSj mlds mijkar mlus dwN fd;k
tks dk;Z ckn esa gwvk ;nh mldk laca/k Hkwrdky ls gks rks having +been+
past participle + past ds fdlh tense dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
Q. Having being been defeated / in election Bahuguna /
announced retirement/ from active politics.
18. ;nh participle dks vko”;drk iM+h rks og no xzg.k djsxkA
e.g. There is no drinking water in the campus.
ADVERB
Adverb is a word that says something about a verb, sometime
something about adjective, sometime something about
adverb, sometime something about preposition and
sometime something about the whole sentence.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 66
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
e.g. She Speaks slowly.
She is a very nice person.
Very very important question.
The crow flew just over my head.
Unfortunately I called her to invite her to the party but she
was not at home.
ADVERB
1. Of manner 2. Of place 3. Of time 4. Of degree
5. Of number 6. Of purpose 7.Of reason 8.Interrogative
adverb
1. Adverb of Manner
It says the mode of work.
It generally answers the question, “How”.
e.g. Slowly, quickly etc.
N1- Most of adverbs of manner are formed by adding,
“ly”after adjective of quality.
e.g. Quick quickly
sad sadly
neat neatly
Q. Unless we work/ careful carefully we may/ overlook
something/ in the contract.
N2- There are some words that work both as adjective and
adverb without taking “ly”.
e.g. First, hard, hot, long, low, straight, next, fast, late, deep,
high, last etc.
N3- There are some words that work both as adjective and
adverb by taking, “ly”.
e.g. Daily, weekly, monthly, yearly etc.
N4- The adverb that is formed by adding, “ly” After adjective
of quality will take either, “ly” or preposition.
Q. He advised me/ to wait with patiently / for the next
opportunity/ and to grab it soon.
2. Adverb of Place
It says the place of the verb.
It generally answers the question, “Where”.
e.g. Here, there, in the corner etc.
3. Adverb of Time
It says the time of the work.
It generally answers the question, “When”.
e.g. This time, yesterday, then, ago, now etc.
4. Adverb of Degree
It says the quantity of the work.
It generally answers the question, “How much”.
e.g. Much, very, little, enough, most etc.
5. Adverb of Number
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 67
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
It says the number of work.
It generally answers the question, “How many times”.
e.g. Once, twice, thrice, four times, eleven times etc.
Q. The dentist stressed/ on the importance/ of brushing one’s
teeth/ two time twice reguraly.
6. Adverb of Purpose
It says the purpose of the work.
It generally answers the question, “For what”.
e.g. To learn, to earn etc.
7. Adverb of Reason
It says the cause of the verb.
It generally answers the question, “Why”.
e.g. For, as, since etc.
8. Interrogative Adverb
It asks question about the verb.
e.g. What, where, when, why etc.
USES OF ADVERB
1. Ago (igys)- tc Hkwrdky dh ?kVuk dh ppkZ orZeku esa dh tkrh gks rks
Hkwrdky ls ysdj ppkZ ds le; rd ds varjky dks n”kkZus ds fy, bldk
iz;ksx gksxkA
Q. When talking of books/ I am always reminded of / my
youngest brother/ who died a few years earlier ago.
2. Before ( igys)- bldk iz;ksx nsk Hkwrdkfyd ?kVukvks ds fcp ds varjky
dks n”kkZus ds fy, gksrk gSA e.g. I had come before the teacher
came.
3. Already (igys )-bldk iz;ksx present perfect esa ;g n”kkZus ds yh,
gksrk gS fd dksb dk;Z ppkZ ds igys gh lekIr gks x;k ijUrw mldk izHkko
vHkh ckdh gSA e.g. Modi has already announced his policy.
4. Only (dsoy )-bldk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds lfeire gksxk ftlds fy,
iz;wDr gksxkA
Q. We have paid for our / travel and accommodation so/ we
need only to take / only some pocket money with us.
5. Late (foyac dj ds )
Q. I advised Prashant/ not to work / on the road/ lately late at
night.
6. Lately (vHkh vHkh)
e.g. I have read the newspaper lately.
7. Hard (iwjh “kfDr ls)
Q. Vina wanted to / become a serjon/ so worked very hardly
hard /to achieve it.
8. Hardly (cMh ewf”dy ls ;k cMh dBhukb ls )
Q. A more irrational world / to this one/ in which we
presently live/ good hard hardly we conceived.
9. Respectively (viuk viuk)
Q. John and Sohan / brought their / laptop respectfully
respectively.
10. Respectfully (vknj iwoZd )
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 68
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Q. All the pupils / stood up respectively respectfully / as the
teacher intered the room.
11. Still (vc rd)- bldk iz;ksx lkdkjkRed rFkk iz”ukRed okD;ks esa gksrk
gSA
e.g. Is he still sleeping?
Yes he is still sleeping.
12. Yet (vc rd)- bldk iz;ksx ukdkjkRed okD;ks esa gksrk gSA
Q. Amit has been deceiving Mona for many years/ but she has
not /still yet tumbled to it.
13. NO-
a. Noun –I have no friend.
b. Pronoun- I have no one.
14. NOT-
a. Adj.-I am not sick.
b. V-I am not going.
c. Adv.- I am not very intelligent.
15. SUCH-
a. Noun- I have never seen such boy.
b. Pronoun- I am not such one.
16. SO-
a. Adj.- So good.
b. Adv.- So quickly.
17.
VERY MUCH
a. It is used before positive
degree.
e.g. Very good.
a. It is used before
comperative degree.
e.g. Much better than.
b. It is used before present
participle.
e.g. Very interesting story.
b. It is used before past
participle.
e.g. Much tired man.
c. It is used before very.
e.g. Very very important.
c. It is not used before very.
d. It is used before much.
e.g. I like it very much.
d. It is not used before much.
e. Too can not be used with
very.
e. Too can be used before
much.
e.g. You speak too much.
f. So can not be used with
very.
f. So can be used before
much.
e.g. I like so much.
g. The is used before very.
e.g. The very best.
g. The is used after much.
e.g. Much the best.
18. Just now (Bhd vHkh)- bldk iz;ksx Hkwrdky ds yh, gksrk gSA
e.g. I have finished the newspaper just now.
19. Right now (Bhd vHkh )- bldk iz;ksx Hkfo’; ds yh, gksrk gSA
e.g. We shall go right now.
20. Fairly + liking
Q. Yesterday you told me/ that the film was bad / but it was a
/ rather fairly good fillm.
21. Rather + disliking
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 69
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Q. Our country’s performance / in the last few national/ and
international games/ is fairly rather ordinary / and below our
stature.
22. Also (Hkh)- bldk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc nsk leku egrrk okys dks
tksM+uk gksA bldk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds ckn Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj igys Hkh
ftlds yh, ;g iz;wDr gksrk gSA
e.g. Boys are important girls are also important.
23. Even (Hkh)- tc dqN vk”kk ds foifjr gks rc Even dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
bldk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds igys gksrk gS ftlds fy, iz;wDr gksrk gSA
e.g. Even Manmohan could not control price rice.
24. Too (Hkh)- tc dksb egRoiq.kZ gskus ds dkj.k lk/kkj.k le>k tkrk gS rc
bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. I too am young I too have dreams.
bdk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds ckn gksrk gS ftlds fy, iz;wDr gksrk gSA
25. Too (,ruk vf/kd tsruk dh ugh gksuk pkgh,)-
e.g. We are too foolish.
26. REMOVE “TOO”
CHAPTER – 1 (Single ‘too)
EXAMPLE:-
a. The weather is too hot.
The weather is hotter than proper.
b. He came too late.
He came later than desirable.
c. The weather was too chill.
The weather was chiller than bearable.
d. He was too careless.
He was more careless than was proper to him.
e. The water was too cold.
The water was colder than required.
EXERCISE:-
1. He was too wicked.
He was more wicked than proper.
2. Umakanti is too busy.
Umakanti is busier than proper.
3. It was too early.
It was earlier than proper.
4. The lesson is too tough.
The lesson is more tough than proper.
5. The box was too heavy.
The box was heavier than proper.
CHAPTER- 2 single ‘too’ but before the sentence
EXAMPLE:-
a. Too much praise spoils an artist.
More than proper praise spoils an artist.
EXERCISE:-
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 70
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
1. Too much lift destroys children.
More than proper lift destroys children.
2. Too much of everything is bad.
More than proper of everything is bad.
3. Too much proud defamed him.
More than proper proud defamed him.
4. Too many cooks spoils the broth.
More than proper cooks spoils the broath.
5. Too many servants make the house battle field.
More than proper servants make the house battle field.
CHAPTER -3 Double ‘too’ (in capability)
EXAMPLE:-
a. He is too weak to come on feet.
He is so weak that he can’t come on feet.
b. Rama was too kind to kill Ravana.
Rama was so kind that he couldnot kill Ravana.
EXERCISE:-
1. I am too tired to work.
I am so tired that I can’t work.
2. The boy is too dull to understand.
The boy is so dull that he can’t understand.
3. He was too poor to purchase a car.
He was so poor that he couldnot purchase a car.
4. I was too weak to pass the exam.
I was so weak that I couldnot pass the exam.
5. The child was too short to touch the ceiling.
The child was so short that it could not touch the ceiling.
CHAPTER:- 4 Double ‘too’ ( but inanimated things)
EXAMPLE:-
a. The result is too bad to publish.
The result is so bad that it can’t be published.
EXERCISE:-
1. The news is too good to believe.
The news is so good that it can’t be believed.
2. It is too late to mend.
It is so late that it can’t be mended.
3. The house is too small to accomodate.
The house is so small that it can’t be accommodated.
4. The branch is too high to reach.
The branch is so high that it can’t be reached.
5. Exam was too difficult to pass.
Exam was so difficult that it could not be passed.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 71
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
CHAPTER:5 Double ‘too’ with the work done by none
a. The sun is too hot to go out.
The sun is so hot that we cannot go out.
EXERCISE:-
1. It was too cold to move outside.
It was so cold that we couldnot move outside.
2. The fog is too dense to drive.
The fog is so dense that we can’t drive.
3. The sea ws too rough to sail.
The sea was so rough that we couldnot sail.
4. The night was too dark to walk.
The night was so dark that we couldnot walk.
5. The glass was too dirty to see.
The glass was so dirty that we couldnot see.
ORDER OF ADVERB
1. ;nh HkhUu HkhUu izdkj ds adverb ,d lkFk iz;wDr gks rks budk dze gksxk
manner, place, time, degree, number, purpose, reason.
e.g. Sonpur fair is held annually at the bank of Gandak in the
month of Kartik widely once a year to worship Baba Harihar
Nath because it the custom of the Hindus.
2. ;nh ,d gh izdkj ds adverb ,d lkFk ,d ls vf/kd la[;k esa vk tk,
rks lcls de egRoiw.kZ lcls igys vkSj lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ lc ds ckn jgsxkA
e.g. I live in flat no. 2 of Murari comlex at Nandlal Chhapra of
Patna in Bihar.
3. ;nh HkhUu HkhUu izdkj ds adverb ,d lkFk vk, vkSj muesa ftudks ,d
ls vf/kd dh la[;k esa vkus dk vf/kdkj ikzzIr gsk og ,d ls vf/kd la[;k esa
vk, rks lcls igys adverb of manner jgsxk mlds ckn lkjs adverb of
place c<rs dze esa jgsaxs mlds ckn lkjs adverb of time c<rs dze esa
jgsaxsa mlds ckn,d ek= adverb of degree jgsxk mlds ckn ,d ek=
number jgsxk mlds ckn ,d ek= purpose mlds ckn ,d ek=
reason.
e.g. Sonpur fair is held annually at the bank of Gandak in the
district of Saran of Bihar at forthnight of Purnwasi in the
month of Kartik widely once a year to worship Baba Harihar
Nath because it the custom of the Hindus.
4. ;nh adv. Intransitive verb dsk qualify djs rks og intransitive ds
rwjar ckn vk,xkA
e.g. I teach regularly.
5. ;nh adv. Transitive verb dsk qualify djs rks og verb ds igys Hkh
jg ldrk gS verb ds ckn Hkh RkFkk object ds ckn HkhA
e.g. She neatly writes a letter.
She writes neatly a letter.
She writes a letter neatly.
6. ;nh okD; esa principal verb auxiliary verb ds lkFk vk, rks adverb
nksuks ds fcp esa jgsxkA
Q. The government soon will soon make / it mandatory for all
private hospital/ to notify infectious case / as soon as they
are detected.
7. ;nh adverb adjective ds lsok esa vk, rks adjective ds igys jgsxkA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 72
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
e.g. A very good question.
8. ;nh adverb adveb dh lsok esa vk, rks ml adverb ds igys jgsxk
ftldh lsok esa vk;k gSA
e.g. You speak very loudly.
9. ;nh adverb preposition dh lsok esa vk, rks preposition ds Bhd
igys jgsxkA
e.g. The crow flew just over my head.
10. ;nh adverb lEiw.kZZ okD; dh lsok esa vk, rks okD; ds vkjaHk esa jgsxkA
Q. Unfortunately many people / in India of rural areas/ are
still deprives of/ adequate health facilities. (N/E)
11. Two negatives can’t be used together.
Q. The cashier can’t / give no any explanation for/ the money
that is missing/ from the bank locker.
12. Verb of perception + Adjective
Q. Ragi may not taste / good but it has/ very high/ nutritive
value. (N/E)
CONJUNCTION
Conjunction is a word that joins words or sentences together.
e.g. and, but, or etc.
CONJUNCTION
CO-ORDINATE SUB-ORDINATE CO-RELATIVE
1. Co-ordinate Conjunction- It joins same kinds of parts of
speech.
e.g. but, or, nor, yet, till etc.
2. Sub-ordinate Conjunction- It joins different kinds of parts
of speech.
e.g. That, which, who, when etc.
3. Co-relative Conjunction-It joins same kinds of parts of
speech by coming itself in pair.
e.g. Neither...Nor, Either...Or, Both...And.
USE OF CONJUNCTION
1.
AS SOON AS NO SOONER THAN
a. bldk iz;ksx ukdkjkREd Hkko esa
gksrk gSA
a. bldk iz;ksx ukdkjkREd Hkko esa
gksrk gSaA
b. bldk iz;ksx leLr tense esa
gksxkA
b. bldk iz;ksx past tense esa
gskxkA
c.blds okd; dh lajpuk
lkdkjkREd jgsxhA
e.g. As soon as I came here I
took my seat.
C. blds okD; dh lajpuk iz”ukRed
tSlh gksxhA
e.g. No sooner did he come
than I opened the door.
Q. No sooner did he left leave / the office than it started /
raining heavily to/ make him completely wet.
2.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 73
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
LIKE AS
a. bldk iz;ksx conj. ds :i essa
rwyuk djus ds yh, djrs gSA
a. bldk iz;ksx Hkh conj. ds :i esa
rwyuk djus ds fy, djrs gSA
b.blds rwjar ckn noun/
pronoun vk,xk vkSj okD; var dj
tk,xkA
b.blds ckn ,d noun/
pronoun mlds ckn fdz;kA
c. Like+objective case
Q. Though the ant/ is small it
is / very intelligent/ as like an
elephant.
c. As+subjective case
Q. No other typist/ in this
office / is as slow as her.
(error in third part)
3.
IF WHEATHER
a. bldk iz;skx mu iz”uks ds lkFk
gksrk gS tks lansg Hkh n”kkZrk gSA
e.g. He asked me if I was a
teacher.
a. bldk iz;ksx lkjs izdkj ds iz”uks
esa gksrk gSA
e.g. The teacher asked me
wheather I was satisfied.
b. Doubt ds lkFk bldk iz;skx
ugh gksxkA
b. Doubt ds lkFk bldk iz;ksx
gskxkA e.g. I doubt wheather
she has mind.
c.bldk iz;ksx condition n”kkZus
ds yh, gksrk gSA
Q. It should be obvious to
you/ that if you persist
bothering him/ he will get
angry with you. (N/E)
c. Condition dks n”kkZus ds yh,
bldk iz;ksx ugh gksxkA
d.vkleatl dks n”kkZus ds yh,
bldk iz;ksx ugh gksxkA
d. vkleatl dks n”kkZus ds yh,
bldk iz;ksx gksxkA
Q. The cause of boy’s death /
how ever wheather it was dut
to suffocation / or due to fear
/ was not known.
4.
SINCE BECAUSE
a.tc ;g conj. dk dk;Z djrk gS
dkj.k n”kkZrk gSA
a. tc ;g conj.dk dk;Z djrk gS
dkj.k n”kkZrk gSA
b.bldk vFkZ gS pwdhA b. bldk vFkZ gS D;ksfdA
c. bldk iz;ksx okD; ds vkjaHk esa
gksxkA
c. bldk iz;ksx okD; ds e/; esa
gksxkA
d.tc ;g conj. dk dk;Z djrk gS
igys dkj.k fy[kk tkrk gS ckn esa
ifj.kkeA
Q. Since I had ordered / a
large number of books/ the
salesman agreed/ to give me
a discount. (N/E)
d. tc ;g conj. dk dk;Z djrk gS
igys ifj.kke fy[kk tkrk gS ckn esa
dkj.kA
Q. He was selected/ for the
post because of he/ was
familiar with both urban /
and rural way of life.
5.
UNTIL UNLESS
;g okD;ks dks tksM+us ds yh,
rc iz;wDr gksrk gS tc dksb
dk;Z le; ls izfrcaf/kr gksA
bldk iz;ksx conj.ds :i esa rc djus gS
tc dksb dk;Z fdlh dk;Z ds }kjk
izfrca/khr gksA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 74
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
e.g. Don’t go until it is
five o; clock.
Q. She will not/ attend the
meeting/ at any cost/ until unless
she is invited properly.
6.
WHEN WHILE
bldk iz;ksx conj. ds :i esa tc
ds vfHkizk; esa rc djrs gS tc nks
okD;ks dh fdz;k;s vyx vyx le;
esa gksA
Q. You will be ready/ to start
while when he/ comes to
receive/ you for the officer.
bldk iz;ksx conj. ds :i esa tc ds
vfHkizk; esa rc djrs gS tc nks okD;ks
dh fdz;k;s ,d gh le; essa gks jgh
gksA
Q. They had a narrow scape
when while scaping/ as
roaring avalanche / just
missed them.
7.
AS WELL AS WHILE
;g nks vleku egrrk okys dks
tksM+rk gS ftles vf/kd egRoiw.kZ
igys j[kk tkrk gSA
e.g. Ram as well as Ravana
was strong.
;g nks leku egrrk okys dks tksM+rk
gSA
e.g. India and China are
strong.
8.
DUE TO IN ORDER TO
;g dk;Z ds dkj.k dks crykrk gSA
e.g. I came late due to heavy
traffic.
;g dk;Z ds yD.k dks n”kkZrk gSA
e.g. I came here in order to
learn English.
9.
AS LONG AS TILL
;g dk;Z ds lekfIr ds le; dks
n”kkZus ds yh, rc iz;wDr gksrk gS
tc mlds fy, vof/k nh x;h gksA
e.g. Keep learning how to
live as long as you have to
live.
bldk iz;ksx dk;Z ds lekfIr ds le;
dks n”kkZus ds fy, rc gksrk gSa tc
le; to the point gksA e.g. Keep
suffering till your death if you
want to acquire Mokchaa.
10.
SO THEREFORE
;g NksVs eksVs ifj.kkeks dks n”kkZrk
gSA e.g. I was busy so I did
not complete the task.
bldk iz;ksx cM+s cM+s ifj.kkeks dks
n”kkZus ds fy, gksrk gSA e.g. He
killed his time therefore he is
unemployed.
11.
AS FOR
NksVs eksVs dkj.k dks n”kkZus ds yh,
bldk iz;ksx gksxkA e.g. As the
road was blocked I could not
come in time.
;g xaHkhj dkj.k dks n”kkZrk gSA e.g.
For Maharastra had no rain
there was famine.
12.
BUT YET
tc ;g conj. dk dk;Z djrk gS
noun, pronoun, adjective ds
fojks/kkHkk’k dks n”kkZrk gSA
tc ;g conj. dk dk;Z djrk gS
fdz;k ds fojks/kkHkk’k dks n”kkZrk gSA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 75
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
e.g. I am poor but satisfied. e.g. I tried my best yet would
not understand.
13.
INSPITE OF DESPITE OF
ds ckotwn
Q. He deserves a reward/
because he managed /to
complete the assignment / in
spite of many difficulties.
ds ckotwn
Q. The city people stayed/
fearlessly despite of a
rumour of terrorist / attack
in the area.
14.
CONSIST OF COMPRISE OF
bldk iz;ksx fuftZoks ls fufeZr ds
fy, gksrk gSA
Q. The secratrait/ comprises
consist of / many air
conditioned rooms.
bldk iz;ksx euw’;ks ds laxBu ds
fy, gksrk gSA
Q. The committee reviewing
/ the deal consist of comprise
/ leading business men and
policy / makers of our
country.
15.
INSTEAD OF ON BEHALF OF
fdz;k ds cnys esa dksb fdz;k] oLrw ds
cnys esa dksb oLrw vk, rc bldk
iz;ksx djasaxsA
e.g. Complete your task
tc dksb dk;Z fdlh balku ds cnys
nwljk balku djs rks mls n”kkZus ds
fy, on behalf of dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
e.g. My brother will sign the
document on behalf of me.
instead of killing the time.
Q. Instead of criticising / why don’t you/ help with the/
presentation of the project.
ORDER OF CONJUNCTION
1. Either ds lkFk or vkrk gS nor ughA
2. Neither ds lkFk nor vkrk gS or ughA
3. Hardly ds lkFk any vkrk gS other ughA
4. Any ds lkFk other vkrk gS but ughA
5. No ds lkFk or vkrk gS nor ughA
6. Not ds lkFk or vkrk gS nor ughA
7. Never ds lkFk or vkrk gS nor ughA
8. Seldom ds lkFk never vkrk gS ever ughA
9. Nothing else ds lkFk but vkrk gS yet ughA
10. Whether ds lkFk or vkrk gS nor ughA
11. Reason ds lkFk why vkrk gS that ughA
12. Rather ds lkFk than vkrk gS then ughA
13. So ds lkFk as vkrk gS so ughA
14. As ds lkFk as vkrk gS than ughA
15. Both ds lkFk and vkrk gS as well as ughA
16. Though ds lkFk yet vkrk gS but ughA
17. Hardly ds lkFk when/before vkrk gS then ughA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 76
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
18. Scarcely ds lkFk when/ before vkrk gS than ughA
19. No sooner ds lkFk than vkrk gS when ughA
20. No other ds lkFk or vkrk gS when ughA
21. Other ds lkFk than vkrk gS then ughA
22. As much ds lkFk as vkrk gS so ughA
23. Nothing ds lkFk but vkrk gS yet ughA
24. Such ds lkFk that vkrk gS than ughA
25. Doubt ds lkFk wheather vkrk gS if ughA
26. Not only ds lkFk but also vkrk gS but too ughA
27. Not either ds lkFk or vkrk gS nor ughA
28. Without ds lkFk ever vkrk gS never ughA
29. Between ds lkFk and vkrk gS or ughA
30. Else ds lkFk but vkrk gS than ughA
31. Although ds lkFk yet vkrk gS but ughA
N1- mijksDr conj. tksM+s esa vkrs gS lrZdrk ds fo’k; gS D;ksfd blesa dksb
,d ftl part of speech dh lsok esa vkrk gS vU; Hkh mlh part of
speech dh lsok esa vk;sxkA
Q. Ganesh is not only involved / not only in organising
conference and seminar / but also in conducting / adult
literacy programme.
32. As if ds lkFk were vkrk gS dksb vU; fdz;k ughA
33. I wish ds lkFk were vkrk gS dksb vU; fdz;k ughA
34. As though ds lkFk were vkrk gS dksb vU; fdz;k ughA
Q. The looks/ as if it/ has been were / agitated by storm.
35. Define ds lkFk as vkrk gS dksb vU; “kCn ughA
36. Present ds lkFk as vkrk gS dksb vU; “kCn ughA
37. Portray ds lkFk as vkrk gS dksb vU; “kCn ughA
38. Depict ds lkFk as vkrk gS dksb vU; “kCn ughA
39. Regard ds lkFk as vkrk gS dksb vU; “kCn ughA
Q. In India the guest / is regarded / like as a God.
40. Unless ds lkFk no, not, never ugh vk,xkA
41. Till ds lkFk no, not, never ugh vk,xkA
42. Lest ds lkFk no, not, never ugh vk,xkA
43. Until ds lkFk no, not, never ugh vk,xkA
44. Else ds lkFk no, not, never ugh vk,xkA
Q. We can’t handle/ this complicated case today/ unless full
detail are not given / to us by now.
45. If ds lkFk then/ than ugh vk,xkA
46. Wheather ds lkFk then/ than ugh vk,xkA
47. When ds lkFk then/ than ugh vk,xkA
48. While ds lkFk then/ than ugh vk,xkA
Q. If there is gurantee/ then we are prepared / to place a bulk
order / for your product.
49. Suppose ds lkFk if ugh yxsxkA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 77
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Q. Supposing if/ he tells the truth / he can scape punishment.
50. Just ds lkFk exactly ugh vk,xkA
Q. This happened / just exactly/ five years ago.
51. Request ds lkFk kindly ugh vk,xkA
Q. I request you/ to kindly grant/ me two days leave.
PREPOSITION
1. IN
tc dksb fdlh lhek js[kk esa igys ls ekStwn gks rks mls n”kkZus ds fy, bldk
iz;ksx djrs gSA
Q. The young soldier was taken/ to the hospital because/ he
had been seriously wonded /on in the battle field.
2. INTO
tc dksb fdlh lhek js[kk esa xfr ds lkFk ckgj ls izos”k djrk gS rc bldk
iz;ksx djrs gSA
Q. The bird dropped/ a big leaf in into the pound / by plucking
from / the trace on wich it/ was sitting for a long time.
3. BETWEEN
tc dksb nsk ds chp esa gks rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Q. The ongoing merger among between / the two companies
will / have an advers / impact on consumers.
4. AMONG
tc dksb nsk ls vf/kd ds fcp esa gks rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
Q. If I have to make a choice/ between among Aryan, Amit
and Abhisekh / I think I shall select Aryan because/ of his
commanding ability.
5. WITH
tc dksb dk;Z “kjhj ds fdlh vax ;k ;a= ds lgkjs fd tkfr gks rks With
dk iz;ksx djsaxsA e.g. We write with a pen.
6. BY
tc dskb dk;Z ekuo ds }kjk laiknhr gsk rc bldk iz;ksx djsaxsA
e.g. I am taught by a teacher
7. FROM
tc dksb fdlh ls vyx gksrk gS rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Q. Small pox has been eradicated .......... India.
a. IN b. FROM c. WITHIN d. OUT
8. ON
tc dksb fdlh ds mij gsk vkSj ftlds mij gks mlds Li”kZ esas gks rks ON dk
iz;ksx djsaxsA
Q. The cup of tea/ which was kept/ upon on the table / fell
down.
9. ABOVE
tc dksb fdlh ds mij gsk vkSj ftlds mij gks mlds Li”kZ esa ugh gks rc
bldk iz;ksx djsaxsA e.g. The fan is above us.
10. OVER
tc dksb fdlh ds mij Hkh gks ftlds mij gks mlds Li”kZ esa Hkh ugh gks rFkk
ftlds mij gks mls de ls de nks fn”kkvks ls ?ksjs gwvk Hkh gks rc bldk
iz;ksx djrs gSA e.g. The Gandhi Setu is over the Ganga.
11. BESIDE
tc dksb fdlh ds cxy esa gksrk gS rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 78
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Q. Payal kept her/ drum besides beside her/ always and
played wisely.
12. AT
eksgYys] xkWo] dLcs rFkk NksVs NksVs “kgjsk ds uke ds igys AT yxrk gSA e.g.
At Chandni Chauk Sansa, At Rajendra Nagar, At Jiradei, At
Bihata etc.
13. IN
cM+s “kgjsk] ftyks] jkT;ks] ns”kks rFkk egkns”kks ds uke ds igys IN yxsxkA e.g.
In Patna, In Varanasi, In Jehanabad, In Asia, In India,In
Aurangabad etc.
N1-;fn mohalla, village, town vkfn Lo;a fy[ks gks rks buesa in yxsxkA
e.g. I live in a Mohalla. You live in a town.
N2-;fn nks (in) ds vf/kdkfj ,d nwljs ds fo:/k vk tk, rks buesa ls de
egRoiw.kZ ds lkFk at yxsxk vkSj v/khd egRoiw.kZ ds lkFk in .
e.g. Nehru was born at Allahabad but he was living in Delhi.
14. ON
;k=k ds oSls lk/ku tks ;k=h dsk [kwys :i es ;k=k djokrs gks ON ysrs gSA
e.g. on foot, on horse, on bike etc.
15. BY
;k=k ds oSls lk/ku tsk ;k=h dks vius lhekvks esa j[k dj ;k=k djokrs gS by
ysrs gSA e.g. By car, by train etc.
16. IN
;nh mijksDr lk/ku ;k=h ds vius gks tk, rks mijksDr esa IN yxsxkA
e.g. I shall go in my own car.
17. AT
?kM+h ds le; ds lkFk bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Q. See saw him / coming out of / the hotel/on at 10 O’clock.
18. ON
bldk iz;ksx nhu rFkk nhukad ds lkFk gksrk gSA
Q. The examination will begin....... Monday.
a. From b. In c. At d. On
19. ABOUT (ds ckjs esa)
Q. The actress made a rare appearance/ at the party and was/
over heard talking in about / her next big project.
20. AMID (fcp es)a
tc dksb fdlh ds fcp es LFkkfir gks] fLFkj gks rc bldk iz;ksx djsaxsA e.g.
There is a temple amid my village.
21. ABOUT (yxHkx)
e.g. I am about 18 year old.
22. OF
tc fuekZrk oLrw vius fLrRo dks cuk;s j[krs gw, fdlh oLrw dk fuekZ.k djrk
gS rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA e.g. The table is made of wood.
23. FROM
tc fuekZrk oLrw vius fLrRo dk fouk”k dj ds fdlh oLrw dk fuekZ.k djrk
gS rks mls n”kkZus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. Wine is made from grapes.
24. AGAINST
tc dksb fdlh ds fo:/k gksrk gS rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 79
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
Q. In its final descision the/ court ruled that all the /
allegation levelled for against accused/ were false and
baseless.
25. ACROSS
tc dksb fdlh ds ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd mij gh mij lrg dks Li”kZ
djrk gwvk tkrk gS rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. He swam across the Ganga.
26. OVER
tc dksb fdlh oLrw ds ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd mij gh mij rks tk,
ijUrw lrg Li”kZ ugh djs rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
The thief jumped over the wall.
27. THROUGH
tc dksb fdlh oLrw ds ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd Hkhrj gh Hkhrj tk, rc
bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. The train run through the tunnel.
28. PAST
tc dksb fdlh ds lkeus ls xwtjrk gS rks past dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. We went past Patna college.
29. TO
yD> rd igwpus okyh xrh dk n”kkZus ds fy, TO dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
Q. The travel agency made / all the arrangements/ for our
journey / for to England.
30. TOWARDS
tc dksb xfr yD> rd ugh yD> dh vksj tkfr gks rc bldk iz;ksx djsaxsA
e.g. I go to the coaching towards Khetan market.
31. BEHIND
tc dksb fdlh ds ihNs gksrk gS rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. My friend is sitting behind me.
32. ROUND
;g Hkh xfr n”kkZrk gS ijUrw fdlh ds pkjks vksjA
Q. Gailelio proved that the earth revolves / around round the
sun.
33. UP
;g Hkh xfr n”kkZrk gS ijUrw fups ls mij rFkk blesa yD> dk vHkko jgrk gSA
e.g. Jack and zeal went up the hill.
34. UPTO
tc dksb fups ls mij tkdj yD> ikzIr dj ys rks mls n”kkZus ds fy, upto
yxsxkA e.g. I shall go up to the class room.
35. UPON
tc dksb fups ls mij tkdj dgh j[kk tkrk gS Rkc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. The lion jumped upon the deer.
36. DOWN
;g Hkh xfr n”kkZrk gS ijUrw mij ls fupsA
e.g. Jack and zeal come down the hill.
37. BEYOND
fdlh Hkh izdkj ds lhek js[kk dk mya?ku djrs gw, ckgj tkus dks n”kkZus ds
fy, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA e.g. The ball went beyond boundry line.
38. BENEATH
tc dksb fdlh ds fups Hkh gks vkSj ftlds fups gks mlds Li”kZ esa Hkh gks rks
BENEATH dk iz;ksx djsaxsA e.g. Shankar was lying beneath the
foot of Kali.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 80
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
39. BELOW
tc dksb fdlh ds fups gks vkSj ftlds fups gks mlds Li”kZ esa Hkh ugh gks rc
below dk iz;ksx djasxsA e.g. We are sitting below the fan.
40. UNDER
tc dksb fdlh ds fups Hkh gks ftlds fups gks mlds Li”kZ es Hkh ugh gks rFkk
ftlds fups gks mlls de ls de nks fn”kkvks ls ?khjk gwvk gks rc bldk
iz;ksx djsaxsaA
e.g. The Ganga flows under the Gandhi Setu.
41. BESIDES (ds vfrjhDr)
tc fdlh dks fHkM+ esa lfeyhr djuk gsk rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
Q. Beside besides the chairman/ all the committee members/
were present at / the share holders meeting.
42. EXCEPT (ds vfrfjDr)
bldk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc fHkM+ ls fdlh dsk vyx djuk gksA
Q. In view of the financial crisis/ the company doesnot hope/
any choice / unless except/ to close down the factory.
43. PAST
?kM+h ds iDds le; ls vf/kdrk dks n”kkZus ds fy, past dk iz;ksx gksxkA
e.g. It is 35 past 9.
44. TO
;g ?kM+h ds iDds le; ls deh dk n”kkZrk gSA
e.g. It is 29 to 5.
45. WITH (ds lkFk )
e.g. With ticket.
46. WITHOUT (ds fcuk )
Q. It is shame that many people in the world have to leave......
basic necessities such as food and shelter.
a. Along b. Including c. Despite d. Without
47. ALONG (yEcor)
tc dksb fdlh ds fdukjs fdukjs ijUrw yEckb es gks rc bldk iz;ksx djrs
gSA e.g. People were standing along the road to welcome the
leader.
48. AROUND (or̀or)
tc dksb fdlh ds pkjsk vksj xksykb esa gks rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. There are trees around Gandhi Maidan.
49. AFTER (fiNs)
;g Hkh xfr n”kkZrk gS ijUrw fdlh ds ihNs A
e.g. I don’t run after anyone.
50. SINCE
bldk iz;ksx present perfect, present perfect continuous , past
perfect , past perfect continuos esa rc djrs gS tc le; to the
point gksA
Q. She shared all her/ secret with Suman / as they had been /
friends with since childhood.
51. FOR
bldk iz;ksx ijksDr esa rc djsaxs tc le; dh vo/kh nh x;h gksA
e.g. I have been coming here for three months.
52. BY
Future perfect esa bldk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc fn;s x;s le; esa ls fdlh
dk;Z dks djus esa dqN Hkh le; uk cpsA
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 81
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
e.g. I shall have finished your batch by 5, O clock.
53. BEFORE
bldk iz;ksx mijksDr esa rc djsaxs tc fdlh dk;Z ds djus esa fn, x;s le;
esa ls dwN le; cpk fy;k tk,A
e.g. You will have gone before 5 O, clock.
54. FROM
Future perfect continuous essa le; dks n”kkZus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx
djrs gSA e.g. I shall have been doing a job from 2015.
55. IN
leLr indefinite rFkk lEkLr imperfect esa bldk iz;ksx rc djsasxs tc
fdlh dk;Z ds djus esa nh, x, le; dh vo/kh esa ls dwN Hkh uk cpsA
Q. Our country has/ the ambitious goal of eliminating
poverty/ for in 10 year.
56. WITHIN
mijksDr esa ;e; dh vof/k ds lkFk bldk iz;ksx rc djaasxs tc dwN le;
cpk yh;k tk,A
Q. Under this scheme / letters and parcels / are delivered / in
within a given time frame.
57.BY
mijksDr esa fuf”pr le; ds lkFk bldk iz;ksx rc djasxs tc fn, x,
fu/kkZfjr le; esa ls dwN Hkh uk cpsA
e.g. We shall go by 5 O’clock.
58. BEFORE
mijksDr esa bldk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc fu/kkZfjr le; esa ls dwN le; cpk
fy;k tk,A e.g. I came before 3:30.
59. TILL
bldk iz;ksx dk;Z ds lekfIr ds le; dks n”kkZus ds fy, rc djrs gS tc
le; to the point gksA e.g. Stay here till 5 O’clock.
60. UPTO
bldk iz;ksx dk;Z ds lekfIr ds le; dks n”kkZus ds fy, rc djrs gS tc
le; dh vo/kh nh x;h gksA Stay here uptpo 1 week.
61. DURING
fdlh dk;Z ds djus esa yxus okys lkjs le; dks n”kkZus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx
djsaxsA e.g. What did you do during Durga Pooja.
62. ON
;g fdlh ij fdlh dh fuHkZjrk n”kkZrk gSA
e.g. The Indian farmers deped on rain.
63. THROUGH
lw[k ds leLr lk/kuks esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Q. They fight among/ rival candidates between through the
medium/ of catlly slogans/ has started.
64.FROM
nw[k ds lkjs dkjuks ds lkFk bldk iz;ksx gksxkA
Q. The whole/ country was/ suffering by from / a financial
crisis.
65. INTO
:i ifjorZu dsk n”kkZus ds fy, bldk izz;ksx gskxkA
e.g. Change into passive voice.
66. IN
leLr izdkj ds QSlu] oL=ks rFkk lkSUn;Z izlk/kuks ess bldk iz;ksx gksxkA
e.g. Woman go everywhere in full makeup.
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 82
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
67. OVER
mfpr ls vf/kdrk dks n”kkZus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksxkA
e.g. Don’t spend over your income.
68. UNDER
bldk iz;ksx mfpr ls de dks n”kkZus ds fy, gksrk gSA
e.g. She thinks herself under the age.
69. OF
;g e`R;w ds ml dkj.k dsk n”kkZrk gS tks nh?kZ gksrs gSA
Q. The child died ........ jaundrish.
a. With b. Of c. By d. No improvement
70. FROM
;g er̀;w ds ml dkju dks n”kkZrk gS tks Nfud gksrs gSA
Q. My friend’s father died........T.T.C fever.
a. By b. Of c. From d. With
71. ONTO
;g fdlh dk fdlh ds izfr O;ogkj n”kkZrk gSA
e.g. The teacher is very cruel onto us.
72. AT
e.g. At night, at noon etc.
73. IN
e.g. In the morning, in the evening etc.
Q. Students are likely to / work on in the evening/ during the
weakends/ or summer break.
74. AT
e.g. At dusk, at dawn
75. FOR
leLr izdkj ds vknku iznku dsk n”kkZus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA e.g.
Tit for tat. I bought a pen for five rupees.
76. FACING (lkeus)
tc nks izkf.k ,d nwljs ds lkeus psgjk fd, gw, gks rks facing dk iz;ksx
gksxkA e.g. The leader was delievering the speech facing the
public.
77. BEFORE (lkeus)
tc nsk lfto ,d nwljs ds lkeus gks ijUrw ,d dk psgjk vkSj ,d dk ihB
vkeus lkeus gks rc bldk iz;ksx djssaxsA
e.g. I was standing before my friend in the que.
78. OPPOSITE (lkeus)
tc nks fuftZo ,d nwljs ds lkeus psgjk fd, gw, gks rc bldk iz;ksx djrs
gSA e.g. My coaching is opposite Rajdhani market.
79. INFRONT OF (lkeus)
tc nsk fuftZo ,d nwljs ds lkeus rks gks ijUrw ,d dk ew[; }kj vkSj ,d
dk i`’V Hkkx vkeus lkeus gks rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA
e.g. The Mahavir Mandir is infront of Patna junction.
80. IN
leLr izdkj ds O;Lrrkvks dk n”kkZus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
e.g. In politics , in army etc.
81. BUT
COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 83
D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA
tc ;g preposition dk dk;Z djrk gS rks bldk vFkZ gskrk gS ds vfrjhDr
dwN Hkh ugh] ds vfrfjDr dksb ughA
Q. The government has no/ choice then but to curtail/ the
subcidies in order to/ contain the increasing fiscal deficit.
82. AHEAD
tc dwN vkxs py dj fn[kus okyk gks rc bldk iz;ksx djsaxsA
e.g. your destination is ahead you.
83. ABACK
tks fiNs gh NwV pwdk gks ykSVus ij fn[kus okyk gks ds fy, ABACK dk
iz;ksx djsaxsA e.g. You have left your destination aback you.
84. BY
bldk iz;ksx fuftZo ds lkFk rc djrs gS tc fuftZo lgk;d ugh Lo;a drkZ
cu tk,A
e.g. London was burnt by unknown fire.
85. WITH
bldk iz;ksx ekuo ds lkFk rc djrs gS tc og drkZ ugh lgk;d gksA e.g.
Rajiv Gandhi was killed with the help of a woman.
86. BY
tc fuftZo ekuo ls vf/kd “kfDr”kkfy gks rks buesa by yxsxkA
e.g. Herosima was destroyed by atom bomb.
87. BETWEEN
bldk iz;ksx nks ls vf/kd ds fcp rc gksrk gS tc eS=h ;k Hkkbpkjk n”kkZuk
gksA e.g. There is friendship between the sark countries.
88. AMONG
bldk iz;ksx nks ds fcp esa rc gksrk gS tc dVwrk] “k=wrk vFkok }s’k n”kkZuk
gks A e.g. There is enemity among Pakistan and India.
89. AMONGST
tgk tgk among yxrk gS ogh ogh amongst yxsxk ;nh blds ckn okyk
“kCn vowel ls vkjaHk gksA e.g. There is enemity amongst India and
Pakistan.
90. AMIDST
tgk tgk amid yxrk gS ogh ogh amidst yxsxk ;nh buds ckn okyk “kCn
vowel ls vkjaHk gksA e.g. There is a temple amidst our houses.
SENTENCE ARRANGEMENT
Adverb/phrase tks lEiw.kZ okD; dh lsok esa vk, + subject + subject
foLrkj + verb + object/compliment + dk;Z izukyh (dk;Z djus dk
<ax) + dk;Z LFky +dk;Z dk le; +dk;Z dh ek=k + dk;Z dh la[;k + dk;Z
dk y{; + dk;Z dk dkjuA
(NEGLECT HINDI ERROR)
(SOME SPELLING MISTAKES MAY OCCUR IN TYPING)
THE END